Kwarewa a Fannin Fasahar Sadarwa (2)

Matashiya

A makon da ya gabata mun fara bayani ne da mukaddima kan abinda ya shafi kwarewa a daya daga cikin fannonin fasahar sadarwa na zamani, inda muka zayyana shahararru cikin fannonin tare da takaitattun bayanai kan kowanne. A karshe kuma muka biyo da zayyana wasu sinadarai na tarbiyyan rayuwa da zasu iya taimaka ma duk mai son kwarewa a kan kowane irin fanni ne. A yau in Allah Ya yarda zamu fara jero bayanai kan wadannan fannoni shahararru, daya na bin daya, filla-filla. Sai a biyo mu.

Fannin “Computer Science”

Fannin Computer Science shine gamammen fannin da ya tattaro dukkan wani bangare da ke da alaka da ilimin kwamfuta da dangantakar ta da sauran kayayyaki da hanyoyin fasahar sadarwa na zamani. Wannan fanni yana da mutukar muhimmanci mu koye shi, musamman a halin yanzu da duniya ke kan gamewa sanadiyyar tasirin kwamfuta da sauran karikitan sadarwa. Kalmar Computer Science a dunkule, na nufin duk wani ilimi da ya shafi harkan kwamfuta, daga kerawa, sarrafawa zuwa gyarawa da kuma lura da wannan fasaha na sadarwa. Ilimi ne da ke da alaka da duk wani ilimi da ake ji dashi a duniya a yau. Idan likita ne, kana bukatar sa, ka so ko ka ki. Idan magini ne kai, kana bukata. Idan masinja ne kai a ofis, kana bukata. Idan dan kasuwa ne kai, kana bukata. Idan akanta ne kai, kana bukata. Balle kuma a ce kai dan jarida ne, ai kusan dole ne ka hada alaka da wannan ilimi. A yanzu an kai wani matsayi a duniya, ba ma Nijeriya kadai ba, wanda idan ba ka da mafi karancin ilimi kan kwamfuta, samun aikin yi irin na zamani zai gagare ka. Don haka wannan fanni ne mai muhimmanci. Kai ko ba don yin aiki irin na zamani ba (aikin ofis nake nufi), koyon sarrafa kwamfuta abu ne da ya kamata, domin ita ce alkalamin zamani, kuma ta shiga cikin alkaluman da Allah Yace Ya sanar da dan Adam amfani dasu.

Wannan fanni na ilimin kwamfuta watau Computer Science, ya kumshi ilmummuka da dama kan ita kanta kwamfutar. A ciki ne zaka san tarihin yadda aka kirkiri wannan fasaha, da kuma wanda ya kirkira. Zaka san tsarin gangar-jikin wannan fasaha, watau Hardware, da yadda ake lura dashi. Zaka san tsarin manhajojin da ke kumshe cikin wannan fasaha, watau Software, da kuma yadda ake mu’amala da su. Har wa yau, wannan fanni ne zai karantar da kai irin ginin da aka yi ma kwamfuta wajen tunani da kuma bayar da shawara ga wanda yake mu’amala da ita; tsarin yadda kwamfuta ke lazimtar abinda ka ke yi a kanta, da kuma yadda take baka shawarwari ta la’akari da abin da ta lura shi kake yi ko kokarin yi. Duk wannan na kumshe cikin ilimin Artificial Intelligence, da abinda ya shafi fannin lissafi, watau Computer Mathematics. Za kuma ka san tsarin yadda kwamfuta ke hada alaka tsakaninta da ‘yar uwanta, watau Networking. Zaka san yadda aka gina manhajojinta, ta amfani da fasahar gina manhajar kwamfuta, watau Computer Programming. Har wa yau zaka san yadda ake mu’amala da wadannan masarrafai ko manhajoji. Idan kayi hakuri wajen karatu zaka ci karo da tsarin yadda ake likitancin kwamfuta da irin abubuwan da ke damunta da yadda ake gyarawa. Kai a takaice dai, duk wani abu da ya shafi wannan kaya na fasaha da ake ce ma kwamfuta, zaka samu bayanai a kai, a takaice ko a fayyace. Na san a yanzu mai karatu na can yana tunanin hanyar da zai bi ya samu wannan shahada ta Computer Science ko? To ga takaitaccen bayani nan.

Me Ake Bukata?

Samun shahada ko digiri kan wannan fanni mai lakabin “Computer Science”, yana bukatar halartar jami’a don yin digiri na farko, watau Bsc (Bachelor of Science in Computer). Hakan kuma na yiwuwa ne ta hanyar shahadar sakandare, watau O’level, wanda ake bukatar ka samu darajar “Credit” cikin kwasakwasai biyar da ka yi jarabawarsu, ciki har da lissafi (Maths), da Turanci (English) da kuma Fiziya (Physics). Idan kuma kana da difiloma kan Computer Science da ka yi a kwalejin fasaha, watau Polytechnic, duk kana iya samun shiga don karantar wannan fanni na Computer Science. Amma ba ka iya shiga da irin difiloman da ake samu ta makarantun koyar da kwamfuta da ke kan titi, ko da kuwa gwamnati ba musu rajista, ta san da zaman su. Bayan haka, ta yiwu kana da digiri a wani fanni daban, amma kana son ka canza layin karatu ko kwarewa, duk zaka iya. Sai ka sayi fam din duk wata jami’a da ke karantar da wannan fanni, don yin babban difiloma, watau Postgraduate Diploma idan suna yi. Wadannan su ne hanyoyin da ake bi wajen samun digiri a wannan fanni, wanda duk bai wuce shekaru hudu a jami’o’in Nijeriya ba. Idan ka gama, kana iya ci gaba don samun babban digiri na biyu (Masters) ko ma digirin digirgir da dingirewa, watau PhD. To me zaka iya da wannan ilimi mai tarin albarka?

Abin Yi

Idan ka kware a wannan fanni na Computer Science, zaka iya aiki a duk wata ma’aikata da ke mu’amala da kwamfuta, ko a ina take a duniya. Zaka iya zama mai lura da sashen kwamfutar su, ko daya daga cikin ma’aikatansu. Zaka iya zama shahararre wajen hada alaka tsakanin kwamfutocin da ke ofishin su, watau Network Administrator. Har wa yau, idan kuma baka bukatar aiki a kowace ma’aikata, zaka iya kafa naka ma’aikatar a matsayin kwararre mai bayar da shawara kan harkan kwamfuta wajen sayo su ko sarrafa su ko karantar da su ko lura da su, watau Consultant. Kana iya zama malami mai karantar da wannan ilimi, mai rubutu kan yadda ake amfani da wannan fasaha, a jami’o’I ne ko kwalejin fasaha. Kai, kana iya bude makaranta naka na kanka, don karantar da yadda ake sarrafa wannan fasaha. Kana iya bude shago don zuba kwamfuta, in da za a rinka buga bayanai da dabba’a su da tsara taswirori da sauransu. Duk wanda ka dauka cikin dukkan wadannan, zai baka daman habbaka, iya gwargwadon kwarewarka. Za ka samu jama’a sosai, domin wannan fanni ne da ke habbaka a kullum. Ma daman mutane na mu’amala da wannan fasaha, ko ina kake ana iya binka. Galibin kwararru a kan kwamfuta basu cika dadewa a ma’ikatun gwamnati ko na wasu a matsayin ma’aikata ba. Da zaran sun dan jima a wuri, sai su nemi wani wurin da yafi wannan tsoka. Ana cikin haka, da zaran sun ga sun zama wata tsiya cikin wannan fanni, sai kawai su bude nasu kamfanin, su rinka karban kwamgilan shigowa da kwamfutoci daga wasu kasashe. Kai a takaice dai, iya gwargwadon yadda ake amfani da wannan fasaha a inda kake, iya gwargwadon kasuwanka, in Allah Ya yarda. Da haka zaka zama mai daukan wasu aiki, ba mai neman aiki ba. A halin da Nijeriya ke ciki, bai kamata duk wani mai ilimi irin wannan ya rasa abin yi ba, sam, sai don kailula da lalaci. Tabbas akan samu haka saboda rashin ingancin karatu. Domin a wasu makarantun, bai sai wuri ba ka ga mutum har yayi digiri kan Computer Science, amma bai iya kwankwasa kwamfuta ba, sai in zuwa yayi makarantar koyo ya biya kudi aka koya masa. Hakan na rafuwa ne saboda rashin kayayyakin aiki da ke jami’o’inmu, wanda bai kamata ba. Fannoni irin wadannan, wadanda ke bukatar kayan aiki, bai kamata a ce an rasa su ba a yayin karantarwa. A wasu kasashe, ba kwamfuta kake karantawa ba, ko fannin kimiyyar tsara gidaje kake (Building Engineering), sai ka mallaki kwamfuta zaka ji dadin karatu, domin komai a kan kwamfuta ake. Amma a kasashe masu tasowa, kai zaka biya kudi a makarantun koyon kwamfuta na kan titi, don koyon yadda ake sarrafa kwamfuta a aikace. Wannan abin kunya ne.

Kammalawa

Wannan shine bayanin da ya sawwaka kan abinda ya shafi kwarewa a fannin Computer Science, watau gamammen ilimin kwamfuta. Idan Allah Ya kai mu mako mai zuwa, zamu kawo bayani kan fannin Desktop Publishing. Idan akwai tambayoyi sai a rubuto ko a bugo waya. Muna maraba da su, kamar kullum. Ina kuma mika sakon gaisuwata ga dukkan wadanda suka bugo waya ko aiko da sakon text. Allah Ya bar zumunci, amin.

