Tsarin Sadarwa ta Wayar Iska (Wireless Communication) #1

Matashiya:

Cikin kasidun baya idan mai karatu bai mance ba, a cikin shahararriyar kasidar Fasahar Intanet a Wayar Salula, mun kawo bayanai ne kan karikitan wayar salula ta zamani da kuma tsarin shiga shafukan yanar gizo ta hanyar wayar tafi-da-gidanka ta kamfanin Nokia, mai suna Nokia 6230i. A yau kuma zamu yi nazari ne kan tsarin sadarwan da ke samuwa tsakanin wayar salula da ‘yar uwanta; yadda sako ke fita daga mabubbugansa, zuwa tashar da za a sadar dashi, har zuwa ga wanda aka aika masa, da kuma gwargwadon lokacin da wannan aiki zai dauka a samuwar yanayin sadarwa mai kyau (Stable Network). Sai dai kuma kafin nan, zai yi kyau mu yi ‘yar gajeriyar mukaddima kan tsarin sadarwa ta GSM; zuwan ta Nijeriya, bunkasa da yaduwarta, dalilan bunkasa, da kuma tasirin da hakan ya haifar a tsakanin al’ummar Nijeriya. Wannan mukaddima ce zata cinye kasidar wannan mako. In yaso a mako mai zuwa sai mu yi Magana kan yadda tsarin take (a fasahance) da kuma hanyoyin da sako ke bi zuwa inda aka aika shi.

Bayyana da Yaduwar “GSM” a Nijeriya

Da farko dai, tsarin sadarwa (na bayanai ko sauti ko hotuna) ta wayar-iska, daga tashar aikawa zuwa tashar karba, shi ake nufi da Wireless Communications, a turance. Wannan tsari na iya kasancewa ta anfani da kowane irin kayan fasahar sadarwa; daga wayar salula zuwa kwamfuta. A wannan tsari na Wireless Communication, babu alaka ta zahiri tsakanin tashar da ke aikawa da sakon, da tashar da ke sadarwa a tsakani, da kuma tashar da ke karba a karshe. A yayin da tsoffin wayoyin tangarahon gidajenmu ke bukatar dogayen wayoyin sadarwa nau’in Twisted Pair IJ11, daga babban tashar sadarwa zuwa gidajen mu don jona wannan waya da tangarohonmu kafin yin Magana da wanda muke son magana dashi, a tsarin Wireless Communication duk ba a bukatar haka. Dukkan tsare-tsaren ana yinsu ne ta hanyar tashoshin da ke sadarwa, ba a bukatar wani dan aike bayananne a tsakani. To wannan hanya ta Wireless Communication na da nau’uka da dama wadanda ko dai an yi amfani dasu a baya wajen aikawa da sakonni ta wayar iska, ko kuma ana ma amfani da su a yanzu haka. Wadannan hanyoyi dai su ne: Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), da Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), da Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD), da Personal Digital Cellular (PDC), da Total Access Communication System (TACS), da Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT), da International Mobile Telephone Standard 2000 (ITMT-2000), sai kuma Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems (UMTS). Wadannan shahararru daga cikinsu kenan. Amma wanda ya dame mu a duk cikinsu shine Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), wanda kuma shi ne muke amfani dashi a tsarin sadarwa ta wayar salula a Nijeriya yanzu.

