Waiwaye Adon Tafiya! (3)

Tuna Baya Shine Roko

Idan mai karatu bai mance ba, makonni kusan ashirin da suka wuce ne muka zauna don yin Waiwaye Adon Tafiya kashi na biyu. A yau kuma cikin yardan Allah gashi mun sake dawowa don maimaita irin wannan zama. Kamar yadda muka sha fada, amfanin wannan zama shine don yin tsokaci, tare da kallon baya, da halin da ake ciki, da kuma inda za a dosa nan gaba. A yau ma kamar sauran lokutan baya, mun kasa wannan kasida zuwa kashi hudu da kuma kammalawa. A bangaren farko zamu yi bita kan kasidun baya. Sai kuma bayani kan mahangar da wadannan kasidu suka ginu a kai. Daga nan sai muyi tsokaci kan wasikun masu karatu. Ba wai nassin wasikun zamu kawo ba, don kusan duk na amsa su ko. Sai abu na karshe, watau bayani kan inda muka dosa a zango na gaba. Sai a biyo mu!

Kasidun Baya

Kamar yadda na sanar a mukaddima, wannan zango ya kumshi makaloli kusan ashirin ne, wadanda aka buga su, daya na bin daya, a wannan shafi na wannan jarida mai albarka. Kasidar farko it ace wacce muka aiko kan Mashakatar Lilo da Tsallake-tsallake, watau Cyber Café kenan a turance, inda muka fadi asalin wannan kalma da tarihin yaduwar wannan tsari na kasuwanci da ke tattare da yaduwar fasahar sadarwa. Sai kuma Nau’ukan Hanyar Sadarwa da ke Intanet, wanda muka kacalcala zuwa kashi hudu. A kashin farko mun kawo mukaddima ne kan dalilan da suka haddasa yaduwan sauran fasahan sadarwa a Intanet. A kasida ta biyu kuma muka kawo bayanai kan yaduwar fasahar rediyo. Sai bayani kan talabijin da jarida suka biyo baya a sauran kasidu na uku da na hudu. Bayan mun karkare da wannan fanni, sai muka shiga bayani kan Tasirin Fasahar Intanet ga Kwakwalwan Dan Adam. Wannan fanni mun kasa shi kashi biyu ne; a kasidar farko muka yi bayani kan dalilan da ke haddasa samuwar tasiri, mai kyau ne ko akasinsa, a kwakwalwan dan Adam a yayin da yake mu’amala da wannan fasaha. Kasida ta biyu kuma ta biyo da bayani kan abin da wannan tasiri ke haifarwa, da kuma hanyoyin waraka. Muna fita daga wannan bigire kuma sai muka tsunduma wani sashe mai muhimmanci, watau Dunkulallun Ka’idojin Mu’amala a Intanet. Shi ma silsila ne na kasidu guda uku. A kashin farko muka yi bayani kan ma’ana da kuma muhimmancin ka’ida a rayuwa; a aikace ne ko a ilmance. Mun kuma kawo misalai kan haka. A kasida ta biyu kuma jero ka’idoji guda goma na farko, da dukkan bayanai ko kaidinsu. Sai muka gabatar da ragowan sha dayan a kasidar da ta biyo baya. Wadannan ka’idoji goma sha daya da muka kawo, mun yi kanda-garki cewa ba iyakansu ba kenan. Kowa na iya kirkiran ka’ida a yayin da yake mu’amala da wannan fasaha, kuma kowace ka’ida da kaidinta. Dagan nan sai mai karatu ya fara samun bayanai kan Tsarin Sadarwa a Tsakanin Kwamfutoci, watau Computer Networking. Wannan fanni shi ma ya samu karkasuwa ne saboda muhimmancin da ke tattare da yin bayani cikin sauki don samun gwargwadon fahimta kan tsarin sadarwan. A kasidar farko muka kawo ma’ana da nau’ukan alakar da ke tsakanin kwamfuta da ‘yar uwanta wajen sadarwa. Mun nuna cewa samun cikakkiyar fahimta kan wannan alaka zai yi wahala, don haka muka gabatar da ka’idar Black Box, don rage mana wahalar samun cikakkiyar fahimta. A kasida ta biyu mai karatu ya samu bayani kan ka’idojin sadarwa a tsakanin kwamfutoci, watau Computer Protocols kenan. Sai kuma matakan sadarwa, inda muka kawo tsarin OSI, ko kace Open Standard Interconnect Model a turancin kwamfuta kenan. Bayan wannan sai kasidar Manhaja da Ka’idar Sadarwa ta Imel ta biyo baya. A kasidar ne muka samu bayanai kan ma’anar Email Client da kuma Email Protocol, watau ka’idojin da kowane sako ke bi kafin ya isa zuwa inda aka aike shi. Har way au, mun kawo bayani kan Mail Server, watau uwar garken da ke dauke da manhajan Imel kenan. A karshe kuma muka karkare da bayani kan nau’ukan ka’idojin da sakonni ke bi; irinsu POP3, IMAP, SMTP, HTTP da kuma TCP. Da muka fita daga wannan hurumi na Imel, sai muka tsallaka zuwa kasidar Sadarwa ta Wayar Iska, watau Wireless Communication. Wannan fanni ya samu karkasuwa shi ma zuwa kashi-kashi. Mun fara da koro bayani kan bayyana da kuma yaduwar nau’in fasahar sadarwa ta wayar iska, inda muka dauki GSM a matsayin misali. Mun kawo tarihin bayyana da yaduwa da kuma tasirin wannan fasaha ta sadarwa ta GSM a wannan kasa tamu Nijeriya. Mun karkare wannan kashi ne da ka’idar Killer Application, kashin bayan yaduwar wannan hanya da ma sauran nau’ukan fasahan sadarwa a duniya. Sai muka ci gaba da koro bayani, inda mai karatu ya san irin hanya da kuma yanayin da ake bukata kafin sadarwa ta yiwu tsakanin mutane biyu masu rike da wayoyin salula. A karshe kuma muka ci gaba da bayani kan na’urorin da ke sawwake wannan saduwa, wanda kowace kamfanin sadarwa (Service Provider) ke dasu a wurare da dama. Wadannan, a takaice, su ne kasidun da suka gabata cikin wannan zango. Saura da me?