Abdullahi Salihu Abubakar (Baban Sadiq)

Off Lagos Crescent, Anguwar Hausawa,

Garki II, Abuja. 08034592444

Fasaha2007@yahoo.com

http://fasahar-intanet.blogspot.com, http://babansadiq.blogspot.com

Kwarewa a Fannin Fasahar Sadarwa (1)

Gabatarwa

Bayan zama don waiwaye a makon da ya gabata, a yau zamu bude wani sabon shafi, don canza salon tafiya cikin abinda ya shafi wannan ilimi na fasahar sadarwa na zamani. Idan mai karatu bai manta ba, a wancan kasida ta “Waiwaye Adon Tafiya” ne muka yi alkawarin fara kawo kasidu kan hanyoyin kwarewa kan fasahar sadarwa; watau yadda za a yi mai karatu ya samu wani fanni don kwarewa a cikinsa, in ma ta kama ka rike wannan fanni a matsayin sana’a. Wannan zango da muka faro a halin yanzu zai yi tsawo; zamu kawo kasidu nau’i daban-daban har guda goma sha biyu, don yin bayani kan wadannan hanyoyi da kuma fannonin da ke cikin wannan bangare mai tashe a wannan zamani. Kafin mu yi nisa, zan so mai karatu ya fahimci cewa kwarewa kan duk abinda ka samu kan ka kana mai yi a kullum, yana da muhimmanci, don baka san inda zai dangana da kai ba. Duk da yake galibi mun fara karanta wannan shafi ne don sha’awa, a tabbace yake yanzu cewa da dama cikin mu mun fahimci muhimmancin wannan fanni har mun fara koyon kwamfuta. Na samu sakonnin masu karatu da dama da ke sanar dani cewa sanadiyyar wadannan kasidu da suke karantawa, sun wayi gari suna masu sha’awan wannan fanni, kuma ma har makarantar kwamfuta suka shiga. Wasu kuma suna rubutowa ko bugowa don neman shawara kan fannin da yafi dacewa su kware a kai. In haka ne, ashe wannan ke nuna tasirin abinda ake karantawa a wannan shafi mai albarka. Wannan tasa na ga cewa, tunda har an kai ga shiga makaranta don koyon kwamfuta, to ashe akwai watakilancin wata rana ana iya daukan wannan fanni a matsayin haryar tafiyar da rayuwa ko dogaro. Wannan zai tilasta ma dukkan wanda ya dauki wannan hanya a matsayin rayuwa irin ta sana’a, ya kware kan abinda yake yi, don inganta aikinsa. Har wa yau, kowa da irin fannin da yafi bashi sha’awa; wani yafi son yaji ana Magana kan tsara Mudawwana (Blog), wani kuma kan Gidajen Yanar Sadarwa (Websites), wani kan Hanyar Wasikar Sadarwa watau Imel (Email), wani shi ba abinda yake so illa ya kware kan hanyar Gina Gidan Yanar Sadarwa (Web Design), wani kuma abinda ya shafi wayar salula da karikitanta, da dai sauransu. To ko ma dai mene ne, ba abinda zai sa ka kware sai in ka dauki hanyar da kafi sha’awa kuma ka mayar da hankali a kai. Tabbas, bamu taru mun zama daya ba. Wannan na daga cikin hikimar halitta da Allah Yai amfani da ita. Da ace an wayi gari dukkan mutane sun ginu a kan iyawa ko kwarewa ne kan abu daya, to babu wata hikima wajen halittar mu launi-launi ko jinsi-jinsi. In kuwa haka ne, ashe duk wani dan Adam Allah Ya mallaka masa wata baiwa wacce ba lalai bane ya zama wani na da ita. Wannan tasa ayyukanmu suka banban ta. A yau zamu yi mukaddima kan shahararrun nau’ukan fannonin da mai karatu zai iya kwarewa a kan su, musamman a wannan kasa tamu Nijeriya. Hakan na da muhimmanci musamman ganin cewa kwararru a wannan fanni sun yi karanci a Arewacin Nijeriya, idan aka kwatanta yawan kwararrun da ake dasu a Kudancin wannan kasa tamu. Bayan nan, zamu karkare bayani da kawo hanyoyin da zasu iya sawwake mana kwarewa kan kowane irin fanni muka zaba.

Nau’ukan Fannin Fasahar Sadarwa

Yana da kyau mai karatu ya san shahararru cikin wadannan fannoni, a takaice. A kasidun gaba zamu rinka daukan su daya bayan daya, muna bayani filla-filla don samun gamsuwa. Da zaran mun kawo karshen wannan zango, ina da tabbacin mai karatu zai samu madafa, ko da kuwa na sha’awan wani fanni ne. Idan ma ya kasa tsayawa a sha’awa kadai, yana iya mayar da kwarewarsa ta zama sana’a, wacce zai rinka cin tuwo da ita. A wasu kasashe tuni wasu suka yi kudi kan haka. Cikin shahararrun fannonin akwai gamammen ilimin kwamfuta da manhajojinta da kuma alakar ta da sauran hanyoyin sadarwa, watau ilimin da a Turance ake kira Computer Science & Education. Galibi akan yi digiri ne akai, wanda hakan ke samuwa daga jami’a. Idan mutum ya ga dama, yana iya ci gaba don yin digirgir, ya zama kwararre kan wani fanni da bayaninsa zai zo nan gaba. Haka kana iya zama mai karantarwa a wannan fanni, ko ka ma hada dukkan biyun. Sai fannin Desktop Publishing, watau fannin da ya kunshi kwarewa kan iya sarrafa manhajar kwamfuta wajen rubutu da zane da buga littafai ko abinda ya danganci hakan. Galibi zaka samu masu wannan kwarewa sun bude shago ne, sun zuba kwamfutoci, ana aikin bugawa da dabba’a bayanai, da kuma sawwara su. Wannan sana’a ce mai matukar muhimmanci, wacce bata bukatar sai ka samu digiri kafin ka shige ta. Sai fannin Database Administration, watau bangaren ilimin adanawa da kuma taskance bayanai a kwamfuta, shima yana da kyau. Sai kuma Programming, wanda tuni muka sha bayani a kanshi. Wannan shine ilimin ginawa da kuma tsara manhajojin kwamfuta. Masu wannan ilimi su suke busa ma kwamfuta da karikitanta rai, har ta fara motsi. Sai danginsu, watau Software Engineers. Wannan fanni kusan daya yake da wanda ya gabace shi, babancin su kadan ne. A fannin Software Engineering, zaka gina manhaja ne, ka tsara shi, ka gwada shi ka rubuta dukkan bayanan suka dangance shi, sannan ka tallata shi. Dankari! Sai kuma System/Hardware Maintenance, watau fannin da ke lura da gyaran kwamfuta. Kamar dai yadda muke da masu gyaran rediyo da talabijin. Sai kuma Web Design & Maintenance. Wannan fanni ya kunshi gina gidan yanar sadarwa ne da kuma lura dashi. Shi ma sana’a ne mai kyau da martaba. Na gaba shine Network Administration, watau ilimin hada alaka tsakanin kwamfuta da ‘yar uwanta, da kuma lura da duk abinda zai iya yanke wannan alaka. Sai bangaren E-commerce, wanda ya kunshi saye da sayarwa ta hanyar Intanet ko ta amfani da duk wani hanya da ya shafi kayan fasahar sadarwa na zamani. Idan muka cilla gaba kuma zamu samu Kwararru kan rubutu a fannin fasahar sadarwa. Wannan fanni na da muhimmanci, don da bazan wadannan kwararru ne kowane fanni na ilimi ke takama. Zaka iya zama marubuci kan fasahar sadarwa har abada. A kasidar karshe zamu samu bayanai kan kwarewa a fannin Phone Repairs and Maintenance. Wannan fanni tuni wasu suka yi tashe a cikin sa. Ya kuma kunshi kwarewa ne kan gyarawa da kuma lura da wayoyin salula, a kanikance. Dukkan wadannan fannoni na da muhimmanci musamman a wannan zamani da muke ciki na yaduwar su. Babu wanda zai kallafa maka kwarewa a kan dukkan su a lokaci guda. Amma zaka iya kwarewa a kan a kalla daya daga cikinsu. To me zai iya taimaka maka wajen yin hakan?

Sindaran Kwarewa

A tabbace yake cewa duk wanda ka ga yayi fice a wani fanni na rayuwa, to alal hakika ba haka kawai ya samu wannan martaba ba, sai da ya rasa wasu abubuwa da yake tsananin so, sannan ya samu. Don haka, duk wanda ke son kwarewa a fanni musamman na ilimin fasahar sadarwa na zamani, yana bukatar wasu sinadarai na rayuwa, wadanda zasu taimaka masa wajen yin hakan. Yana kuma da kyau ya san cewa, iya gwargwadon himmar sa wajen bin wadannan dokoki na rayuwa, iya gwargwadon kwarewarsa. Ga wasu daga cikin halayen da muke bukatar dabi’antuwa da su, don cin nasara a kowane fanni ne muka dauka:

Sha’awa:

Wannan shine babban garkuwa da mai karatu yake bukata. Sha’awar da nake nufi a nan ita ce abinda ake kira “Interest”, a turance. Ya zama kana son yin abin, kuma kana kulawa da irin ci gaban da kake samu lokaci lokaci. Domin idan baka da sha’awa, to babu yadda za a yi ka rinka kulawa. Kada ka damu cewa “ai ban taba mu’amala da kwamfuta ba”, duk wannan ba hujja bane. Idan kana da cikakkiyar sha’awa, nan da nan zaka koya. Shekaru shida da suka gabata ko kusa da kwamfuta bana yi, saboda tsaban tsoro. A kullum gani nake kamar idan na taba jikin kwamfutar, lalata ta zan yi. Na fara gina sha’awa na ne lokacin da nake ta mu’amala da gidajen rediyon BBC da Deuschewelle dake Jamus, da irin su Voice of America. Nakan ji suna ambaton adireshin Imel dinsu, ni kuma ba a abinda na fi bukata a rayuwa illa in aika da sako, ya isa cikin gaggawa. Don haka wata rana sai na rubuta sako zuwa ga BBC Sashen Turanci (The Learning Zone), na samu wata baiwar Allah da ke sashin kwamfuta a ofishinmu ta aika musu. Sai ta dinga min yanga. Har sai da na harzuka. Daga lokacin na yanke shawaran koyan kwamfuta da shiga Intanet. Ba a dauki lokaci mai tsawo ba Allah Yai mani muwafaka. A yanzu bana iya kwana ba tare da nayi shaukin taba kwamfuta ko shiga Intanet ba. Ya zama kamar jinin jiki na. duk wannan ba komai ya kawo haka ba, sai tsaban sha’awa da nake dashi kan hakan. Ban taba zuwa makaranta don koyon ilimi da aiki da kwamfuta ba, balle yadda ake mu’amala da Intanet. Don haka, idan mai karatu ya gina sha’awarsa kan fannin da yake sha’awa, ina tabbatar masa cewa nan ba da jimawa ba zai samu bakin zaren.

Karatu da Aiki Da Shi:

Abinda ilimin kwamfuta da Fasahar Intanet ke bukata bayan sha’awa, shi ne aiki da abinda ka karanta. Domin idan baka aikata abubuwan da kake karantawa, to zai yi wahala ka iya komai a harkan. Domin shi wani fanni ne wanda karantunsa ke rataye da aiki. A wasu lokuta ma zaka samu aikin ya fi karatun yawa. Babu abinda zaka koya a harkan Kwamfuta da Intanet ba tare da kayi karatu ba; kuma baka iya komai, idan baka kwatanta abinda ka karanta ba. Don dole ne mai karatu ya rinka kwatanta ilmummukan da yake koyo. Wannan ne zai bashi daman auna ilminsa kan abinda yake karantawa. Duk inda ya cije, sai yayi tambaya. Wannan tasa nake zaburar damu kan abinda ya shafi neman bayani cikin dukkan abinda mai karatu ya karanta amma bai fahimta ba. Ko ya koya, amma da yaje aikatawa sai bai samu natija ba. Yin tambaya ne kadai zai wayar maka da kai cikin abinda kake nema. Galibin abubuwan da na tara na ilimi da aiki kan wannan fasaha, ya ta’allaka da tambayoyin da nake yi ne kusan a kullum. Idan abubuwa suka cakude mini, na kan aika ma Farfesa Abdallah Uba Adamu dake Jami’ar Bayero sakon Imel, don neman Karin bayani. Wasu lokuta kuma sai in nemi bayani (Search) ta hanyar Matambayi Ba Ya Bata, watau Search Engine. Don haka, mai karatu ya sa a cikin zuciyarsa cewa dole ne ya aikata abinda ya koya, kuma duk inda ya samu matsala, to yayi tambaya. Domin matambayi, inji Hausawa, baya bata – sai dai in bai yi tambayar daidai ba, ko kuma yadda ta dace.