Idan mai karatu bai mance ba, wannan tsari na fasahar GSM ya iso Nijeriya ne cikin shekarar 2000, lokacin da gwamnatin tarayya ta dauke hurumin da take dashi na killatuwa da hanyar sadarwa a kasar, ta kuma ba ‘yan kasuwa daman shigowa wannan harka. Kamfanonin sadarwan da suka fara samun lasisi kuwa su ne na MTN da ECONET (wacce ta rikide zuwa Vmobile, zuwa Celtel a halin yanzu), da kuma Mtel, wacce mallakar gwamnatin tarayya ce. Daidai bayyanar wannan hanya, an samu ci gaba wajen sadarwa fiye da baya. To amma duk da sauyin yanayi da aka samu wacce ke dauke da sauki, an kuma lura da wasu matsaloli da suka shafi ko dai tsarin sadarwan ko kuma kamfanonin da ke lura da sadarwan. Wasu daga cikin su kuwa su ne: a yayin da zaka iya kiran kowace jiha da wayar tangarahonka ta Landline, a yanzu sadarwanka ta takaitu ne da wasu jihohi ko birane kadai; sai kuma matsalar rashin yanayin sadarwa mai inganci, watau Network Connection, wanda kusan dukkan kamfanonin ke fama da shi; sai ka yi ta neman abokin maganarka amma abin ya gagara, ko kuma kana cikin Magana dashi, sai alakar ta yanke. Kai a wasu lokuta ma zaka kira lambarsa, amma sai a hada ka da wani layin daban. Duk da cewa wasu cikin ire-iren wadannan matsaloli na nan har yanzu, da dama sun gushe a yanzu. Sai kuma matsalar cajin da kamfanonin ke yi da zaran ka fara Magana da abokin maganarka. Ana cikin haka sai ga kamfanin Glomobile (GLO) ta shigo harkar, da irin nata tsarin. Wannan na cikin dalilan da suka kara taka ma sauran kamfanonin burki wajen dan Karen cajin da suke ma mutane kan farashin su. Cikin kamfanonin da suka shigo har wa yau, akwai kamfanin Intercellular, wacce ke da tsarin sadarwa iri biyu; tsarin Fixed Wireless, wacce hanyar sadarwa ce ta wayar iska, amma ta amfani da wayoyin tangaraho masu na’urar Adaptor; sai kuma tsari na biyu, wanda ya kumshi tsarin sadarwa ta Mobile Phone, watau wayar salula kenan. Daga nan kuma sai ga Starcom, da Multilinks, wadanda ke amfani da tsarin sadarwa irin na Intercellular. Da farko sun takaitu ne da birane irin su Legas da Kano da Maiduguri. Amma da wuri yayi wuri, sai ga su a Abuja da sauran birane irinsu Fatakwal da sauransu. Ire-iren kamfanoni makamantan wadannan sun kusan dari ko fiye ma da haka; abinda yasa ba a sansu ba shine sun takaitu ne da wasu birane musamman dai irin su Legas da Fatakwal. Cikin ‘yan kwanakin nan kuma sai ga kamfanin Reltel, ita ma a sukwane da nata tsarin. Duk wadannan kamfanoni sun shigo Nijeriya ne cikin shekarun da basu kasa bakwai ba. Zuwa wannan lokaci da nake wannan rubutu, Nijeriya na da layukan tarho da ke wannan tsarin sadarwa ta GSM sama da miliyan talatin da hudu (34,000,000). Nan ba da dadewa ba, kamfanin Etisalat da ke kasar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, watau United Arab Emirates (UAE), za ta fara bayar da layukan tarho ita ma a tsarin GSM in Allah Ya yarda. Karuwan wadannan kamfanonin sadarwa ne zai sa a samu yanayin sadarwa mai kyau da kuma raguwar farashi.

Tasirin Yaduwar “GSM” a Nijeriya

Bayan jin bayani kan zuwa da kuma yaduwar wannan hanya ta sadarwa a wannan kasa tamu, yana da kyau mu san tasirin wannan yaduwa, da irin abinda hakan ya haifar. Da farko dai, idan aka ce wani abu na da tasiri, ana nufin “wani canji ko sauyin yanayi ne da aka samu saboda samuwa ko tabbatar abin – sauyin na iya zama mai kyau ko mummuna.” Don haka kada mai karatu yaji an ce tasiri, ya dauka kyawawan sauyi kawai ake nufi, a a, har ma da akasin su. Wannan ita ce ka’idar duk wata tasiri da ka iya samuwa a kowane irin yanayi ne. Sanin tasirin wannan fasaha ga rayuwarmu na da muhimmanci, don hakan zai taimaka mana wajen tsara hanyar mu’amalar da muke yi dashi, idan hanyar da muka dauka da farko ba mai kyau bace. Amma kafin mu fara zayyana tasirin, ga wata ‘yar gajeruwar gabatarwa dangane da ka’idar tasirin sauyin manufa da yanayi, a harkar fasahar sadarwa ta zamani. Wannan ka’ida kuwa ita ce: “The Killer Application Theory”, kuma ga abinda take nufi nan kasa.