Yanayi da Mahangan Kasidun Baya

Manufar kawo dukkan wadannan kasidu a wannan zango shine don samun fahimta kan ilimin fasaha gaba daya; daga abinda ya shafi ginawa ko kerawa da kuma ka’idojin sadarwa gaba daya. Sai kuma abinda ya shafi tunani da tasirin mu’amala da mai mu’amalan ke yi dasu. Wannan na da muhimmanci, domin idan ka san haddin amfanin da ka zaka iya yi da abu, ba za ka wuce haddinka ba. Har way au, na lura galibin mutane suna sarrafa wadannan kayayyaki ne na fasaha ba tare da la’akarin tasirin kayayyakin ga lafiyar su ba, musamman ma a kasashe masu tasowa. Don haka na hade shahararrun kayayyakin fasahan da muka yawaita amfai da su; Intanet, Imel, Kwamfuta da kuma Wayar Salula. A yanzu na tabbata mun san wani abu daga cikin asalinsu, da na’ukansu da kuma tasirunsu ga tunani da kwakwalwa da ma lafiyar dan Adam ta kowane bangare na rayuwa.

Wasikun Masu Karatu

A wannan zango mun samu sakonnin masu karatu kamar sauran zangunan da suka gabata, sai dai basu yawaita ba. Dalilin hakan kuwa a bayyane yake; don galibin kasidun, in ma ba duka ba, sun ta’allaka ne ga asali da kuma nu’ukan hanyoyin sadarwan. A takaice dai ilmummuka ne aka sanar da mai karatu, wadanda yana bukatar su don sanin halin da wani abu yake ciki. Abin day a shafi aikatawa a ciki basu da yawa. Sabanin zango na biyu da muka samu kasidu kan yadda ake bude Mudawwanar Intanet (Blog) da gina gidan yanar sadarwa da Imel da sauransu. Kamar yadda aka saba, mun samu sakonni ta hanyoyi uku; sakonnin Imel da na wayar salula, watau Text Messages. Sai kuma masu bugo waya don gaisawa da nuna gamsuwa da abinda ake karantawa ko gani. Kamar yadda na sanar a mukaddima, ba wai nassin wasikun zamu kawo ba, sai dai tsokaci, kamar yadda muka yi tsokaci kan kasidun baya.

Dangane da sakonnin text, mun sakon daga Malam Aminu TYT, daga Kano nake tunani. Sai Malam Auwalu A. Kano, shi ma Bakano ne. Har wa yau, Malam Auwal Garba Usman (Abu Asma’u), shi ma ya rubuto sako daga Kano. Cikin wadanda suka rubuto akwai Malam Salihi Malumfashi, sai kuma Malam Kabiru Saleh. Daidai lokacin da nake kwankwasa kwamfuta don tsara wannan kasida, sai ga sakon Malama Asma’u daga Katsina birnin Dikko. Duk muna godiya da wadannan sakonni naku. Allah Ya bar zumunci, amin. Sai sakonnin Imel, akwai sakon Malam Auwal Azare, wanda ya rubuto yana neman shawara kan Mudawwanar da ya bude wanda ke http://alkalami.blogspot.com. Akwai Malam Abubakar Rano day a rubuto don neman shawara kan irin kwamfutar da zai saya. Na aika masa da jawabi tuni. Daga nan sai ga Malam Rilwan Yusufu Kano da ke son a taimaka masa da bayani kan yadda zai shigar da hotuna cikin Mudawwanar sa. Shi ma na aika masa da gamsasshen jawabi kan haka. Sai kuma Malam AbdurRahman M. Abdu da ke neman shawara kan yadda zai bude shafin sad a ke Gumel.com. Shi ma na aika masa da jawabi. Wani bawan Allah da na kasa tuna sunansa ya rubuto shi ma, bai ambaci sunansa ba, sai adireshin Imel dinsa: nayankatsare2@yahoo.com. Shi nashi bukatar kan shiga Intanet ne a wayar salula, kuma na aika masa da rariyar da zai samu cikakken bayani a Mudawwanar mu da ke dauke da dukkan kasidun da muke bugawa (http://fasahar-intanet.blogspot.com). Sai kuma Malam Umar Suleiman, shi ma ya turo nashi sakon. Mutum na karshe shine wanda ya rubuto yake son a aiko masa da hoton na’uran cajar Fulani, wacce na siffata ta cikin kasidar GSM. Babban Magana, wai dan Sanda ya ga gawar soja. Labari ne wani aboki nay a bani, kuma na yarda da abin day a gaya mani don zai iya yiwuwa, shi yasa ma na nakalto mana labarin. Amma ba ganin hoton cajar nayi ba. Malam Abdullahi da ke Life Camp, Abuja, ai mana afuwa kan haka. Duk muna godiya da sakonninku. A bangaren masu bugo waya kuma bazan iya tuna sunayen duk wadanda suka bugo ba, illa mutum daya, watau Malam Dalhatu H. Bello, jami’I a gidan rediyon Bauchi. Ya kuma bugo ne don nuna godiya da gamsuwa da kuma neman alfarma kan lokaci idan zasu samu, don yin hira dani kan harkan fasahar sadarwa gaba daya. Wannan, a cewarsa, zasu rinka sanyawa ne cikin shirin su na Kimiyya da Fasaha da suka bullo dashi ba da dadewa ba. Wadannan su ne sakonnin da muka samu daga masu karatu, kuma kamar yadda na bayyana a farko, na aika ma kusan dukkan su jawabai kan abinda suke nema. To bayan duk wadannan kasidu da muka samu a wannan zango, ina muka dosa daga nan?