Manufa:

Wannan ya kawo mu kan mataki na gaba, watau manufa. Kafin nan, yana da kyau mai karatu ya san cewa, yadda zuwansa duniya ke da manufa mai karfi, to haka abin yake a bangaren koyo da kwarewa na ilimin fasahar sadarwa, sai ya riki manufa kwakkwara, idan kuwa ba haka ba, sai ya bace. Wannan ya faru ne saboda duniyar Intanet wata irin duniya ce mara badala; babu kyaure, muddin a ciki kake. Kuma yadda kasashen duniya suka kasu kashi-kashi, to haka manufofi da ra’ayoyin mutane suke birjik. A fage irin wannan, idan baka da manufa, sai ka narke cikin rubibi. Samun manufa ya kasu kashi-kashi; manufa wajen lilo da tsallake-tsallake. Wani irin gidan yanan sadarwa zaka ziyarta? Me kake bukata a ciki wajen kwarewa? Duk sai ka tantance. Kafin in karkare wannan bangare, yana da kyau mai karatu ya san cewa yadda dabi’un mutane suka karkasu a rayuwar yau da kullum, to haka ire-iren wadannan dabi’u suke a duniyar Intanet. Idan addini kake so akwai. Idan holewa kake so, akwai mazauninta. Idan neman kudi kake son yi, ta hanyar da ta dace da wacce bata dace ba, duk akwai su. Duk irin abinda kake bukata na dabi’u, baza ka rasa mazauni ba. Don haka nake karfafa Magana kan manufa. Me kaje yi?

Hakuri da Juriya:

Komai dan hakuri ne, musamman idan aka ce ya shafi neman ilmi da aiki da shi. Hakuri ya kasu kashi biyu a Intanet; juriya wajen kamewa daga aikata alfasha. Da kuma juriya wajen dagewa da ganin ka koyi abinda zai amfaneka. Ba za ka san dimbin ilimin da ke makare a giza-gizan sadarwa ta Intanet ba sai ka fara shawagi a wannan fage. Kowane irin ilimi kake son koyo, zaka iya samunsa in Allah Ya yarda. Abinda kake bukata kawai shine sanin abinda kake nema, da kuma inda zaka je ka sameshi. Hakurin da ya fi kowanne shine wanda zaka yi wajen koyon ilimi; ilimin kwamfuta da Fasahar Intanet nake nufi. Domin wani fanni ne dake tsarinsa ke sauyawa kusan a dukkan dakika ko bugun agogo. Yana bukatar a kullum ka rinka mu’amala da shi don sanin irin sauye-sauyen da ke samuwa a kullum. Idan ba haka ba sai ka zama bakauye cikin kankanin lokaci. Domin ana kirkiro sabbin hanyoyin mu’amala da wannan fasaha ne kusan a kullum. Wannan tasa dole mai karatu ya zama mai juriya da hakuri wajen lazimta da mu’amala da kowane irin bangare ne ya kallafa ma kansa koyo. Idan hakan ya zama maka jiki, ba zai rinka damunka ba, in Allah Ya yarda.

Kammalawa:

Dangane da bayanan da suka gabata, na tabbata mai karatu ya dauki mataki kan tsarin da zai bi wajen daukan fannin da yake son kwarewa a kai. Idan haka ya samu, to an yi mai wuyan, duk saura masu sauki ne. A mako mai zuwa, zamu fara kwararo bayanai kan wadannan fannoni, filla-filla, daya na bin daya, insha’Allah. Zamu fara ne da gamammen ilimin kwamfuta, watau Computer Science and Education, har mu kai karshe. Don haka sai a zage damtse wajen sauraro irin na fahimta, don samun karuwa. Duk abinda ba a fahimta ba kuma a rubuto, don neman Karin bayani. Ina kuma mika gaisuwata ga dukkan masu karatu. Sai wani makon.

Abdullahi Salihu Abubakar (Baban Sadiq)

Off Lagos Crescent, Anguwar Hausawa,

Garki II - Abuja.

080 34592444 fasaha2007@yahoo.com

http://babansadiq.blogspot.com; http://fasahar-intanet.blogspot.com

Waiwaye Adon Tafiya! (3)

Tuna Baya Shine Roko

Idan mai karatu bai mance ba, makonni kusan ashirin da suka wuce ne muka zauna don yin Waiwaye Adon Tafiya kashi na biyu. A yau kuma cikin yardan Allah gashi mun sake dawowa don maimaita irin wannan zama. Kamar yadda muka sha fada, amfanin wannan zama shine don yin tsokaci, tare da kallon baya, da halin da ake ciki, da kuma inda za a dosa nan gaba. A yau ma kamar sauran lokutan baya, mun kasa wannan kasida zuwa kashi hudu da kuma kammalawa. A bangaren farko zamu yi bita kan kasidun baya. Sai kuma bayani kan mahangar da wadannan kasidu suka ginu a kai. Daga nan sai muyi tsokaci kan wasikun masu karatu. Ba wai nassin wasikun zamu kawo ba, don kusan duk na amsa su ko. Sai abu na karshe, watau bayani kan inda muka dosa a zango na gaba. Sai a biyo mu!

Kasidun Baya

Kamar yadda na sanar a mukaddima, wannan zango ya kumshi makaloli kusan ashirin ne, wadanda aka buga su, daya na bin daya, a wannan shafi na wannan jarida mai albarka. Kasidar farko it ace wacce muka aiko kan Mashakatar Lilo da Tsallake-tsallake, watau Cyber Café kenan a turance, inda muka fadi asalin wannan kalma da tarihin yaduwar wannan tsari na kasuwanci da ke tattare da yaduwar fasahar sadarwa. Sai kuma Nau’ukan Hanyar Sadarwa da ke Intanet, wanda muka kacalcala zuwa kashi hudu. A kashin farko mun kawo mukaddima ne kan dalilan da suka haddasa yaduwan sauran fasahan sadarwa a Intanet. A kasida ta biyu kuma muka kawo bayanai kan yaduwar fasahar rediyo. Sai bayani kan talabijin da jarida suka biyo baya a sauran kasidu na uku da na hudu. Bayan mun karkare da wannan fanni, sai muka shiga bayani kan Tasirin Fasahar Intanet ga Kwakwalwan Dan Adam. Wannan fanni mun kasa shi kashi biyu ne; a kasidar farko muka yi bayani kan dalilan da ke haddasa samuwar tasiri, mai kyau ne ko akasinsa, a kwakwalwan dan Adam a yayin da yake mu’amala da wannan fasaha. Kasida ta biyu kuma ta biyo da bayani kan abin da wannan tasiri ke haifarwa, da kuma hanyoyin waraka. Muna fita daga wannan bigire kuma sai muka tsunduma wani sashe mai muhimmanci, watau Dunkulallun Ka’idojin Mu’amala a Intanet. Shi ma silsila ne na kasidu guda uku. A kashin farko muka yi bayani kan ma’ana da kuma muhimmancin ka’ida a rayuwa; a aikace ne ko a ilmance. Mun kuma kawo misalai kan haka. A kasida ta biyu kuma jero ka’idoji guda goma na farko, da dukkan bayanai ko kaidinsu. Sai muka gabatar da ragowan sha dayan a kasidar da ta biyo baya. Wadannan ka’idoji goma sha daya da muka kawo, mun yi kanda-garki cewa ba iyakansu ba kenan. Kowa na iya kirkiran ka’ida a yayin da yake mu’amala da wannan fasaha, kuma kowace ka’ida da kaidinta. Dagan nan sai mai karatu ya fara samun bayanai kan Tsarin Sadarwa a Tsakanin Kwamfutoci, watau Computer Networking. Wannan fanni shi ma ya samu karkasuwa ne saboda muhimmancin da ke tattare da yin bayani cikin sauki don samun gwargwadon fahimta kan tsarin sadarwan. A kasidar farko muka kawo ma’ana da nau’ukan alakar da ke tsakanin kwamfuta da ‘yar uwanta wajen sadarwa. Mun nuna cewa samun cikakkiyar fahimta kan wannan alaka zai yi wahala, don haka muka gabatar da ka’idar Black Box, don rage mana wahalar samun cikakkiyar fahimta. A kasida ta biyu mai karatu ya samu bayani kan ka’idojin sadarwa a tsakanin kwamfutoci, watau Computer Protocols kenan. Sai kuma matakan sadarwa, inda muka kawo tsarin OSI, ko kace Open Standard Interconnect Model a turancin kwamfuta kenan. Bayan wannan sai kasidar Manhaja da Ka’idar Sadarwa ta Imel ta biyo baya. A kasidar ne muka samu bayanai kan ma’anar Email Client da kuma Email Protocol, watau ka’idojin da kowane sako ke bi kafin ya isa zuwa inda aka aike shi. Har way au, mun kawo bayani kan Mail Server, watau uwar garken da ke dauke da manhajan Imel kenan. A karshe kuma muka karkare da bayani kan nau’ukan ka’idojin da sakonni ke bi; irinsu POP3, IMAP, SMTP, HTTP da kuma TCP. Da muka fita daga wannan hurumi na Imel, sai muka tsallaka zuwa kasidar Sadarwa ta Wayar Iska, watau Wireless Communication. Wannan fanni ya samu karkasuwa shi ma zuwa kashi-kashi. Mun fara da koro bayani kan bayyana da kuma yaduwar nau’in fasahar sadarwa ta wayar iska, inda muka dauki GSM a matsayin misali. Mun kawo tarihin bayyana da yaduwa da kuma tasirin wannan fasaha ta sadarwa ta GSM a wannan kasa tamu Nijeriya. Mun karkare wannan kashi ne da ka’idar Killer Application, kashin bayan yaduwar wannan hanya da ma sauran nau’ukan fasahan sadarwa a duniya. Sai muka ci gaba da koro bayani, inda mai karatu ya san irin hanya da kuma yanayin da ake bukata kafin sadarwa ta yiwu tsakanin mutane biyu masu rike da wayoyin salula. A karshe kuma muka ci gaba da bayani kan na’urorin da ke sawwake wannan saduwa, wanda kowace kamfanin sadarwa (Service Provider) ke dasu a wurare da dama. Wadannan, a takaice, su ne kasidun da suka gabata cikin wannan zango. Saura da me?