“The Killer Application Theory”

Fahimtar manufa da ma’anar wannan ka’ida ta “Killer Application”, cikin harshen Hausa, na bukatar kyakkyawan misali a farko, kamar dai yadda muka kawo misali wajen bayar da ma’anar ka’idar “The Black Box” a baya. Bayar da misali na daga cikin abinda ke kara sa a fahimci abinda ake Magana a kai. Sanin kowa ne cewa wayar salula, a farkon al’amari, an kera ta ne don sadar da murya; ma’ana ka kira mutum kana jinsa, yana jinka, ku gaisa ta hanyar jin muryar juna. Da zaran kun gama, ka kashe wayar. Shikenan! Amma bayan bullo da wannan hanya ta Magana da jin murya, da tafiya tayi nisa, sai masana kan wannan harka suka fara tunanin wasu hayoyi kuma da zasu iya taimakawa wajen sadarwa, ba murya kadai ba. Sai aka bullo da hanyar rubutu, irin na “text”, kamar yadda muke yi yanzu. Daga nan kuma sai masana suka sake tunani, “me zai hana mu sake duba wata hanya, bayan murya da rubutu?” Nan take aka samu sake bullowa da fasaha irin su na’uran daukan hoto (camera), na’urar daukan bidiyo (video recorder), na’urar daukan sauti/murya (voice recorder) da dai sauransu. Ana cikin haka sai kuma wata fikira ta kara shigowa, cewa “me zai hana a taimaka ma mai amfani da wannan fasaha saukin aikawa da dukkan abinda ya tanada na bayanai ta amfani da wadannan hanyoyin daukansu?” Misali, idan ka dauki hoto, zaka iya aika ma wani dashi; haka idan murya ka dauka ko sakon text ka rubuta. Sai ba a tsaya a haka ba, masana suka sake tunani, cewa “ai tunda akwai wasu hanyoyin sadarwa irin su Fasahar Intanet da Talabijin da na’urar DVD Player da kwamfutoci, me zai hana a samo hanyar sadar dasu da wayar salula?” Nan take aka bullo da na’urar “Universal Serial Bus” (USB Port), hanyar da zata taimaka maka debowa da zubawa na dukkan bayanai daga wayar salularka zuwa kwamfuta ko gidan yanar sadarwa (Web Site), ko Talabijin da dai sauran su, ta hanyar jona wayar kebul a tsakani. A yanzu na tabbata kowa zai amince idan nace ba hanyar sadarwa ta murya ce kadai ta kara ma wayar salula shahara da saukin saye da mu’amala ba, illa wadannan makale-makale da jone-jone da aka kara ma wayar daga baya. To wadannan nau’ukan hanyoyin sadarwa da suka tsiru daga baya, suka kuma kara ma wannan fasaha ta wayar salula shahara da saukin mu’amala da ma araha, su ake kira “The Killer Application”. Wannan ka’ida kuwa tana cikin dukkan hanyoyin sadarwa, kai hatta talabijin da rediyo. Duk wani abinda yazo, kari a bisa manufar farko, kuma ya zama sanadiyyar samun shahara da inganci ga wani abin amfani, shi ake kira “Killer Application”. Don haka, hanyoyin daukan hoto da sadar dasu, da daukan murya da sadar dasu, da kuma daukan majigi (bidiyo) da sadar da shi, ta hanyar wayar salula irin ta yau, shi ake nufi da “Killer Application”, kuma tasirin sa ne ya kara ma wayar salula shahara da inganci da kuma saukin farashi. Wannan ka’ida ta “Killer Application” ce ta haifar da dukkan tasirin da zamu yi Magana a kan su a yanzu. Manyan dalilan kuwa su ne: murya, sakonnin text, hoto mara motsi, daukan sauti, daukan majigi da kuma hanyoyin mikawa da karbansu a tsakanin wayar salula da sauran hanyoyin sadarwa na zamani a yau.