Zangon Da Ke Tafe

Ina son mai karatu ya dauki wannan shafi ko kasidu da yake samu a wannan jarida mai albarka a matsayin wata makaranta ce da yake ciki a matsayinsa na dalibi ko mai lura da abinda mai karantarwa ke karantarwa, don tunatarwa a lokacin da bukatar hakan ta taso. Idan ya kasa dukkan biyun, to kada ya kasa zama dan kallo. In ba haka ba, sai a yi ba shi. A matsayin aji, wannan shafi zai ci gaba da kwararo kasidu a zangon gaba kan gwanancewa ko kwarewa a wanni fanni cikin fanning ilimin fasahar sadarwa. Idan mai karatu bai fahimci wannan lugga ba, ina nufin kasidun gaba zasu z one kan abin yi a duniyar Intanet. Zamu kawo fannonin fasaha daban-daban wadanda mai karatu zai iya kwantar da hankalinsa don koya, da iyawa kafin kwarewa a kan su. Wannan zai taimaka masa gaya wajen amfanar da kansa da lokacinsa da ma dukiyar sa, a yayin da yake mu’amala da wannan fasaha. Don haka sai a biyo sau da kafa, don samun bayanai kan wadannan hanyoyi na fasaha da zamu kawo.

Kammalawa

Daga karshe, ina mika sakon gaisuwata ga dukkan wadanda suka aiko sakonni ko bugo waya ga wannan shafi ko marubucin shafin, musamman ma wadanda na ambaci sunayensu a sama. Sannan, gaisuwa ta musamman ga Farfesa Abdallah Uba Adamu da ke Jami’ar Bayero da ke Kano, Malam Magaji Galadima, Dakta Yusuf Adamu, Malam Adamun Adamawa (Dallatun Bebejin Intanet), Shehu Chaji, Muntaka AbdulHadi, Habeeba Haroon, da dai dukkan wani wanda bai ji sunansa ba. Allah Ya sada mu da dukkan alherinsa, amin.

Abdullahi Salihu Abubakar (Baban Sadiq)

Off Lagos Crescent, Anguwar Hausawa,

Garki II, Abuja. 08034592444

Fasaha2007@yahoo.com

http://fasahar-intanet.blogspot.com, http://babansadiq.blogspot.com

Tsarin Sadarwa ta Wayar Iska (3)

Matashiya

A makon da ya gabata mun yi alkawarin karasa bayanai kan tsarin aikawa da karban sakonnin murya ko text a tsarin sadarwa ta Wayar Salula, inda muka ce yau zamu dora, don cike gibin da muka baro a baya. A wancan mako har wa yau, mun yi dare ne lokacin da muka koro bayani kan abu na karshe da ake bukatan samuwansa kafin isar da sakon kira a tsarin sadarwa na wayar salula. Wannan tasha kuwa ita ce tashar Mobile Switching Center, watau babban tashar da ke kumshe da dukkan bayanai da lambobin masu sadarwa na kamfain sadarwa. Wacce kuma ke hade dukkan zangunan sadarwa da ke cikin wannan tsari na kamfanin. Idan mai karatu bai mance ba, muka ce wannan tasha ta kumshi muhimman zanguna ne guda hudu masu matukar muhimmanci, masu kuma aiwatar da wasu ayyuka wajen sadarwa ko tabbatar da wayar da ake bugo wayar daga gareta. A karshe kuma mu kawo misali tabbatacce da ke nuna matakan da duk wani sakon kira ke bi kafin isa masaukinsa. A yau zamu dora, ta hanyar kawo bayanai kan wadannan muhimman bangarori guda hudu da matakan tsarin sadarwa tsakanin wayar salula da wayar salula.