Yanayi da Mahangan Kasidun Baya

Manufar kawo dukkan wadannan kasidu a wannan zango shine don samun fahimta kan ilimin fasaha gaba daya; daga abinda ya shafi ginawa ko kerawa da kuma ka’idojin sadarwa gaba daya. Sai kuma abinda ya shafi tunani da tasirin mu’amala da mai mu’amalan ke yi dasu. Wannan na da muhimmanci, domin idan ka san haddin amfanin da ka zaka iya yi da abu, ba za ka wuce haddinka ba. Har way au, na lura galibin mutane suna sarrafa wadannan kayayyaki ne na fasaha ba tare da la’akarin tasirin kayayyakin ga lafiyar su ba, musamman ma a kasashe masu tasowa. Don haka na hade shahararrun kayayyakin fasahan da muka yawaita amfai da su; Intanet, Imel, Kwamfuta da kuma Wayar Salula. A yanzu na tabbata mun san wani abu daga cikin asalinsu, da na’ukansu da kuma tasirunsu ga tunani da kwakwalwa da ma lafiyar dan Adam ta kowane bangare na rayuwa.

Wasikun Masu Karatu

A wannan zango mun samu sakonnin masu karatu kamar sauran zangunan da suka gabata, sai dai basu yawaita ba. Dalilin hakan kuwa a bayyane yake; don galibin kasidun, in ma ba duka ba, sun ta’allaka ne ga asali da kuma nu’ukan hanyoyin sadarwan. A takaice dai ilmummuka ne aka sanar da mai karatu, wadanda yana bukatar su don sanin halin da wani abu yake ciki. Abin day a shafi aikatawa a ciki basu da yawa. Sabanin zango na biyu da muka samu kasidu kan yadda ake bude Mudawwanar Intanet (Blog) da gina gidan yanar sadarwa da Imel da sauransu. Kamar yadda aka saba, mun samu sakonni ta hanyoyi uku; sakonnin Imel da na wayar salula, watau Text Messages. Sai kuma masu bugo waya don gaisawa da nuna gamsuwa da abinda ake karantawa ko gani. Kamar yadda na sanar a mukaddima, ba wai nassin wasikun zamu kawo ba, sai dai tsokaci, kamar yadda muka yi tsokaci kan kasidun baya.

Dangane da sakonnin text, mun sakon daga Malam Aminu TYT, daga Kano nake tunani. Sai Malam Auwalu A. Kano, shi ma Bakano ne. Har wa yau, Malam Auwal Garba Usman (Abu Asma’u), shi ma ya rubuto sako daga Kano. Cikin wadanda suka rubuto akwai Malam Salihi Malumfashi, sai kuma Malam Kabiru Saleh. Daidai lokacin da nake kwankwasa kwamfuta don tsara wannan kasida, sai ga sakon Malama Asma’u daga Katsina birnin Dikko. Duk muna godiya da wadannan sakonni naku. Allah Ya bar zumunci, amin. Sai sakonnin Imel, akwai sakon Malam Auwal Azare, wanda ya rubuto yana neman shawara kan Mudawwanar da ya bude wanda ke http://alkalami.blogspot.com. Akwai Malam Abubakar Rano day a rubuto don neman shawara kan irin kwamfutar da zai saya. Na aika masa da jawabi tuni. Daga nan sai ga Malam Rilwan Yusufu Kano da ke son a taimaka masa da bayani kan yadda zai shigar da hotuna cikin Mudawwanar sa. Shi ma na aika masa da gamsasshen jawabi kan haka. Sai kuma Malam AbdurRahman M. Abdu da ke neman shawara kan yadda zai bude shafin sad a ke Gumel.com. Shi ma na aika masa da jawabi. Wani bawan Allah da na kasa tuna sunansa ya rubuto shi ma, bai ambaci sunansa ba, sai adireshin Imel dinsa: nayankatsare2@yahoo.com. Shi nashi bukatar kan shiga Intanet ne a wayar salula, kuma na aika masa da rariyar da zai samu cikakken bayani a Mudawwanar mu da ke dauke da dukkan kasidun da muke bugawa (http://fasahar-intanet.blogspot.com). Sai kuma Malam Umar Suleiman, shi ma ya turo nashi sakon. Mutum na karshe shine wanda ya rubuto yake son a aiko masa da hoton na’uran cajar Fulani, wacce na siffata ta cikin kasidar GSM. Babban Magana, wai dan Sanda ya ga gawar soja. Labari ne wani aboki nay a bani, kuma na yarda da abin day a gaya mani don zai iya yiwuwa, shi yasa ma na nakalto mana labarin. Amma ba ganin hoton cajar nayi ba. Malam Abdullahi da ke Life Camp, Abuja, ai mana afuwa kan haka. Duk muna godiya da sakonninku. A bangaren masu bugo waya kuma bazan iya tuna sunayen duk wadanda suka bugo ba, illa mutum daya, watau Malam Dalhatu H. Bello, jami’I a gidan rediyon Bauchi. Ya kuma bugo ne don nuna godiya da gamsuwa da kuma neman alfarma kan lokaci idan zasu samu, don yin hira dani kan harkan fasahar sadarwa gaba daya. Wannan, a cewarsa, zasu rinka sanyawa ne cikin shirin su na Kimiyya da Fasaha da suka bullo dashi ba da dadewa ba. Wadannan su ne sakonnin da muka samu daga masu karatu, kuma kamar yadda na bayyana a farko, na aika ma kusan dukkan su jawabai kan abinda suke nema. To bayan duk wadannan kasidu da muka samu a wannan zango, ina muka dosa daga nan?

Zangon Da Ke Tafe

Ina son mai karatu ya dauki wannan shafi ko kasidu da yake samu a wannan jarida mai albarka a matsayin wata makaranta ce da yake ciki a matsayinsa na dalibi ko mai lura da abinda mai karantarwa ke karantarwa, don tunatarwa a lokacin da bukatar hakan ta taso. Idan ya kasa dukkan biyun, to kada ya kasa zama dan kallo. In ba haka ba, sai a yi ba shi. A matsayin aji, wannan shafi zai ci gaba da kwararo kasidu a zangon gaba kan gwanancewa ko kwarewa a wanni fanni cikin fanning ilimin fasahar sadarwa. Idan mai karatu bai fahimci wannan lugga ba, ina nufin kasidun gaba zasu z one kan abin yi a duniyar Intanet. Zamu kawo fannonin fasaha daban-daban wadanda mai karatu zai iya kwantar da hankalinsa don koya, da iyawa kafin kwarewa a kan su. Wannan zai taimaka masa gaya wajen amfanar da kansa da lokacinsa da ma dukiyar sa, a yayin da yake mu’amala da wannan fasaha. Don haka sai a biyo sau da kafa, don samun bayanai kan wadannan hanyoyi na fasaha da zamu kawo.

Kammalawa

Daga karshe, ina mika sakon gaisuwata ga dukkan wadanda suka aiko sakonni ko bugo waya ga wannan shafi ko marubucin shafin, musamman ma wadanda na ambaci sunayensu a sama. Sannan, gaisuwa ta musamman ga Farfesa Abdallah Uba Adamu da ke Jami’ar Bayero da ke Kano, Malam Magaji Galadima, Dakta Yusuf Adamu, Malam Adamun Adamawa (Dallatun Bebejin Intanet), Shehu Chaji, Muntaka AbdulHadi, Habeeba Haroon, da dai dukkan wani wanda bai ji sunansa ba. Allah Ya sada mu da dukkan alherinsa, amin.

Abdullahi Salihu Abubakar (Baban Sadiq)

Off Lagos Crescent, Anguwar Hausawa,

Garki II, Abuja. 08034592444

Fasaha2007@yahoo.com

http://fasahar-intanet.blogspot.com, http://babansadiq.blogspot.com

Tsarin Sadarwa ta Wayar Iska (3)

Matashiya

A makon da ya gabata mun yi alkawarin karasa bayanai kan tsarin aikawa da karban sakonnin murya ko text a tsarin sadarwa ta Wayar Salula, inda muka ce yau zamu dora, don cike gibin da muka baro a baya. A wancan mako har wa yau, mun yi dare ne lokacin da muka koro bayani kan abu na karshe da ake bukatan samuwansa kafin isar da sakon kira a tsarin sadarwa na wayar salula. Wannan tasha kuwa ita ce tashar Mobile Switching Center, watau babban tashar da ke kumshe da dukkan bayanai da lambobin masu sadarwa na kamfain sadarwa. Wacce kuma ke hade dukkan zangunan sadarwa da ke cikin wannan tsari na kamfanin. Idan mai karatu bai mance ba, muka ce wannan tasha ta kumshi muhimman zanguna ne guda hudu masu matukar muhimmanci, masu kuma aiwatar da wasu ayyuka wajen sadarwa ko tabbatar da wayar da ake bugo wayar daga gareta. A karshe kuma mu kawo misali tabbatacce da ke nuna matakan da duk wani sakon kira ke bi kafin isa masaukinsa. A yau zamu dora, ta hanyar kawo bayanai kan wadannan muhimman bangarori guda hudu da matakan tsarin sadarwa tsakanin wayar salula da wayar salula.

Home Location Register (HLR)

Bangaren Home Location Register (HLR), shine mai lura da dukkan bayanan da suka shafi layi ko lamban da kake amfani dashi a wayar salularka; yaushe ka fara amfani dashi? Nawa ka zuba a ciki tunda ka saya? Wani layi ka kira na karshe? Kai a ina ma kake a halin da ake Magana? Idan mai karatu bai san wannan ba, ya dubi fuskar wayar salular sa, zai ga tana nuna masa sunan bigiren da yake; a Area 1 ne ko Wuse ko Kano ko Kaduna; Unguwa Uku ne ko Sallare ko BUK? Duk inda kake, Home Location Register ne ke dauke da bayanin inda kake. Kuma wannan zai ringa nunawa (idan ka tsara wayar ka ta rinka nunawa kenan). Har wa yau, aikin wannan bangare ne ya rinka hada ka da wanda kake son Magana dashi yayin da ka buga lambarsa; ya kuma rinka isar da masu neman ka ta lambar da kake amfani dashi a wannan lokaci. Haka idan ka zo karshen maganan da kake yi da abokin maganarka, Home Location Register ce zata tsayar da sadarwan (idan ka kashe wayarka ko abokin maganar ka ya kashe tasa). Wannan kadan cikin aikin wannan bangare kenan dake Mobile Switching Center (MSC), watau babban zangon sadarwa da kowace kamfanin sadarwa ta wayar salula ke amfani dashi.