Tasirin “GSM”

Tasirin fasahar sadarwa ta “GSM” a wannan kasa tamu abu ne da kowa ke iya sheda shi. Gamammiyar tasirin wannan fasaha na kumshe ne cikin sadarwa, wanda ya kunshi dalilai da hanyoyi daban-daban. Sadar da zumunci tsakanin mutane ya yawaita, wanda samuwar wannan a cikin kowace al’umma, alheri ne. Mutane da dama sun samu hanyar mika gaishe-gaishensu ga ‘yan uwa da abokan arzuka da ke nesa, wanda wannan bai samuwa ta dadi kafin zuwan wannan tsari, sam ko kadan. Har wa yau, samuwan wannan fasaha ta “GSM” ya taimaka ma masu kasuwanci ta hanyoyi da dama. Wasu ma basu da ofis, sam, daga lambar wayar su zaka same su, kuyi Magana, har ku hadu su maka abinda kake son ayi maka. Ga wasu kuma wannan fasaha ta samar musu sana’a tsayayye, wanda kafin zuwansa basu taba mafarkin sa ba. Zaka samu mutum ya gama makaranta, ga shedar karatun ga komai, amma bai da aiki. Zuwan “GSM” ke da wuya sai sana’a ya samu. Idan muka koma kan addini, sai mu ga kusan kowa (musulmai musamman) ya zama mai da’awa, musamman ma cikin watan azumi. Wannan yafi yaduwa ta hanyar sakonnin “text”, kuma hakan abu ne mai kyau, don ya takaita ma malamai aiki sosai, ta wani bangaren fa amma. Wasu kuma hanyar yada manufa da furofaganda kawai suka samu. Idan ana son aibanta wani ko wata al’umma ko wani, sai kawai a tsara sakon text mai zaki ko daci, iya gwargwadon batanci ko tallan da ake son yi, a ci gaba da yadawa. Wannan hanya na da tasiri sosai, domin ba sai ka kira mutum ba, balle yaki amsa kiranka; da zaran sakon ya iso wayarsa shikenan, sai in gogewa zai yi, wanda kuma dole ne ya bude ya karanta abinda ke ciki. Ga wasu kuma wannan hanya ta sawwake musu hanyar karfafa sana’ar samartakan da ke tsakaninsu da ‘yan matansu. Wasu sun yi ‘yan mata ta wannan hanya, wasu sun karfafa alakarsu da mata ko yan matansu, musamman ma ta hanyar tsarin Xtracool da kamfanin MTN ke bayarwa cikin dare. Ga wasu kuma, kwarewa suka samu wajen fasahar gyaran wayar salula, cikin sauki. Da dama sun dauki wannan a matsayin sana’a ne da suke cin abinci ta hanyarsa. Akwai wasu hanyoyi har wa yau da wasu suka kirkira wajen caja wayoyin su, musamman fulanin da ke rugage, kuma masu amfani da wayar salula. Makon jiya wani abokina ke bani labari cewa kasancewan basu da wutar lantarki, sai su samu fitilar hannu (torchlight), masu batura bibbiyu, guda biyu, sai su cire kawunansu duka, su sanya wayoyi a daidai inda ake sa kwan lantarkin (globe). Daga nan sai su hade fitilun daga baya, su daure su ta yadda zai zama fitila guda, mai kawuna biyu, batura hudu. Wayoyin da ke kan kowanne zasu dauka su hade su biyu, don samun baki guda, wanda shi zasu dofana a saman batirin wayar salula ko kuma su samu na’urar cajin waya (charger), su yanke kanshi, don hada shi da kan wayar da ke jikin fitilun, don caja wayar su. Wannan fasaha ce abin alfahari, wanda ke nuna kwazon dan Adam wajen samo ma kansa mafita a yayin da ya samu kansa cikin matsala ko rashi. Kada mu shagala, daga cikin tasirin da amfani da fasahar “GSM” ta hukumta ma al’umma, akwai iya rubutu da karatu. Akwai da dama cikin mutane da na sani, wadanda ko dai basu iya rubutu da karatu cikin harshen Hausa ko turanci ba kafin su fara mu’amala da wayar salula, ko kuma basu iya takaita rubutu da kuma iya karanta takaitattun rubutu ba (shorthand), kafin haka. Amma a halin yanzu duk sun iya, saboda tsananin shakuwa da wannan fasaha. To duk bayan wannan, sai me?