Home Location Register (HLR)

Bangaren Home Location Register (HLR), shine mai lura da dukkan bayanan da suka shafi layi ko lamban da kake amfani dashi a wayar salularka; yaushe ka fara amfani dashi? Nawa ka zuba a ciki tunda ka saya? Wani layi ka kira na karshe? Kai a ina ma kake a halin da ake Magana? Idan mai karatu bai san wannan ba, ya dubi fuskar wayar salular sa, zai ga tana nuna masa sunan bigiren da yake; a Area 1 ne ko Wuse ko Kano ko Kaduna; Unguwa Uku ne ko Sallare ko BUK? Duk inda kake, Home Location Register ne ke dauke da bayanin inda kake. Kuma wannan zai ringa nunawa (idan ka tsara wayar ka ta rinka nunawa kenan). Har wa yau, aikin wannan bangare ne ya rinka hada ka da wanda kake son Magana dashi yayin da ka buga lambarsa; ya kuma rinka isar da masu neman ka ta lambar da kake amfani dashi a wannan lokaci. Haka idan ka zo karshen maganan da kake yi da abokin maganarka, Home Location Register ce zata tsayar da sadarwan (idan ka kashe wayarka ko abokin maganar ka ya kashe tasa). Wannan kadan cikin aikin wannan bangare kenan dake Mobile Switching Center (MSC), watau babban zangon sadarwa da kowace kamfanin sadarwa ta wayar salula ke amfani dashi.

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

Sai kuma bangaren Visitor Location Register (VLR), wanda aikin sa ne ya taskance lambobin wani zangon da ba nasu bane, a matsayin “masu ziyara” kenan. Misali, idan a Kaduna kake, Unguwar Sarki, sai kaje ziyara Bauchi, kuma wayar salularka na da layin MTN, kana zuwa, Visitor Location Register zata sheda ka, cewa bako ne kai, duk da cewa kamfanin daya ce. Hujja a nan kuwa shine, don dukkan bayanan da lambarka ta kumsa suna zangon sadarwa (watau Cell Tower) ne dake Unguwar Sarki na Kaduna. Kana shigowa sai Visitor Location Register ta taskance bayananka na wucin-gadi, har ka gama abinda ya kawo ka, ka tafi. Iya zaman ka a Bauchi, zaka samu sadarwa da wadanda suke wasu wurare kuma kai ma za a iya samunka. Haka idan kana tsarin Roaming ne, watau tsarin da ke bayar da daman wuce kadadan yanayin sadarwan kamfanin da ke sadar da kai, don ci gaba da samun hanyar sadarwa ba tare da matsala ba. Da zaran ka bar wannan bigire, sai a share bayanan lambarka da ke wannan taska.

Authentication Center (AuC)

Bangaren Authentication Center rumbun bayanai ne na nau’ukan kalmomin shiga da masu lambobin sadarwa ke tsare layukan su dasu. Misali, idan ka sanya ma layin sadarwan ka PIN Code, to kalmomin da ka shigar na zarcewa ne kai tsaye zuwa Authentication Center. Wannan wani nau’i ne na tsaro ga masu layukan, inda babu wanda zai iya ganin asiran da suka taskance a layukan sadarwan su sai su ko kuma wanda suka ga daman bashi kalmomin da suka shigar. Har wa yau, idan kana da PIN Code babu wanda zai iya katse maka sadarwanka ta kowace hanya ce, a halin da kake Magana da wani. Kowace irin na’ura yayi amfani da ita kuwa. Wannan tasa hukumar Amurka taki amincewa da wannan tsarin sadarwa na GSM, domin idan mutum ya bugo maka waya, baza ka iya sanin daga ina yake bugo maka ba, sai in gaya maka yayi. Hakan na da wahalar ganewa domin dukkan layukan, lambobin kamfani daya suke amfani da su, kuma sun takaita ga kamfanonin sadarwan ne, ba wata jiha ko wasu birane ba. Sabanin tsarin sadarwan tarho na Landline, inda zaka iya sanin daga inda ake bugo maka. Amurka ta ki wannan tsari ne saboda dalilai irin na tsaro. Idan ana son gano inda kake, daga inda kake waya kawai ana iya tace maganan da kake yi da abokin maganar ka; ana iya sanin daga bigiren da kake bugowa ko kake karban sakon, da dai sauran bayanai. Amma da tsarin GSM basu iya wannan sam ko kadan. Ire-iren wadannan hanyoyi sun hada da PIN Code, da PUK Code, da kuma Security Code. Dukkan su a taskance suke cikin wannan rumbu ta Authentication Center.