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

Sai kuma bangaren Visitor Location Register (VLR), wanda aikin sa ne ya taskance lambobin wani zangon da ba nasu bane, a matsayin “masu ziyara” kenan. Misali, idan a Kaduna kake, Unguwar Sarki, sai kaje ziyara Bauchi, kuma wayar salularka na da layin MTN, kana zuwa, Visitor Location Register zata sheda ka, cewa bako ne kai, duk da cewa kamfanin daya ce. Hujja a nan kuwa shine, don dukkan bayanan da lambarka ta kumsa suna zangon sadarwa (watau Cell Tower) ne dake Unguwar Sarki na Kaduna. Kana shigowa sai Visitor Location Register ta taskance bayananka na wucin-gadi, har ka gama abinda ya kawo ka, ka tafi. Iya zaman ka a Bauchi, zaka samu sadarwa da wadanda suke wasu wurare kuma kai ma za a iya samunka. Haka idan kana tsarin Roaming ne, watau tsarin da ke bayar da daman wuce kadadan yanayin sadarwan kamfanin da ke sadar da kai, don ci gaba da samun hanyar sadarwa ba tare da matsala ba. Da zaran ka bar wannan bigire, sai a share bayanan lambarka da ke wannan taska.

Authentication Center (AuC)

Bangaren Authentication Center rumbun bayanai ne na nau’ukan kalmomin shiga da masu lambobin sadarwa ke tsare layukan su dasu. Misali, idan ka sanya ma layin sadarwan ka PIN Code, to kalmomin da ka shigar na zarcewa ne kai tsaye zuwa Authentication Center. Wannan wani nau’i ne na tsaro ga masu layukan, inda babu wanda zai iya ganin asiran da suka taskance a layukan sadarwan su sai su ko kuma wanda suka ga daman bashi kalmomin da suka shigar. Har wa yau, idan kana da PIN Code babu wanda zai iya katse maka sadarwanka ta kowace hanya ce, a halin da kake Magana da wani. Kowace irin na’ura yayi amfani da ita kuwa. Wannan tasa hukumar Amurka taki amincewa da wannan tsarin sadarwa na GSM, domin idan mutum ya bugo maka waya, baza ka iya sanin daga ina yake bugo maka ba, sai in gaya maka yayi. Hakan na da wahalar ganewa domin dukkan layukan, lambobin kamfani daya suke amfani da su, kuma sun takaita ga kamfanonin sadarwan ne, ba wata jiha ko wasu birane ba. Sabanin tsarin sadarwan tarho na Landline, inda zaka iya sanin daga inda ake bugo maka. Amurka ta ki wannan tsari ne saboda dalilai irin na tsaro. Idan ana son gano inda kake, daga inda kake waya kawai ana iya tace maganan da kake yi da abokin maganar ka; ana iya sanin daga bigiren da kake bugowa ko kake karban sakon, da dai sauran bayanai. Amma da tsarin GSM basu iya wannan sam ko kadan. Ire-iren wadannan hanyoyi sun hada da PIN Code, da PUK Code, da kuma Security Code. Dukkan su a taskance suke cikin wannan rumbu ta Authentication Center.

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

Wannan bangare ne ke dauke da dukkan sunayen wayoyin salular da ke dauke da layi ko lambar kamfanin sadarwan. Ma’ana, idan ka sayi layin MTN, ka sanya cikin wayar salularka nau’in Nokia 3310 misali, wannan bangare ne zai taskance nau’in wayar da kake amfani da ita, ya tabbata mai kyau ce wacce aka kera ta amfani da ka’idojin sadarwa ta duniya, mai kuma dauke da lambobin sadarwa ta duniya da bayanan su ya gabata a makon jiya, watau International Mobile Equipment Identity. Idan ba mai kyau bace, ko kuma bata cika wannan ka’ida ba, wannan bangare na Equipment Identity Register zai lika mata alamar “Invalid”, ma’ana wacce bata cika ka’ida ba, kuma baza a iya amfani da ita ba. Haka idan aka sace maka wayar salularka mai dauke da layin sadarwanka a ciki, kana iya sanar da kamfanin sadarwanka, zasu lika mata wannan alama ta “Invalid”. A wasu lokuta ma suna iya bata wayar idan kana so, ya zama barawon yayi aikin banza kenan. Amma ba duk kamfanin sadarwa ke yin haka ba, saboda tsoron keta da wani na iya ma wayar wani. Don babu aminci a tsakaninmu kuma mutane basu bin doka, shi yasa. Wadannan a takaice sune manya kuma muhimman bangarorin da ke dauke cikin wannan babban zangon kamfanin sadarwa, watau Mobile Switching Center (MSC). A yanzu ga dan takaitaccen tsarin da kowane sako na kira ko text ke bi kafin isa ga wanda aka aika masa.

Tsarin Bugawa da Karban Kira ko “Text”

Kana rike da wayar salularka mai dauke da lambar MTN misali, a zangon (Cell Tower da ke) Unguwa uku, sai ka buga ma abokin ka da ke wani wuri don son yin Magana dashi. Kada mu fadi sunan bigiren da yake a yanzu. Kana bugawa, Base Transceiver Station (BTS), watau na’urar da ke aikawa da sako tsakanin wayar salular ka da ke wannan kadadan sadarwa zuwa tashar Cell Tower da ke wannan wuri ta dauki wannan sako ko bukata taka, ta mika ma na’urar Switching Center, watau babban zango mai dauke da manyan bangarorin da bayanansu suka gabata a sama. Ita kuma Switching Center sai ta lalubo bangaren Home Location Register don sanin ko wanda kake son Magana dashi yana zangon da kake ne ko kuma a wani zango daban yake. Ko kuma shigowa yayi a matsayin “bako”. Idan bako ne shi, ma’ana ba a wannan zangon lambarsa take, sai Home Location Register ta binciko kundin adana lambobin baki da suka shigo wannan zango, watau Visitor Location Register, don nemo wannan lamba da kake nema na abokinka. Amma idan a zango daya kuke dashi, to ba sai ma taje Visitor Location Register ba; daga Home Location Register kawai zata sheda mai lambar. To da zaran an samu lambar, sai Mobile Switching Center ta cilla ma bangaren Equipment Identity Register, wacce aikin tan e taskance dukkan wayoyin salular da ke dauke da lambobin sadarwan wannan kamfani, don tabbatar da cewa wayar abokinka ta cika ka’idar sadarwa na lambobin da muka kawo bayanansu a sama, da kuma cewa ko an kera wayar a tsarin ka’idojin sadarwa ta duniya ko a a. idan ta samu wayar na dauke da alamun “Invalid”, sai ta mayar da wannan bukata taka, cewa baza ta iya sadar da kai ta wannan waya ba. Amma idan garau wayar take, ta kuma cika ka’ida, to sai babban zango, watau na’urar Mobile Switching Center ta mika sakon ka kai tsaye, sai yaji wayarsa ta fara bugawa; kai ma zaka ji haka, a naka bangaren. Sai sadarwa ya wakana a tsakaninku. Duk wannan kai-komo na iya samuwa ne cikin kasa da dakiku goma (10 seconds), muddin babu wata matsala a yanayin sadarwa, watau Network.

To amma watakil mai karatu zai ce mai yasa wasu lokuta ga-ka-ga-mutum, idan ka buga layinsa sai ace baka baya nan; alhali wayar sa a kunne take, kuma ta cika dukkan ka’idojin da ake bukata? Hakan na faruwa ne daga tsarin sadarwan kamfanin, musamman idan yanayin sadarwan na yin sama da kasa. Kada mu mance, nace mana tsarin sadarwa ta hanyar salula na samuwa ne ta hanyar siginar rediyo, wanda kuma ta hanyoyin wayar-iska yake bi. In kuwa haka ne, ashe akwai watakilancin samuwan tsaiko wasu lokuta. Ka kwatanta hakan da irin ingancin sautin rediyo da kake ji a wasu lokuta daban-daban. Me yasa wasu ke kama tashar rediyon Kaduna garau, amma wasu sai sun fita kofar gida kafin su samu. Hakan ya ta’allaka ne da abubuwa biyu; na farko shine ingancin yanayi ko gyaruwansa, dangane da iskan da ke bugawa a sararin samaniya. Bicike ya nuna akwai alaka na kut-da-kut tsakanin sakonnin da ke bin hanyoyin iska a sararin samaniya, da kuma irin yanayin da ke wannan bigire. Idan akwai hadari kuma ana cida da walkiya, yanayin sadarwa musamman ta rediyo kan samu matsala. Haka ma sadarwa ta Intanet, ta kan samu matsala. Hatta masu kallon tashoshin tauraron dan Adam ta NileSat, sukan samu matsala da zaran an fara ruwa. Wannan kenan. Abu na biyu kuma shine inganci ko nau’in na’urar da ke aikawa ko karban wannan sako. A yayin da tashoshin NileSat ke yayyankewa idan aka fara ruwa ko hadari ya hadu, masu kallon tashoshin DSTV basu samun wannan matsala ko kadan. Me yasa? Don tsarin NileSat na cafke siginar sa ne ta amfani da tauraron dan Adam nau’in KU-Band. Su kuma kamfanin DSTV na amfani da tauraron dan Adam mai cafko bayanai nau’in C-band, wanda yanayin iska da ke sararin samaniya baya cikakken tasiri a kansa. Wannan ta sa zaka ga masu wayar salula nau’in Nokia sun fi kowa samun yanayin sadarwa mai kyau, fiye da masu amfani da wayar Motorola. Idan kaje in da babu yanayi mai kyau, baza ka samu matsala ba muddin wayar Nokia kake da ita. Amma Motorola ta dinga maka tsowa kenan, don sanar da kai cewa “yanayi ya dauke”, “yanayi ya dawo”. A gafarce ni, ba talla nake ma kamfanin Nokia ba, kawai misali nake bayarwa. Wadannan sune manyan dalilai biyu da ke haddasa samun matsalar sadarwa. Amma bayan wadannan, babu wani matsala kuma sai wanda ya ta’allaka da wanda kake son samu; ko dai ya zama yana Magana da wani a yayin da ka buga masa, sai a ce maka “Network Busy”. Ko kuma ya zama wayar san a kashe a lokacin da ka kira.

Kammalawa

A yau dai mun kawo karshen wannan silsila da muka faro makonni kusan tara da suka gabata kan tsarin sadarwa a tsakanin kayayyakin sadarwa da kuma yanayin da suke isar da sakonnin. Mun fara da kwamfuta, muka zo kan Imel. A halin yanzu muka karkare da wayar salula. Ban ce mun yi bayani a kan komai da komai ba. Akwai abubuwa da dama da muka bari ko dai da saninmu ko kuma cikin kuskure. Ilimi na da fadi. Don haka idan akwai wata tunasarwa da ta kamata ai mana, yana da kyau a aiko, sai mu duba. In ma ta kama mu buga ne a nan, sai a buga, tare da bayani idan mai bukatar bayani ne. A mako mai zuwa zamu yi zama don yin waiwaye adon tafiya kashi na uku. Sai an ji ni.