Sai harkan shashanci da wasu suka mayar da wannan fasaha a matsayin wasila. Wasu kuma ba abinda yafi musu sauki sai su sace maka wayar salularka, ko dai su sayar a arahar wulakanci, ko kuma su la’anta maka ita. Sace-sacen wayoyin salula ba wani abu bane mai wahala. Wahalarsa kawai a ce baka ajiye galala ba. Yanzu sai wani ya gyara ma wayar zama, ba ruwansa. Wasu kuma zamba-cikin-aminci kawai suka iya, watau 419. Zasu yi kirdadon lambobin wayoyin jama’a, idan suka dace, sai suka buga maka su ce akwai wata ‘yar harkalla mai maiko. Idan kabi nasu kuma shikenan. Wasu kuma su aiko maka da sakonnin text, cewa kaci gasar tambola ko kacici-kacici da aka yi lokaci kaza. Idan kana son karban la’adanka, ka aiko da katin waya na naira kaza, kazo waje kaza, lokaci kaza, a rana kaza, don karba. Idan kabi nasu, wankin hula sai ya kai ka asuba, ba ma dare ba. A takaice dai, wannan hanya ta fasahar sadarwa ta GSM ta kawo sauyi mai dimbin yawa cikin al’umma.

Kammalawa

Daga bayanan da suka gabata, mai karatu ya samu sanayya kan shigowan wannan fasaha ne da kuma yaduwarsa. A karshe kuma bayani ya biyo baya kan tasirin da wannan yaduwa ya haifar cikin al’umma. Idan Allah Ya kai mu mako mai zuwa, zamu ci gaba, inda bayani zai zo kan hakikanin tsarin sadarwa a tsakanin wayoyin salula da kuma kamfanin da ke sadar da masu mu’amala. Idan da abinda ba a fahimta ba, don Allah a rubuto. Na kuma samu sakonnin masu karatu, kuma in Allah Ya so, zamu yi tsokaci kansu a makonni biyu masu zuwa, inda zamu sake zama don yin waiwaye adon tafiya kashi na uku. A biyo mu!

Abdullahi Salihu Abubakar (Baban Sadiq)

Off Lagos Crescent, Anguwar Hausawa,

Garki II, Abuja. 08034592444

Fasaha2007@yahoo.com

http://fasahar-intanet.blogspot.com, http://babansadiq.blogspot.com

Manhaja da Ka'idojin Sadarwa ta Imel (E-mail Client & Protocols)

Gabatarwa

A cikin kasidu biyu da suka gabaci wannan mako mun kawo bayanai ne kan tsari da kuma yadda kwamfutoci ke yin mu’alama a tsakanin su wajen sadarwa, a ko ina suke kuwa. Na kuma tabbata mai karatu ya karu da wasu abubuwa, duk kuwa da irin tsaurin da kasidun suka yi wajen fahimta. A yau cikin yardan Allah zamu yi bayani ne kan Manhaja da Ka’idojin Sadarwa ta Imel, watau abin da a turancin kwamfuta ake kira Email Client and Protocols. A wannan kasida ne mai karatu zai san irin tsarin da kwamfutarsa ke bi wajen budo masa sakonnin sa na Imel da kuma hanyoyin da take bi wajen aikawa ga wadanda yake son aika musu. Kuma duk da yake wannan makala na da nasaba da guda biyun da suka gabace ta, akwai dan banbanci kadan wajen da abinda ya shafi hanyar aikawa da kuma budo sakonnin Imel. Hakan ya faru ne saboda wasu daga cikin ka’idojin da ke da hakkin yin wannan aiki ba a game suke da babban manhajan kwamfuta ba, wanda ke dauke da dukkan tsare-tsaren da suke wancan tsari. Don haka sai a biyo mu don sanin shin me ake nufi da manhajan Imel? Kuma ta yaya ya sha banban da ka’idar sadarwa ta Imel? Duk mai karatu zai sani in Allah Ya yarda.

Manhajan Imel (E-mail Client)