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

Wannan bangare ne ke dauke da dukkan sunayen wayoyin salular da ke dauke da layi ko lambar kamfanin sadarwan. Ma’ana, idan ka sayi layin MTN, ka sanya cikin wayar salularka nau’in Nokia 3310 misali, wannan bangare ne zai taskance nau’in wayar da kake amfani da ita, ya tabbata mai kyau ce wacce aka kera ta amfani da ka’idojin sadarwa ta duniya, mai kuma dauke da lambobin sadarwa ta duniya da bayanan su ya gabata a makon jiya, watau International Mobile Equipment Identity. Idan ba mai kyau bace, ko kuma bata cika wannan ka’ida ba, wannan bangare na Equipment Identity Register zai lika mata alamar “Invalid”, ma’ana wacce bata cika ka’ida ba, kuma baza a iya amfani da ita ba. Haka idan aka sace maka wayar salularka mai dauke da layin sadarwanka a ciki, kana iya sanar da kamfanin sadarwanka, zasu lika mata wannan alama ta “Invalid”. A wasu lokuta ma suna iya bata wayar idan kana so, ya zama barawon yayi aikin banza kenan. Amma ba duk kamfanin sadarwa ke yin haka ba, saboda tsoron keta da wani na iya ma wayar wani. Don babu aminci a tsakaninmu kuma mutane basu bin doka, shi yasa. Wadannan a takaice sune manya kuma muhimman bangarorin da ke dauke cikin wannan babban zangon kamfanin sadarwa, watau Mobile Switching Center (MSC). A yanzu ga dan takaitaccen tsarin da kowane sako na kira ko text ke bi kafin isa ga wanda aka aika masa.

Tsarin Bugawa da Karban Kira ko “Text”

Kana rike da wayar salularka mai dauke da lambar MTN misali, a zangon (Cell Tower da ke) Unguwa uku, sai ka buga ma abokin ka da ke wani wuri don son yin Magana dashi. Kada mu fadi sunan bigiren da yake a yanzu. Kana bugawa, Base Transceiver Station (BTS), watau na’urar da ke aikawa da sako tsakanin wayar salular ka da ke wannan kadadan sadarwa zuwa tashar Cell Tower da ke wannan wuri ta dauki wannan sako ko bukata taka, ta mika ma na’urar Switching Center, watau babban zango mai dauke da manyan bangarorin da bayanansu suka gabata a sama. Ita kuma Switching Center sai ta lalubo bangaren Home Location Register don sanin ko wanda kake son Magana dashi yana zangon da kake ne ko kuma a wani zango daban yake. Ko kuma shigowa yayi a matsayin “bako”. Idan bako ne shi, ma’ana ba a wannan zangon lambarsa take, sai Home Location Register ta binciko kundin adana lambobin baki da suka shigo wannan zango, watau Visitor Location Register, don nemo wannan lamba da kake nema na abokinka. Amma idan a zango daya kuke dashi, to ba sai ma taje Visitor Location Register ba; daga Home Location Register kawai zata sheda mai lambar. To da zaran an samu lambar, sai Mobile Switching Center ta cilla ma bangaren Equipment Identity Register, wacce aikin tan e taskance dukkan wayoyin salular da ke dauke da lambobin sadarwan wannan kamfani, don tabbatar da cewa wayar abokinka ta cika ka’idar sadarwa na lambobin da muka kawo bayanansu a sama, da kuma cewa ko an kera wayar a tsarin ka’idojin sadarwa ta duniya ko a a. idan ta samu wayar na dauke da alamun “Invalid”, sai ta mayar da wannan bukata taka, cewa baza ta iya sadar da kai ta wannan waya ba. Amma idan garau wayar take, ta kuma cika ka’ida, to sai babban zango, watau na’urar Mobile Switching Center ta mika sakon ka kai tsaye, sai yaji wayarsa ta fara bugawa; kai ma zaka ji haka, a naka bangaren. Sai sadarwa ya wakana a tsakaninku. Duk wannan kai-komo na iya samuwa ne cikin kasa da dakiku goma (10 seconds), muddin babu wata matsala a yanayin sadarwa, watau Network.

To amma watakil mai karatu zai ce mai yasa wasu lokuta ga-ka-ga-mutum, idan ka buga layinsa sai ace baka baya nan; alhali wayar sa a kunne take, kuma ta cika dukkan ka’idojin da ake bukata? Hakan na faruwa ne daga tsarin sadarwan kamfanin, musamman idan yanayin sadarwan na yin sama da kasa. Kada mu mance, nace mana tsarin sadarwa ta hanyar salula na samuwa ne ta hanyar siginar rediyo, wanda kuma ta hanyoyin wayar-iska yake bi. In kuwa haka ne, ashe akwai watakilancin samuwan tsaiko wasu lokuta. Ka kwatanta hakan da irin ingancin sautin rediyo da kake ji a wasu lokuta daban-daban. Me yasa wasu ke kama tashar rediyon Kaduna garau, amma wasu sai sun fita kofar gida kafin su samu. Hakan ya ta’allaka ne da abubuwa biyu; na farko shine ingancin yanayi ko gyaruwansa, dangane da iskan da ke bugawa a sararin samaniya. Bicike ya nuna akwai alaka na kut-da-kut tsakanin sakonnin da ke bin hanyoyin iska a sararin samaniya, da kuma irin yanayin da ke wannan bigire. Idan akwai hadari kuma ana cida da walkiya, yanayin sadarwa musamman ta rediyo kan samu matsala. Haka ma sadarwa ta Intanet, ta kan samu matsala. Hatta masu kallon tashoshin tauraron dan Adam ta NileSat, sukan samu matsala da zaran an fara ruwa. Wannan kenan. Abu na biyu kuma shine inganci ko nau’in na’urar da ke aikawa ko karban wannan sako. A yayin da tashoshin NileSat ke yayyankewa idan aka fara ruwa ko hadari ya hadu, masu kallon tashoshin DSTV basu samun wannan matsala ko kadan. Me yasa? Don tsarin NileSat na cafke siginar sa ne ta amfani da tauraron dan Adam nau’in KU-Band. Su kuma kamfanin DSTV na amfani da tauraron dan Adam mai cafko bayanai nau’in C-band, wanda yanayin iska da ke sararin samaniya baya cikakken tasiri a kansa. Wannan ta sa zaka ga masu wayar salula nau’in Nokia sun fi kowa samun yanayin sadarwa mai kyau, fiye da masu amfani da wayar Motorola. Idan kaje in da babu yanayi mai kyau, baza ka samu matsala ba muddin wayar Nokia kake da ita. Amma Motorola ta dinga maka tsowa kenan, don sanar da kai cewa “yanayi ya dauke”, “yanayi ya dawo”. A gafarce ni, ba talla nake ma kamfanin Nokia ba, kawai misali nake bayarwa. Wadannan sune manyan dalilai biyu da ke haddasa samun matsalar sadarwa. Amma bayan wadannan, babu wani matsala kuma sai wanda ya ta’allaka da wanda kake son samu; ko dai ya zama yana Magana da wani a yayin da ka buga masa, sai a ce maka “Network Busy”. Ko kuma ya zama wayar san a kashe a lokacin da ka kira.