Abdullahi Salihu Abubakar (Baban Sadiq)

Off Lagos Crescent, Anguwar Hausawa,

Garki II, Abuja. 08034592444

Fasaha2007@yahoo.com

http://fasahar-intanet.blogspot.com, http://babansadiq.blogspot.com

Tsarin Sadarwa ta Wayar Iska (Wireless Communication) #2

Matashiya:

A yanzu zamu ci gaba da koro bayanai kan tsarin sadarwa ta wayar iska kamar yadda muka fara a baya. Idan mai karatu bai mance ba, a kasidar da ta gabata mun yi bayani ne kan nau’ukan sadarwa ta wayar iska, inda muka ce akwai hanyoyi da dama da ke kumshe cikin wannan tsari. Wadannan hanyoyi dai su ne: Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), da Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), da Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD), da Personal Digital Cellular (PDC), da Total Access Communication System (TACS), da Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT), da International Mobile Telephone Standard 2000 (ITMT-2000), sai kuma Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems (UMTS). Wadannan dai su ne shahararru. Har wa yau, mun sanar da cewa, wanda ya dame mu a duk cikinsu shine Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), wanda kuma shi ne muke amfani dashi a tsarin sadarwa ta wayar salula a Nijeriya yanzu. Bamu karkare wannan kasida ba sai da muka kawo bayanai kan bayyana da yaduwa da kuma tasirin wannan hanya ta sadarwa ga jama’a ko al’umman Nijeriya. Daga karshe kuma muka yi alkawarin ci gaba da bayani kan tsarin sadarwa ta wayar salula a fasahance, watau technically, kamar yadda bature zai ce.

Hanyar Sadarwa ta Wayar Salula

A tsarin sadarwa ta wayar iska, abu na farko da ya kamata mai karatu ya sani shine hanyar sadarwa, ko kuma hanyar da muryarsa ke bi wajen isa ga wanda yake son Magana ko sadarwa dashi. Domin duk wata ala ta sadarwa tana da hanyar da take bi wajen sadar da sakon da aka dora mata hakkin sadarwa; mota tana da nata hanyar; keke da babur su ma suna da nasu hanyoyin; jirgin sama da na kasa suna da nasu hanyoyin. To haka sadarwa a tsarin sadar da bayanai, na sauti ne ko rubutu ko waninsa. A takaice dai sadarwa a tsakanin wayoyin salula na samuwa ne ta yanayin aikawa da sauti ta hanyar rediyo, watau Radio Waves, wanda a tsarin kimiyyar sadarwa ta zamani ake kira Sine Waves a turance. Wannan hanya na samuwa ne ta hanyoyin sadarwa masu dimbin yawa da ke sararin samaniya da Allah Ya hore ma dan Adam. Kuma hanyar na kumshe ne da abubuwa uku, masu tabbatar da sadarwan ga duk wanda aka aika masa. Abu na farko shine kadarin lokacin da sakon ke daukawa wajen isa, wanda ke ta’allaka da lokaci, watau Period. Sai kuma kadada, watau iya nisan da sako ke iya dauka na tsawon wani lokaci, watau Wavelength. Abu na karshe kuma shine maimaituwan sadarwa a wani lokaci na iya nisan da sakon ya dauka a farko, watau Frequency. Wannan tsari na sadarwa ta siginar rediyo (Radio Waves) na da dabakar kadadar saurin sadarwa, watau Range wajen takwas. Wadannan dabakoki sune: Very Low Frequency (VLF), da Low Frequency (LF), da Medium Frequency (MF), da High Frequency (HF), da Very High Frequency (VHF), da Ultra High Frequency (UHF), da Super High Frequency (SHF), sai kuma Extremely High Frequency (EHF), na kololuwa kenan. Tsarin sadarwa ta siginar rediyo, wacce ke isar da sadarwa irin ta wayar salula da rediyo da talabijin, na amfani ne da dabakar Very High Frequency, watau VHS. Wannan hanyar sadarwan kenan, wacce ke daukan sauti da sakon mutane daga wayoyin salularsu zuwa wadanda suke son Magana da su. Sai abu na gaba.

Yanayin Sadarwa (Network)

Bayan samuwar hanyar da ke daukan sakonni daga tashar sadarwa zuwa wata tasha, sai kuma yanayin da ke bayar da wannan dama, watau Network. Wannan yanayi na samuwa ne ta hanyar kayayyakin fasahan da ke sawwake wannan sadarwa, wanda ya kumshi na kamfanin sadarwa da kuma wanda mai son sadarwan ke dashi. Wadannan na’urori ko kayayyakin fasaha su zasu sheda wayar salular da ke neman sadarwa, su tabbatar cewa mai kyau ce, wacce aka kera da dukkan ka’idojin da aka amince dasu a duniya da sauran bayanai. Kafin kowane irin nau’in sadarwa ya yiwu tsakanin mai son sadarwa da wanda ake son sadar masa, ana bukatan abubuwa kamar takwas da zasu yi mu’amala da juna a lokaci guda, wajen isar da wannan sako. Abu na farko da ya zama dole shine, samuwar wayar salular da za a bugo wayar daga gareta, watau Mobile Station. Mobile Station, a tsarin sadarwa ta wayar iska, ita ce wayarka ta salula, wacce aka kera a bisa yardaddun ka’idojin sadarwa ta wayar salula ta duniya, mai dauke da lambobi guda goma sha hudu, a rukunin lambobi uku, kuma ake kira International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). Duk wayar salular da bata cika wadannan ka’idoji ba, to ba a iya isar da sako daga gareta, duk tsadan ta kuwa. Wadannan lambobi sha biyu da ke rukunin lambobin uku, zaka iya ganinsu a jikin wayar ka, da zaran ka cire murafan wayar, ka cire batir (musamman idan ta kamfanin Nokia ce), zaka ga wasu lambobi a jikin wayar, kamar haka: 357964/00/651435, a misali. Wannan na waya ta kenan. Rukunin farko, watau 357964, su ake kira Type Approval Code (TAC). Rukuni na biyu kuma, watau 00, ana kiransu Final Assembly Code (FAC). Sai kuma rukuni na karshe, watau 651435, wanda ake kira Serial Number (SNR). Kaji amfanin wadannan lambobi, ba wai rubuta su kawai aka yi don kawa ba. Duk wayar da bata da su a manne a jikinta, to kayi hankali. Ita wayar salula, kamar yadda muka sani, saya zaka yi a kasuwa ko wajen kamfanin da ke sadarwa idan suna da su.

Bayan samuwar wayar salula watau Mobile Station, sai rukunin lambar sadarwa ta duniya, watau International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI). Su ma lambobi ne da ke rukuni uku kuma sun kumshi lambobi ne da basu kasa goma sha biyar ba (ko dai goma sha biyar ne ko kasa da haka, misali), idan ba ka da su, to ba maganar sadarwa. Ga misali nan: +234 (080) 34592444. Rukunin farko, watau +234, su ake kira Mobile Country Code (MCC), watau lambar sadarwa ta kasa. Kowace kasa na da nata. Na Nijeriya shi ne +234, kamar yadda na tabbata duk mun sani. Sai rukuni na biyu, watau (080), ko kace Mobile Network Code (MNC), kuma sun takaita ne da kamfanonin sadarwa, irinsu MTN, CELTEL, GLOMOBILE da sauransu. Wannan lamba na iya canzawa, kamar yadda mun san akwai masu (070) da (090) da dai sauransu. Sai rukunin karshe: 34592444, wanda ake kira Mobile Station Identification Number (MSIN). Wannan shine lambar da ake iya sheda kowace wayar salula (ko mai amfani da ita) da zaran ya nemi sadarwa tsakaninsa da wani. Wannan tasa kaga ba a ma tambayarka sunanka wai don kaje sayan layin wayar salula. Su da wadannan lambobi suke iya sheda kowa, da su ake amfani wajen sanin yawan kudinka, ko rashin sa. To wadannan rukuni idan kana dasu, kana iya buga waya ko ina ne a duniya.

Sai abu na gaba, watau Subscriber Identity Module, wanda muke kira SIM Card (ko Katin SIM, a Hausance). Wannan kati ne ke dauke da rukunin lambobin sadarwa ta duniya da bayanin su ya gabata. Kuma ana sanya shi ne cikin wayar salula, don neman wanda ake so ta hanyar tashar kamfanin da ke bayar da sadarwan. Wannan kati na SIM na dauke ne da kalmar iznin shiga (Password ko PIN Code), wanda mai shi ke amfani dasu wajen tsare lambobi da sauran bayanan sa da ke ciki. Hakan na faruwa ne ta hanyar wayar salula, ma’ana idan ya shigar da katin cikin wayar salularsa. Wannan kati har wa yau, shine babban “dan aike” na farko da ke tsakanin wayar salula da tashar kamfanin da ke isar da sadarwa. Abinda wannan ke nufi shine, idan kana da wayar salula, duk tsadan ta, muddin babu katin SIM a ciki, to ka hakura da tunanin karba ko isar da sako ta cikin ta. Sai abu na gaba, watau Cell Tower, ko kace na’urar sadarwa da ke wani kadada ko fadin birni a wani gari ko kauye. Na’ura ce da kamfanin sadarwa ke aijyewa a wani bangare ko zango na gari ko birni. Misali, kamfanin sadarwa na iya raba birnin Kano zuwa gunduma-gunduma ko shiyya-shiyya. Kowace gunduma ta kumshi lambobin mutanen da ke wannan wuri. Cell Tower ce ke dauke da yanayin sadarwa, watau Network da ke wannan wuri ko kadadan sadarwa. Sai kuma Base Transceiver Station (BTS), watau na’urar da ke aikawa da sako tsakanin wayar salular ka da ke wannan kadadan sadarwa zuwa tashar Cell Tower da ke wannan wuri. Wannan na’ura na aikawa da wannan sako ne ta hanyar siginar rediyo, watau Radio Waves. Misali, idan kana Unguwa Uku dake birnin Kano, sai ka bukaci yin Magana da wani ta hanyar wayar ka, da zaran ka buga lambar sa, na’urar BTS ce zata dauki bukatan ka zuwa tashar Cell Tower da ke zangon Unguwa Uku.