Manhajan Imel, ko E-mail Client ko E-mail Program a Turance, shine manhajan aikawa da kuma karban sakonnin Imel a tsakanin uwan garken da ke dauke da jakan wasikar sadarwa da kuma kwamfutar mai budowa ko aikawa. Wannan manhaja (E-mail Client/Program) na dauke ne da dukkan hanyoyin da zasu sawwake ma mai mu’amala shiga akwatin jakar wasikun sa (Inbox), da yadda zai aika da sakon (Compose) da dai sauran tsare-tsaren da za su taimaka masa yin hakan. Yadda ake gina sauran manhaja ko masarrafan kwamfuta, haka shima ake gina shi. Sai dai ya sha banban da su, domin dukkan manhajan Imel akan gina su tare da dukkan ka’idojin da suke gudanuwa dasu. Wadannan ka’idoji kuwa kusan su ne tsarin ma gaba daya. Idan basu a cikin manhajan Imel, to ba yadda za a yi kuwa ka iya budowa balle ma aikawa da sakon Imel daga kan kwamfutar da kake aiki. Har wa yau, wannan ke nuna mana cewa shi fa manhajan Imel wani irin tsari ne mai zaman kansa, ba tare da Fasahar Intanet ya ke ba, gaba daya. Domin yadda fasahar Intanet ke tsaye da kafafuwan ta, haka ma Imel yake. Kawai wajen zama ne ya hada su, sai suka zama kamar daya.

Akwai nau’in manhajan Imel iri biyu; nau’in farko shine wanda ake iya amfani da shi a Gajeren Zangon Intanet, watau Local Area Network (LAN), da kuma Faffadan Zangon Intanet, watau Wide Area network (WAN). Akan loda wannan manhaja ne cikin wata Uwan Garke (Server) na musamman, a kuma tsara yadda duk kwamfutar da ke cikin wannan zango zata iya isa gareshi, da dai sauransu. Wannan Uwan Garke ita ake kira Mail Server. Wannan zai ba dukkan mai son bude adireshin Imel daman yi a wannan zango, kamar dai yadda muke yi a gidan yanar sadarwa ta Yahoo! ko Hotmail, misali. Ta wannan hanya zaka iya aika ma duk wanda ke cikin wannan zango da sakon Imel, ya karanta, shima ya aiko maka. Shahararru daga cikin manhajan Imel masu wannan tsari sun hada da Microsoft Outlook 2000, Microsoft Outlook 2003, da Microsoft Outlook Express. Dukkan wadannan na kamfanin Microsoft ne. Saura sun hada da Thunderbird na kamfanin Mozilla, da kuma Eudora. Akwai wasu ma da dama, amma wadannan su suka fi shahara. Duk da yake za a iya tsara su, har a rinka karban sakonni daga wasu manhajojin na Imel irinsu Yahoo! da Gmail, misali, amma wannan shine tsarinsu na asali. Don haka ake samun su a kusan dukkan manyan manhajojin kwamfuta irin su Windows Operating System, Mac, Linux da sauransu. Sai kuma nau’i na biyu, wanda a Turance ake kiransu Web-based Mail Programs. Su wadannan su ne manhajojin Imel da muka saba dasu; watau manhajojin da ke damfare a gidajen yanar sadarwa masu taimakawa wajen aikawa da kuma karban sakonnin Imel a tsarin sadarwa ta Intanet. Shahararru daga cikin su ba baki bane garemu; sun hada da Yahoomail, Gmail, Hotmail, AOL Mail, Mail, Inbox da dai sauransu. Ire-iren wadannan manhajojin Imel, duk kana iya aikawa da kuma karban sakonni ta hanyarsu a tsarin Intanet a duniya gaba daya. Su ma, kamar wadanda suka gabace su, suna jibge ne cikin Iyayen Garken gidajen yanar sadarwan da ke dauke da su, watau Mail Servers. Kuma kana iya tsara su ta inda duk sakonnin da ake aiko maka su rinka zarcewa kai tsaye cikin kwamfutarka, ta hanyar daya daga cikin manhajan Imel da ke nau’i na farko, idan har kana da adireshin su. Wannan abu ne mai sauki. A halin yanzu ina da manhajan Thunderbird a kwamfuta ta wanda na tsara kuma nake karban sakonnin Imel da ake aiko mani ta adireshin Imel da nake dasu na Yahoomail da kuma Gmail (in kana so kaje http://www.mozilla.com). Muddin kana da kwamfutar ka na kanka, yin hakan shi yafi, don zaka samu daman tara sakonnin ka waje daya, kuma kana iya adana su cikin kwamfutarka, in yaso zuwa wani lokaci ka sake karantawa. Wadannan sune nau’ukan manhajojin Imel da ake dasu yanzu.