Kammalawa

A yau dai mun kawo karshen wannan silsila da muka faro makonni kusan tara da suka gabata kan tsarin sadarwa a tsakanin kayayyakin sadarwa da kuma yanayin da suke isar da sakonnin. Mun fara da kwamfuta, muka zo kan Imel. A halin yanzu muka karkare da wayar salula. Ban ce mun yi bayani a kan komai da komai ba. Akwai abubuwa da dama da muka bari ko dai da saninmu ko kuma cikin kuskure. Ilimi na da fadi. Don haka idan akwai wata tunasarwa da ta kamata ai mana, yana da kyau a aiko, sai mu duba. In ma ta kama mu buga ne a nan, sai a buga, tare da bayani idan mai bukatar bayani ne. A mako mai zuwa zamu yi zama don yin waiwaye adon tafiya kashi na uku. Sai an ji ni.

Abdullahi Salihu Abubakar (Baban Sadiq)

Off Lagos Crescent, Anguwar Hausawa,

Garki II, Abuja. 08034592444

Fasaha2007@yahoo.com

http://fasahar-intanet.blogspot.com, http://babansadiq.blogspot.com

Tsarin Sadarwa ta Wayar Iska (Wireless Communication) #2

Matashiya:

A yanzu zamu ci gaba da koro bayanai kan tsarin sadarwa ta wayar iska kamar yadda muka fara a baya. Idan mai karatu bai mance ba, a kasidar da ta gabata mun yi bayani ne kan nau’ukan sadarwa ta wayar iska, inda muka ce akwai hanyoyi da dama da ke kumshe cikin wannan tsari. Wadannan hanyoyi dai su ne: Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), da Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), da Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD), da Personal Digital Cellular (PDC), da Total Access Communication System (TACS), da Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT), da International Mobile Telephone Standard 2000 (ITMT-2000), sai kuma Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems (UMTS). Wadannan dai su ne shahararru. Har wa yau, mun sanar da cewa, wanda ya dame mu a duk cikinsu shine Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), wanda kuma shi ne muke amfani dashi a tsarin sadarwa ta wayar salula a Nijeriya yanzu. Bamu karkare wannan kasida ba sai da muka kawo bayanai kan bayyana da yaduwa da kuma tasirin wannan hanya ta sadarwa ga jama’a ko al’umman Nijeriya. Daga karshe kuma muka yi alkawarin ci gaba da bayani kan tsarin sadarwa ta wayar salula a fasahance, watau technically, kamar yadda bature zai ce.

Hanyar Sadarwa ta Wayar Salula

A tsarin sadarwa ta wayar iska, abu na farko da ya kamata mai karatu ya sani shine hanyar sadarwa, ko kuma hanyar da muryarsa ke bi wajen isa ga wanda yake son Magana ko sadarwa dashi. Domin duk wata ala ta sadarwa tana da hanyar da take bi wajen sadar da sakon da aka dora mata hakkin sadarwa; mota tana da nata hanyar; keke da babur su ma suna da nasu hanyoyin; jirgin sama da na kasa suna da nasu hanyoyin. To haka sadarwa a tsarin sadar da bayanai, na sauti ne ko rubutu ko waninsa. A takaice dai sadarwa a tsakanin wayoyin salula na samuwa ne ta yanayin aikawa da sauti ta hanyar rediyo, watau Radio Waves, wanda a tsarin kimiyyar sadarwa ta zamani ake kira Sine Waves a turance. Wannan hanya na samuwa ne ta hanyoyin sadarwa masu dimbin yawa da ke sararin samaniya da Allah Ya hore ma dan Adam. Kuma hanyar na kumshe ne da abubuwa uku, masu tabbatar da sadarwan ga duk wanda aka aika masa. Abu na farko shine kadarin lokacin da sakon ke daukawa wajen isa, wanda ke ta’allaka da lokaci, watau Period. Sai kuma kadada, watau iya nisan da sako ke iya dauka na tsawon wani lokaci, watau Wavelength. Abu na karshe kuma shine maimaituwan sadarwa a wani lokaci na iya nisan da sakon ya dauka a farko, watau Frequency. Wannan tsari na sadarwa ta siginar rediyo (Radio Waves) na da dabakar kadadar saurin sadarwa, watau Range wajen takwas. Wadannan dabakoki sune: Very Low Frequency (VLF), da Low Frequency (LF), da Medium Frequency (MF), da High Frequency (HF), da Very High Frequency (VHF), da Ultra High Frequency (UHF), da Super High Frequency (SHF), sai kuma Extremely High Frequency (EHF), na kololuwa kenan. Tsarin sadarwa ta siginar rediyo, wacce ke isar da sadarwa irin ta wayar salula da rediyo da talabijin, na amfani ne da dabakar Very High Frequency, watau VHS. Wannan hanyar sadarwan kenan, wacce ke daukan sauti da sakon mutane daga wayoyin salularsu zuwa wadanda suke son Magana da su. Sai abu na gaba.