Abu na gaba shine samuwar Base Station Controller (BSC), watau tashar da ke sadar da sakon masu bugo waya daga wani zango (Cell Tower) zuwa wani. Ita ce babban zangon da ke hada dukkan zanguna dake birni ko gari daya. Misali, idan kana Unguwa Uku sai ka buga ma abokinka da ke Mariri, Base Station Controller ce ke da hakkin sadar da bukatar ka daga unguwar da kake zuwa inda ka bukaci a sadar da kai. Sai kuma babban zango ta karshe, watau Mobile Switching Center (MSC). Wannan tasha ita ke dauke da dukkan lambobi da bayanan masu lambobin sadarwa na kamfanin gaba daya. Kwaya daya ce tinkwal, kuma ita ce ke tabbatar da cewa duk wani mai bugo waya, daga ko ina ne, ta hanyar lambobin kamfanin ne ko na wani kamfanin ne daban, daga gida Nijeriya ne ko daga waje, muddin wanda ake son Magana dashi na lambar kamfanin ne, to wannan tasha ce zata isar da sadarwan idan zai yiwu ko kuma mayar da bukatan mai bukatan saboda wasu dalilan da zamu karanta nan gaba. Wannan babban zango, watau Mobile Switching Center, ta kumshi manyan bangarori ne guda hudu, kuma a mako mai zuwa zamu san wadannan bangarori da irin aikin da kowanne ke yi. Sannan mu samu bayanai kan tsarin da bukatun mu ke bi idan muka buga waya don son yin Magana da wani da ke da lambar sadarwa ta GSM ko Landline ko kuma Fixed Wireless. A mana afuwa don mun tsawaita Magana kan wannan tsari na sadarwa a tsarin sadarwa ta zamani tsakanin kwamfuta da wayoyin tafi-da-gidanka da kuma fasahar sadarwa ta Imel. Da zaran mun gama a mako mai zuwa, wani makon zamu sake zama don yin waiwaye adon tafiya kashi na uku.

Kammalawa

Daga karshe, ina mika sakon gaisuwata ga dukkan masu bugo waya ko aiko da sakonnin Imel, wadanda galibi nakan aika musu da jawabi ne kai tsaye don kada in shagala idan nazo tashar waiwaye adon tafiya. Idan ka aika da sakon Imel baka ga amsa ba, kayi hakuri, akwai wadanda na ajiye don son samun lokaci isasshe kafin amsa su. A tsarin ilimin sadarwa na zamani, bin abu mataki-mataki na da muhimmanci. Idan baka fahimci tsarin da fasaha ke bi ba, tsawaita bayani kan yadda ake amfani da shi baya gamsar da kai. Wannan tasa muke ta kawo wadannan bayanai kan tsari da kuma asalin da makera ko maginan wadannan hanyoyi da fasahan sadarwa suka bi wajen kerawa ko gina su. A ci gaba da kasancewa da mu.

Abdullahi Salihu Abubakar (Baban Sadiq)

Off Lagos Crescent, Anguwar Hausawa,

Garki II, Abuja. 08034592444

Fasaha2007@yahoo.com

http://fasahar-intanet.blogspot.com, http://babansadiq.blogspot.com

Tsarin Sadarwa ta Wayar Iska (Wireless Communication) #1

Matashiya:

Cikin kasidun baya idan mai karatu bai mance ba, a cikin shahararriyar kasidar Fasahar Intanet a Wayar Salula, mun kawo bayanai ne kan karikitan wayar salula ta zamani da kuma tsarin shiga shafukan yanar gizo ta hanyar wayar tafi-da-gidanka ta kamfanin Nokia, mai suna Nokia 6230i. A yau kuma zamu yi nazari ne kan tsarin sadarwan da ke samuwa tsakanin wayar salula da ‘yar uwanta; yadda sako ke fita daga mabubbugansa, zuwa tashar da za a sadar dashi, har zuwa ga wanda aka aika masa, da kuma gwargwadon lokacin da wannan aiki zai dauka a samuwar yanayin sadarwa mai kyau (Stable Network). Sai dai kuma kafin nan, zai yi kyau mu yi ‘yar gajeriyar mukaddima kan tsarin sadarwa ta GSM; zuwan ta Nijeriya, bunkasa da yaduwarta, dalilan bunkasa, da kuma tasirin da hakan ya haifar a tsakanin al’ummar Nijeriya. Wannan mukaddima ce zata cinye kasidar wannan mako. In yaso a mako mai zuwa sai mu yi Magana kan yadda tsarin take (a fasahance) da kuma hanyoyin da sako ke bi zuwa inda aka aika shi.

Bayyana da Yaduwar “GSM” a Nijeriya

Da farko dai, tsarin sadarwa (na bayanai ko sauti ko hotuna) ta wayar-iska, daga tashar aikawa zuwa tashar karba, shi ake nufi da Wireless Communications, a turance. Wannan tsari na iya kasancewa ta anfani da kowane irin kayan fasahar sadarwa; daga wayar salula zuwa kwamfuta. A wannan tsari na Wireless Communication, babu alaka ta zahiri tsakanin tashar da ke aikawa da sakon, da tashar da ke sadarwa a tsakani, da kuma tashar da ke karba a karshe. A yayin da tsoffin wayoyin tangarahon gidajenmu ke bukatar dogayen wayoyin sadarwa nau’in Twisted Pair IJ11, daga babban tashar sadarwa zuwa gidajen mu don jona wannan waya da tangarohonmu kafin yin Magana da wanda muke son magana dashi, a tsarin Wireless Communication duk ba a bukatar haka. Dukkan tsare-tsaren ana yinsu ne ta hanyar tashoshin da ke sadarwa, ba a bukatar wani dan aike bayananne a tsakani. To wannan hanya ta Wireless Communication na da nau’uka da dama wadanda ko dai an yi amfani dasu a baya wajen aikawa da sakonni ta wayar iska, ko kuma ana ma amfani da su a yanzu haka. Wadannan hanyoyi dai su ne: Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), da Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), da Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD), da Personal Digital Cellular (PDC), da Total Access Communication System (TACS), da Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT), da International Mobile Telephone Standard 2000 (ITMT-2000), sai kuma Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems (UMTS). Wadannan shahararru daga cikinsu kenan. Amma wanda ya dame mu a duk cikinsu shine Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), wanda kuma shi ne muke amfani dashi a tsarin sadarwa ta wayar salula a Nijeriya yanzu.

Idan mai karatu bai mance ba, wannan tsari na fasahar GSM ya iso Nijeriya ne cikin shekarar 2000, lokacin da gwamnatin tarayya ta dauke hurumin da take dashi na killatuwa da hanyar sadarwa a kasar, ta kuma ba ‘yan kasuwa daman shigowa wannan harka. Kamfanonin sadarwan da suka fara samun lasisi kuwa su ne na MTN da ECONET (wacce ta rikide zuwa Vmobile, zuwa Celtel a halin yanzu), da kuma Mtel, wacce mallakar gwamnatin tarayya ce. Daidai bayyanar wannan hanya, an samu ci gaba wajen sadarwa fiye da baya. To amma duk da sauyin yanayi da aka samu wacce ke dauke da sauki, an kuma lura da wasu matsaloli da suka shafi ko dai tsarin sadarwan ko kuma kamfanonin da ke lura da sadarwan. Wasu daga cikin su kuwa su ne: a yayin da zaka iya kiran kowace jiha da wayar tangarahonka ta Landline, a yanzu sadarwanka ta takaitu ne da wasu jihohi ko birane kadai; sai kuma matsalar rashin yanayin sadarwa mai inganci, watau Network Connection, wanda kusan dukkan kamfanonin ke fama da shi; sai ka yi ta neman abokin maganarka amma abin ya gagara, ko kuma kana cikin Magana dashi, sai alakar ta yanke. Kai a wasu lokuta ma zaka kira lambarsa, amma sai a hada ka da wani layin daban. Duk da cewa wasu cikin ire-iren wadannan matsaloli na nan har yanzu, da dama sun gushe a yanzu. Sai kuma matsalar cajin da kamfanonin ke yi da zaran ka fara Magana da abokin maganarka. Ana cikin haka sai ga kamfanin Glomobile (GLO) ta shigo harkar, da irin nata tsarin. Wannan na cikin dalilan da suka kara taka ma sauran kamfanonin burki wajen dan Karen cajin da suke ma mutane kan farashin su. Cikin kamfanonin da suka shigo har wa yau, akwai kamfanin Intercellular, wacce ke da tsarin sadarwa iri biyu; tsarin Fixed Wireless, wacce hanyar sadarwa ce ta wayar iska, amma ta amfani da wayoyin tangaraho masu na’urar Adaptor; sai kuma tsari na biyu, wanda ya kumshi tsarin sadarwa ta Mobile Phone, watau wayar salula kenan. Daga nan kuma sai ga Starcom, da Multilinks, wadanda ke amfani da tsarin sadarwa irin na Intercellular. Da farko sun takaitu ne da birane irin su Legas da Kano da Maiduguri. Amma da wuri yayi wuri, sai ga su a Abuja da sauran birane irinsu Fatakwal da sauransu. Ire-iren kamfanoni makamantan wadannan sun kusan dari ko fiye ma da haka; abinda yasa ba a sansu ba shine sun takaitu ne da wasu birane musamman dai irin su Legas da Fatakwal. Cikin ‘yan kwanakin nan kuma sai ga kamfanin Reltel, ita ma a sukwane da nata tsarin. Duk wadannan kamfanoni sun shigo Nijeriya ne cikin shekarun da basu kasa bakwai ba. Zuwa wannan lokaci da nake wannan rubutu, Nijeriya na da layukan tarho da ke wannan tsarin sadarwa ta GSM sama da miliyan talatin da hudu (34,000,000). Nan ba da dadewa ba, kamfanin Etisalat da ke kasar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, watau United Arab Emirates (UAE), za ta fara bayar da layukan tarho ita ma a tsarin GSM in Allah Ya yarda. Karuwan wadannan kamfanonin sadarwa ne zai sa a samu yanayin sadarwa mai kyau da kuma raguwar farashi.

Tasirin Yaduwar “GSM” a Nijeriya

Bayan jin bayani kan zuwa da kuma yaduwar wannan hanya ta sadarwa a wannan kasa tamu, yana da kyau mu san tasirin wannan yaduwa, da irin abinda hakan ya haifar. Da farko dai, idan aka ce wani abu na da tasiri, ana nufin “wani canji ko sauyin yanayi ne da aka samu saboda samuwa ko tabbatar abin – sauyin na iya zama mai kyau ko mummuna.” Don haka kada mai karatu yaji an ce tasiri, ya dauka kyawawan sauyi kawai ake nufi, a a, har ma da akasin su. Wannan ita ce ka’idar duk wata tasiri da ka iya samuwa a kowane irin yanayi ne. Sanin tasirin wannan fasaha ga rayuwarmu na da muhimmanci, don hakan zai taimaka mana wajen tsara hanyar mu’amalar da muke yi dashi, idan hanyar da muka dauka da farko ba mai kyau bace. Amma kafin mu fara zayyana tasirin, ga wata ‘yar gajeruwar gabatarwa dangane da ka’idar tasirin sauyin manufa da yanayi, a harkar fasahar sadarwa ta zamani. Wannan ka’ida kuwa ita ce: “The Killer Application Theory”, kuma ga abinda take nufi nan kasa.