Uwar Garke (Mail Server)

Ita Uwar Garke, watau Mail Server, kwamfuta ce mai dauke da masarrafan sadarwa da kuma adana bayanai, kuma a cikinta ne ake lodawa da kuma tsara dukkan hanyoyin mu’amala da wadannan manhajoji na Imel. Galibin lokuta idan tana dauke da wannan manhaja na Imel wanda mutane ke amfani dashi, to ba a cika loda mata wasu nau’ukan bayanai na daban ba. Bayan haka, wannan kwamfuta ce ke dauke da dukkan sakonnin da ake aikawa ko karba ta hanyar adireshin da aka bude a cikinta. Ko da yake idan ka budo akwatin wasikar sadarwanka a kwamfuta zaka same su gaba daya a waje daya, da zaran ka fita (Sign Out), zasu koma cikin wannan Uwar Garke ne, kai tsaye. A cikinta ne har wa yau, ake da wasu koguna (jam’in kogo) wadanda a Turancin kwamfuta ake kiransu Ports. Hanyoyi ne da ake amfani da su wajen aikawa da sakonni. Kowane kogo na da nashi lamba da ake iya sheda shi da shi, da kuma irin aikin da yake yi. Akwai koguna uku da wannan kwamfuta ke amfani dasu wajen aikawa da kuma karban sakonnin Imel. Wadannan koguna su ne: Port 25 (wanda ke lura da hanyar aikawa da sakonni zuwa wata kwamfutar, da zaran ka aika, ta hanyar ka’idar da ke wannan kogo); sai Port 110 (wanda ke lura da budo sakonnin Imel da zaran mai shi ya so yin hakan. Shima akwai ka’idar da ke wannan aiki a wannan kogo); sai kuma Port 220 (ita wannan kogo takan yi aiki biyu ne; aikawa da kuma karba. Ita ma tana nan da nata ka’idar da ke wannan aiki). To wasu ka’idoji ne ke wannan aiki?

Ka’idojin Aikawa da Karban Imel (E-mail Protocols)

A yau dai na tabbata mai karatu baya bukatan sai mun sake sanar dashi abinda Ka’idar Kwamfuta ko kuma Porotocols ke nufi, saboda maimaicin da muka ta yi wajen kawo ma’anar wannan kalma. Illa dai mu ce: E-mail Protocols su ne ka’idojin da ke taimakawa wajen aikawa da kuma karban sakonnin Imel a tsakanin kwamfutoci. Su ma ginannun ka’idoji ne da ake tsofa su ko dai a cikin manhajan Imel, a yayin da ake ginawa, ko kuma a cikin ruhin kwamfuta, kamar yadda bayanai suka gabata a makonni biyu da suka wuce. Alal hakika akwai ka’idojin aikawa da kuma karban sakonnin Imel da dama, amma shahararru kuma nagartattu daga cikinsu guda biyar ne: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), da Post Office Protocol (POP3) da Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), da Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), da kuma Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). Ga takaitattun bayanai nan kan kowanne daga cikinsu:

Simple Mail Transfer protocol (SMTP)

Wannan ita ce ka’idar da ke lura da aikawa da sakonnin Imel daga kwamfutar da aka aika zuwa wacce aka aika mata, ba tare da wata matsala ba. Idan mai karatu bai mance ba, a kasidar da ta gabata mun sanar da cewa wannan ka’ida ta Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) na cikin ka’idojin da ke zango na bakwai a tsarin aikawa da sakonni tsakanin kwamfutoci, watai Layer 7, wacce ake ma lakabi da Application Layer. A wannan zango ne mai aikawa da sakon Imel zai ayyana adireshin wanda yake son aika masa da sako, ita kuma SMTP ta bi diddigi wajen cika aikinta. Kowace kwamfuta na da wannan ka’ida ta SMTP, don haka ita ba a cikin manhajan Imel ake samunta ba kadai. Kuma ita ce ke boye cikin Port 25, cikin kogunan da ke da hakkin sadarwa ta Imel kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a sama. Da zaran ka matsa alamar “Send” sai sakonka ya fice ta wannan kogo, zuwa inda aka aike shi.

Post Office Protocol (POP3)

Wannan ginanniyar ka’ida ce da ake samu a kusan dukkan manhajan Imel, kuma babban aikinta shine taimakawa wajen budo sakon da ka’idar SMTP ta cillo. Hakan kuma na faruwa ne da zaran ka shigar da Suna da kuma Kalmar Izinin Shiganka (Username & Password), wadanda dasu ne Uwar Garken zata iya sheda ka. Wannan ka’ida na makale ne cikin Port 110, watau kogon da ke taimakawa wajen budo sakonnin da zaran ka bukace su.

Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)

Wannan ka’ida ta IMAP ita ma aikinta daya ne da ka’idar POP3, duk da yake idan ka samu manhajan Imel irinsu Mozilla Thunderbird wacce ke dauke da wannan ka’ida, zaka samu ta kumshi ka’idar aikawa da sakonnin Imel, watau Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMPT), wanda kuma da shi ne take aikawa da sakonni zuwa wasu manhajojin Imel din. Misali, idan ina son aikawa da sakon Imel ta jakar Yahoomail! dina, bana bukatar sai naje gidan yanar sadarwan Yahoomail, sam ko kadan. Kawai kiran manhajan Thunderbird zan yi, sai in lodo dukkan sakonnin da nake dasu a Yahoomail, in kama karantawa. Da zaran na bukaci mayar ma wani da jawabi (Reply), sai kawai inje allon rubutun Thunderbird, watau Compose, sai in rubuta in kuma aika da sakon. Don haka a kogon ka’idar IMAP, akwai ka’idar SMTP. Kuma wannan ka’ida na amfani ne da Port 220, don karba da kuma aikawa da sakonnin Imel.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

Wannan ita ce gamammiyar ka’idar budo bayanai ta hanyar fasahar Intanet. Mun kuma kawo ta ne saboda nasabar da ke cikin aikawa da sakonni ta hanyar Intanet, musamman ga manhajojin Imel irinsu Yahoomail!, Gmail, Hotmail da sauransu. Duk lokacin da ka tashi karanta sakonnin Imel dinka da ke Yahoomail, dole ne kaje gidan yanar sadarwan ta da ke http://mail.yahoo.com. hakan kuma bazai yiwu maka ba sai ta hanyar Rariyar Lilo da Tsallake-tsallake, watau Browser, wanda ke dauke da wannan ka’ida ta Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Sai da wannan ka’ida zaka iya budo kowane irin gidan yanar sadarwa ta hanyar Rariyar Lilo da Tsallake-tsallake. Wannan ka’ida na da alaka ne da manhajojin Imel da ke gidajen yanar sadarwa kadai.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Wannan ka’ida ta TCP ita ce mai hada alaka tsakanin kwamfuta da wata kwamfuta ‘yar uwanta wajen sadarwa ko karban sako, kowane iri ne kuwa. Don haka idan ka aika da sako, da zaran ya iso zangon da ke dauke da wannan ka’ida ta TCP, watau Transport Layer da ke Layer 5, sai ta jibinci al’amarinsa wajen isarwa. Wannan ka’ida alakarta ya shafi dukkan manhajojin Imel ne gaba daya. Muddin wani sako zai fita daga wata kwamfuta zuwa wata, to dole ne ka’idar TCP ta san me ye kalansa, kuma ina ya dosa. Wadannan su ne ka’idojin da ke taimakawa wajen sadarwa a tsakanin kwamfutoci wajen aikawa da karban sakonnin Imel.

Kammalawa

Daga karshe, a bayyane yake cewa tsarin mu’amala tsakanin kwamfutoci wani abu ne da ke tattare da ka’idoji masu taimakawa wajen yin hakan; wadanda kuma ko dai suna cakude ne cikin manhajan Imel ko kuma a narke cikin kwakwalwan kwamfutar da ke aikawa ko karban sakonnin. Manya daga cikin wadanan ka’idoji kuwa sune Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Post Office Protocol (POP3), da kuma Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP). A mako mai zuwa in Allah Ya yarda, zamu samu bayanai ne kan tsarin sadarwa a tsakanin wayar salula da zangon da ke lura da tsarin sadarwan. Ina mika sakon gaisuwata ga dukkan masu karatu. Allah sa mu yi Sallah lafiya, ya kuma karbi dukkan ayyukanmu na gari, amin. BARKA DA SALLAH!


Abdullahi Salihu Abubakar (Baban Sadiq)
Off Lagos Crescent, Anguwar Hausawa,
Garki II, Abuja. 08034592444
Fasaha2007@yahoo.com
http://fasahar-intanet.blogspot.com, http://babansadiq.blogspot.com