Yanayin Sadarwa (Network)

Bayan samuwar hanyar da ke daukan sakonni daga tashar sadarwa zuwa wata tasha, sai kuma yanayin da ke bayar da wannan dama, watau Network. Wannan yanayi na samuwa ne ta hanyar kayayyakin fasahan da ke sawwake wannan sadarwa, wanda ya kumshi na kamfanin sadarwa da kuma wanda mai son sadarwan ke dashi. Wadannan na’urori ko kayayyakin fasaha su zasu sheda wayar salular da ke neman sadarwa, su tabbatar cewa mai kyau ce, wacce aka kera da dukkan ka’idojin da aka amince dasu a duniya da sauran bayanai. Kafin kowane irin nau’in sadarwa ya yiwu tsakanin mai son sadarwa da wanda ake son sadar masa, ana bukatan abubuwa kamar takwas da zasu yi mu’amala da juna a lokaci guda, wajen isar da wannan sako. Abu na farko da ya zama dole shine, samuwar wayar salular da za a bugo wayar daga gareta, watau Mobile Station. Mobile Station, a tsarin sadarwa ta wayar iska, ita ce wayarka ta salula, wacce aka kera a bisa yardaddun ka’idojin sadarwa ta wayar salula ta duniya, mai dauke da lambobi guda goma sha hudu, a rukunin lambobi uku, kuma ake kira International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). Duk wayar salular da bata cika wadannan ka’idoji ba, to ba a iya isar da sako daga gareta, duk tsadan ta kuwa. Wadannan lambobi sha biyu da ke rukunin lambobin uku, zaka iya ganinsu a jikin wayar ka, da zaran ka cire murafan wayar, ka cire batir (musamman idan ta kamfanin Nokia ce), zaka ga wasu lambobi a jikin wayar, kamar haka: 357964/00/651435, a misali. Wannan na waya ta kenan. Rukunin farko, watau 357964, su ake kira Type Approval Code (TAC). Rukuni na biyu kuma, watau 00, ana kiransu Final Assembly Code (FAC). Sai kuma rukuni na karshe, watau 651435, wanda ake kira Serial Number (SNR). Kaji amfanin wadannan lambobi, ba wai rubuta su kawai aka yi don kawa ba. Duk wayar da bata da su a manne a jikinta, to kayi hankali. Ita wayar salula, kamar yadda muka sani, saya zaka yi a kasuwa ko wajen kamfanin da ke sadarwa idan suna da su.

Bayan samuwar wayar salula watau Mobile Station, sai rukunin lambar sadarwa ta duniya, watau International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI). Su ma lambobi ne da ke rukuni uku kuma sun kumshi lambobi ne da basu kasa goma sha biyar ba (ko dai goma sha biyar ne ko kasa da haka, misali), idan ba ka da su, to ba maganar sadarwa. Ga misali nan: +234 (080) 34592444. Rukunin farko, watau +234, su ake kira Mobile Country Code (MCC), watau lambar sadarwa ta kasa. Kowace kasa na da nata. Na Nijeriya shi ne +234, kamar yadda na tabbata duk mun sani. Sai rukuni na biyu, watau (080), ko kace Mobile Network Code (MNC), kuma sun takaita ne da kamfanonin sadarwa, irinsu MTN, CELTEL, GLOMOBILE da sauransu. Wannan lamba na iya canzawa, kamar yadda mun san akwai masu (070) da (090) da dai sauransu. Sai rukunin karshe: 34592444, wanda ake kira Mobile Station Identification Number (MSIN). Wannan shine lambar da ake iya sheda kowace wayar salula (ko mai amfani da ita) da zaran ya nemi sadarwa tsakaninsa da wani. Wannan tasa kaga ba a ma tambayarka sunanka wai don kaje sayan layin wayar salula. Su da wadannan lambobi suke iya sheda kowa, da su ake amfani wajen sanin yawan kudinka, ko rashin sa. To wadannan rukuni idan kana dasu, kana iya buga waya ko ina ne a duniya.