“The Killer Application Theory”

Fahimtar manufa da ma’anar wannan ka’ida ta “Killer Application”, cikin harshen Hausa, na bukatar kyakkyawan misali a farko, kamar dai yadda muka kawo misali wajen bayar da ma’anar ka’idar “The Black Box” a baya. Bayar da misali na daga cikin abinda ke kara sa a fahimci abinda ake Magana a kai. Sanin kowa ne cewa wayar salula, a farkon al’amari, an kera ta ne don sadar da murya; ma’ana ka kira mutum kana jinsa, yana jinka, ku gaisa ta hanyar jin muryar juna. Da zaran kun gama, ka kashe wayar. Shikenan! Amma bayan bullo da wannan hanya ta Magana da jin murya, da tafiya tayi nisa, sai masana kan wannan harka suka fara tunanin wasu hayoyi kuma da zasu iya taimakawa wajen sadarwa, ba murya kadai ba. Sai aka bullo da hanyar rubutu, irin na “text”, kamar yadda muke yi yanzu. Daga nan kuma sai masana suka sake tunani, “me zai hana mu sake duba wata hanya, bayan murya da rubutu?” Nan take aka samu sake bullowa da fasaha irin su na’uran daukan hoto (camera), na’urar daukan bidiyo (video recorder), na’urar daukan sauti/murya (voice recorder) da dai sauransu. Ana cikin haka sai kuma wata fikira ta kara shigowa, cewa “me zai hana a taimaka ma mai amfani da wannan fasaha saukin aikawa da dukkan abinda ya tanada na bayanai ta amfani da wadannan hanyoyin daukansu?” Misali, idan ka dauki hoto, zaka iya aika ma wani dashi; haka idan murya ka dauka ko sakon text ka rubuta. Sai ba a tsaya a haka ba, masana suka sake tunani, cewa “ai tunda akwai wasu hanyoyin sadarwa irin su Fasahar Intanet da Talabijin da na’urar DVD Player da kwamfutoci, me zai hana a samo hanyar sadar dasu da wayar salula?” Nan take aka bullo da na’urar “Universal Serial Bus” (USB Port), hanyar da zata taimaka maka debowa da zubawa na dukkan bayanai daga wayar salularka zuwa kwamfuta ko gidan yanar sadarwa (Web Site), ko Talabijin da dai sauran su, ta hanyar jona wayar kebul a tsakani. A yanzu na tabbata kowa zai amince idan nace ba hanyar sadarwa ta murya ce kadai ta kara ma wayar salula shahara da saukin saye da mu’amala ba, illa wadannan makale-makale da jone-jone da aka kara ma wayar daga baya. To wadannan nau’ukan hanyoyin sadarwa da suka tsiru daga baya, suka kuma kara ma wannan fasaha ta wayar salula shahara da saukin mu’amala da ma araha, su ake kira “The Killer Application”. Wannan ka’ida kuwa tana cikin dukkan hanyoyin sadarwa, kai hatta talabijin da rediyo. Duk wani abinda yazo, kari a bisa manufar farko, kuma ya zama sanadiyyar samun shahara da inganci ga wani abin amfani, shi ake kira “Killer Application”. Don haka, hanyoyin daukan hoto da sadar dasu, da daukan murya da sadar dasu, da kuma daukan majigi (bidiyo) da sadar da shi, ta hanyar wayar salula irin ta yau, shi ake nufi da “Killer Application”, kuma tasirin sa ne ya kara ma wayar salula shahara da inganci da kuma saukin farashi. Wannan ka’ida ta “Killer Application” ce ta haifar da dukkan tasirin da zamu yi Magana a kan su a yanzu. Manyan dalilan kuwa su ne: murya, sakonnin text, hoto mara motsi, daukan sauti, daukan majigi da kuma hanyoyin mikawa da karbansu a tsakanin wayar salula da sauran hanyoyin sadarwa na zamani a yau.

Tasirin “GSM”

Tasirin fasahar sadarwa ta “GSM” a wannan kasa tamu abu ne da kowa ke iya sheda shi. Gamammiyar tasirin wannan fasaha na kumshe ne cikin sadarwa, wanda ya kunshi dalilai da hanyoyi daban-daban. Sadar da zumunci tsakanin mutane ya yawaita, wanda samuwar wannan a cikin kowace al’umma, alheri ne. Mutane da dama sun samu hanyar mika gaishe-gaishensu ga ‘yan uwa da abokan arzuka da ke nesa, wanda wannan bai samuwa ta dadi kafin zuwan wannan tsari, sam ko kadan. Har wa yau, samuwan wannan fasaha ta “GSM” ya taimaka ma masu kasuwanci ta hanyoyi da dama. Wasu ma basu da ofis, sam, daga lambar wayar su zaka same su, kuyi Magana, har ku hadu su maka abinda kake son ayi maka. Ga wasu kuma wannan fasaha ta samar musu sana’a tsayayye, wanda kafin zuwansa basu taba mafarkin sa ba. Zaka samu mutum ya gama makaranta, ga shedar karatun ga komai, amma bai da aiki. Zuwan “GSM” ke da wuya sai sana’a ya samu. Idan muka koma kan addini, sai mu ga kusan kowa (musulmai musamman) ya zama mai da’awa, musamman ma cikin watan azumi. Wannan yafi yaduwa ta hanyar sakonnin “text”, kuma hakan abu ne mai kyau, don ya takaita ma malamai aiki sosai, ta wani bangaren fa amma. Wasu kuma hanyar yada manufa da furofaganda kawai suka samu. Idan ana son aibanta wani ko wata al’umma ko wani, sai kawai a tsara sakon text mai zaki ko daci, iya gwargwadon batanci ko tallan da ake son yi, a ci gaba da yadawa. Wannan hanya na da tasiri sosai, domin ba sai ka kira mutum ba, balle yaki amsa kiranka; da zaran sakon ya iso wayarsa shikenan, sai in gogewa zai yi, wanda kuma dole ne ya bude ya karanta abinda ke ciki. Ga wasu kuma wannan hanya ta sawwake musu hanyar karfafa sana’ar samartakan da ke tsakaninsu da ‘yan matansu. Wasu sun yi ‘yan mata ta wannan hanya, wasu sun karfafa alakarsu da mata ko yan matansu, musamman ma ta hanyar tsarin Xtracool da kamfanin MTN ke bayarwa cikin dare. Ga wasu kuma, kwarewa suka samu wajen fasahar gyaran wayar salula, cikin sauki. Da dama sun dauki wannan a matsayin sana’a ne da suke cin abinci ta hanyarsa. Akwai wasu hanyoyi har wa yau da wasu suka kirkira wajen caja wayoyin su, musamman fulanin da ke rugage, kuma masu amfani da wayar salula. Makon jiya wani abokina ke bani labari cewa kasancewan basu da wutar lantarki, sai su samu fitilar hannu (torchlight), masu batura bibbiyu, guda biyu, sai su cire kawunansu duka, su sanya wayoyi a daidai inda ake sa kwan lantarkin (globe). Daga nan sai su hade fitilun daga baya, su daure su ta yadda zai zama fitila guda, mai kawuna biyu, batura hudu. Wayoyin da ke kan kowanne zasu dauka su hade su biyu, don samun baki guda, wanda shi zasu dofana a saman batirin wayar salula ko kuma su samu na’urar cajin waya (charger), su yanke kanshi, don hada shi da kan wayar da ke jikin fitilun, don caja wayar su. Wannan fasaha ce abin alfahari, wanda ke nuna kwazon dan Adam wajen samo ma kansa mafita a yayin da ya samu kansa cikin matsala ko rashi. Kada mu shagala, daga cikin tasirin da amfani da fasahar “GSM” ta hukumta ma al’umma, akwai iya rubutu da karatu. Akwai da dama cikin mutane da na sani, wadanda ko dai basu iya rubutu da karatu cikin harshen Hausa ko turanci ba kafin su fara mu’amala da wayar salula, ko kuma basu iya takaita rubutu da kuma iya karanta takaitattun rubutu ba (shorthand), kafin haka. Amma a halin yanzu duk sun iya, saboda tsananin shakuwa da wannan fasaha. To duk bayan wannan, sai me?

Sai harkan shashanci da wasu suka mayar da wannan fasaha a matsayin wasila. Wasu kuma ba abinda yafi musu sauki sai su sace maka wayar salularka, ko dai su sayar a arahar wulakanci, ko kuma su la’anta maka ita. Sace-sacen wayoyin salula ba wani abu bane mai wahala. Wahalarsa kawai a ce baka ajiye galala ba. Yanzu sai wani ya gyara ma wayar zama, ba ruwansa. Wasu kuma zamba-cikin-aminci kawai suka iya, watau 419. Zasu yi kirdadon lambobin wayoyin jama’a, idan suka dace, sai suka buga maka su ce akwai wata ‘yar harkalla mai maiko. Idan kabi nasu kuma shikenan. Wasu kuma su aiko maka da sakonnin text, cewa kaci gasar tambola ko kacici-kacici da aka yi lokaci kaza. Idan kana son karban la’adanka, ka aiko da katin waya na naira kaza, kazo waje kaza, lokaci kaza, a rana kaza, don karba. Idan kabi nasu, wankin hula sai ya kai ka asuba, ba ma dare ba. A takaice dai, wannan hanya ta fasahar sadarwa ta GSM ta kawo sauyi mai dimbin yawa cikin al’umma.

Kammalawa

Daga bayanan da suka gabata, mai karatu ya samu sanayya kan shigowan wannan fasaha ne da kuma yaduwarsa. A karshe kuma bayani ya biyo baya kan tasirin da wannan yaduwa ya haifar cikin al’umma. Idan Allah Ya kai mu mako mai zuwa, zamu ci gaba, inda bayani zai zo kan hakikanin tsarin sadarwa a tsakanin wayoyin salula da kuma kamfanin da ke sadar da masu mu’amala. Idan da abinda ba a fahimta ba, don Allah a rubuto. Na kuma samu sakonnin masu karatu, kuma in Allah Ya so, zamu yi tsokaci kansu a makonni biyu masu zuwa, inda zamu sake zama don yin waiwaye adon tafiya kashi na uku. A biyo mu!

Abdullahi Salihu Abubakar (Baban Sadiq)

Off Lagos Crescent, Anguwar Hausawa,

Garki II, Abuja. 08034592444

Fasaha2007@yahoo.com

http://fasahar-intanet.blogspot.com, http://babansadiq.blogspot.com