Sai abu na gaba, watau Subscriber Identity Module, wanda muke kira SIM Card (ko Katin SIM, a Hausance). Wannan kati ne ke dauke da rukunin lambobin sadarwa ta duniya da bayanin su ya gabata. Kuma ana sanya shi ne cikin wayar salula, don neman wanda ake so ta hanyar tashar kamfanin da ke bayar da sadarwan. Wannan kati na SIM na dauke ne da kalmar iznin shiga (Password ko PIN Code), wanda mai shi ke amfani dasu wajen tsare lambobi da sauran bayanan sa da ke ciki. Hakan na faruwa ne ta hanyar wayar salula, ma’ana idan ya shigar da katin cikin wayar salularsa. Wannan kati har wa yau, shine babban “dan aike” na farko da ke tsakanin wayar salula da tashar kamfanin da ke isar da sadarwa. Abinda wannan ke nufi shine, idan kana da wayar salula, duk tsadan ta, muddin babu katin SIM a ciki, to ka hakura da tunanin karba ko isar da sako ta cikin ta. Sai abu na gaba, watau Cell Tower, ko kace na’urar sadarwa da ke wani kadada ko fadin birni a wani gari ko kauye. Na’ura ce da kamfanin sadarwa ke aijyewa a wani bangare ko zango na gari ko birni. Misali, kamfanin sadarwa na iya raba birnin Kano zuwa gunduma-gunduma ko shiyya-shiyya. Kowace gunduma ta kumshi lambobin mutanen da ke wannan wuri. Cell Tower ce ke dauke da yanayin sadarwa, watau Network da ke wannan wuri ko kadadan sadarwa. Sai kuma Base Transceiver Station (BTS), watau na’urar da ke aikawa da sako tsakanin wayar salular ka da ke wannan kadadan sadarwa zuwa tashar Cell Tower da ke wannan wuri. Wannan na’ura na aikawa da wannan sako ne ta hanyar siginar rediyo, watau Radio Waves. Misali, idan kana Unguwa Uku dake birnin Kano, sai ka bukaci yin Magana da wani ta hanyar wayar ka, da zaran ka buga lambar sa, na’urar BTS ce zata dauki bukatan ka zuwa tashar Cell Tower da ke zangon Unguwa Uku.

Abu na gaba shine samuwar Base Station Controller (BSC), watau tashar da ke sadar da sakon masu bugo waya daga wani zango (Cell Tower) zuwa wani. Ita ce babban zangon da ke hada dukkan zanguna dake birni ko gari daya. Misali, idan kana Unguwa Uku sai ka buga ma abokinka da ke Mariri, Base Station Controller ce ke da hakkin sadar da bukatar ka daga unguwar da kake zuwa inda ka bukaci a sadar da kai. Sai kuma babban zango ta karshe, watau Mobile Switching Center (MSC). Wannan tasha ita ke dauke da dukkan lambobi da bayanan masu lambobin sadarwa na kamfanin gaba daya. Kwaya daya ce tinkwal, kuma ita ce ke tabbatar da cewa duk wani mai bugo waya, daga ko ina ne, ta hanyar lambobin kamfanin ne ko na wani kamfanin ne daban, daga gida Nijeriya ne ko daga waje, muddin wanda ake son Magana dashi na lambar kamfanin ne, to wannan tasha ce zata isar da sadarwan idan zai yiwu ko kuma mayar da bukatan mai bukatan saboda wasu dalilan da zamu karanta nan gaba. Wannan babban zango, watau Mobile Switching Center, ta kumshi manyan bangarori ne guda hudu, kuma a mako mai zuwa zamu san wadannan bangarori da irin aikin da kowanne ke yi. Sannan mu samu bayanai kan tsarin da bukatun mu ke bi idan muka buga waya don son yin Magana da wani da ke da lambar sadarwa ta GSM ko Landline ko kuma Fixed Wireless. A mana afuwa don mun tsawaita Magana kan wannan tsari na sadarwa a tsarin sadarwa ta zamani tsakanin kwamfuta da wayoyin tafi-da-gidanka da kuma fasahar sadarwa ta Imel. Da zaran mun gama a mako mai zuwa, wani makon zamu sake zama don yin waiwaye adon tafiya kashi na uku.

Kammalawa

Daga karshe, ina mika sakon gaisuwata ga dukkan masu bugo waya ko aiko da sakonnin Imel, wadanda galibi nakan aika musu da jawabi ne kai tsaye don kada in shagala idan nazo tashar waiwaye adon tafiya. Idan ka aika da sakon Imel baka ga amsa ba, kayi hakuri, akwai wadanda na ajiye don son samun lokaci isasshe kafin amsa su. A tsarin ilimin sadarwa na zamani, bin abu mataki-mataki na da muhimmanci. Idan baka fahimci tsarin da fasaha ke bi ba, tsawaita bayani kan yadda ake amfani da shi baya gamsar da kai. Wannan tasa muke ta kawo wadannan bayanai kan tsari da kuma asalin da makera ko maginan wadannan hanyoyi da fasahan sadarwa suka bi wajen kerawa ko gina su. A ci gaba da kasancewa da mu.

Abdullahi Salihu Abubakar (Baban Sadiq)

Off Lagos Crescent, Anguwar Hausawa,

Garki II, Abuja. 08034592444

Fasaha2007@yahoo.com

http://fasahar-intanet.blogspot.com, http://babansadiq.blogspot.com