Kimiyya da Fasahar Sadarwa!: Tsarin Sadarwa ta Wayar Iska (3)

Matashiya

A makon da ya gabata mun yi alkawarin karasa bayanai kan tsarin aikawa da karban sakonnin murya ko text a tsarin sadarwa ta Wayar Salula, inda muka ce yau zamu dora, don cike gibin da muka baro a baya. A wancan mako har wa yau, mun yi dare ne lokacin da muka koro bayani kan abu na karshe da ake bukatan samuwansa kafin isar da sakon kira a tsarin sadarwa na wayar salula. Wannan tasha kuwa ita ce tashar Mobile Switching Center, watau babban tashar da ke kumshe da dukkan bayanai da lambobin masu sadarwa na kamfain sadarwa. Wacce kuma ke hade dukkan zangunan sadarwa da ke cikin wannan tsari na kamfanin. Idan mai karatu bai mance ba, muka ce wannan tasha ta kumshi muhimman zanguna ne guda hudu masu matukar muhimmanci, masu kuma aiwatar da wasu ayyuka wajen sadarwa ko tabbatar da wayar da ake bugo wayar daga gareta. A karshe kuma mu kawo misali tabbatacce da ke nuna matakan da duk wani sakon kira ke bi kafin isa masaukinsa. A yau zamu dora, ta hanyar kawo bayanai kan wadannan muhimman bangarori guda hudu da matakan tsarin sadarwa tsakanin wayar salula da wayar salula.

Home Location Register (HLR)

Bangaren Home Location Register (HLR), shine mai lura da dukkan bayanan da suka shafi layi ko lamban da kake amfani dashi a wayar salularka; yaushe ka fara amfani dashi? Nawa ka zuba a ciki tunda ka saya? Wani layi ka kira na karshe? Kai a ina ma kake a halin da ake Magana? Idan mai karatu bai san wannan ba, ya dubi fuskar wayar salular sa, zai ga tana nuna masa sunan bigiren da yake; a Area 1 ne ko Wuse ko Kano ko Kaduna; Unguwa Uku ne ko Sallare ko BUK? Duk inda kake, Home Location Register ne ke dauke da bayanin inda kake. Kuma wannan zai ringa nunawa (idan ka tsara wayar ka ta rinka nunawa kenan). Har wa yau, aikin wannan bangare ne ya rinka hada ka da wanda kake son Magana dashi yayin da ka buga lambarsa; ya kuma rinka isar da masu neman ka ta lambar da kake amfani dashi a wannan lokaci. Haka idan ka zo karshen maganan da kake yi da abokin maganarka, Home Location Register ce zata tsayar da sadarwan (idan ka kashe wayarka ko abokin maganar ka ya kashe tasa). Wannan kadan cikin aikin wannan bangare kenan dake Mobile Switching Center (MSC), watau babban zangon sadarwa da kowace kamfanin sadarwa ta wayar salula ke amfani dashi.

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

Sai kuma bangaren Visitor Location Register (VLR), wanda aikin sa ne ya taskance lambobin wani zangon da ba nasu bane, a matsayin “masu ziyara” kenan. Misali, idan a Kaduna kake, Unguwar Sarki, sai kaje ziyara Bauchi, kuma wayar salularka na da layin MTN, kana zuwa, Visitor Location Register zata sheda ka, cewa bako ne kai, duk da cewa kamfanin daya ce. Hujja a nan kuwa shine, don dukkan bayanan da lambarka ta kumsa suna zangon sadarwa (watau Cell Tower) ne dake Unguwar Sarki na Kaduna. Kana shigowa sai Visitor Location Register ta taskance bayananka na wucin-gadi, har ka gama abinda ya kawo ka, ka tafi. Iya zaman ka a Bauchi, zaka samu sadarwa da wadanda suke wasu wurare kuma kai ma za a iya samunka. Haka idan kana tsarin Roaming ne, watau tsarin da ke bayar da daman wuce kadadan yanayin sadarwan kamfanin da ke sadar da kai, don ci gaba da samun hanyar sadarwa ba tare da matsala ba. Da zaran ka bar wannan bigire, sai a share bayanan lambarka da ke wannan taska.

Authentication Center (AuC)

Bangaren Authentication Center rumbun bayanai ne na nau’ukan kalmomin shiga da masu lambobin sadarwa ke tsare layukan su dasu. Misali, idan ka sanya ma layin sadarwan ka PIN Code, to kalmomin da ka shigar na zarcewa ne kai tsaye zuwa Authentication Center. Wannan wani nau’i ne na tsaro ga masu layukan, inda babu wanda zai iya ganin asiran da suka taskance a layukan sadarwan su sai su ko kuma wanda suka ga daman bashi kalmomin da suka shigar. Har wa yau, idan kana da PIN Code babu wanda zai iya katse maka sadarwanka ta kowace hanya ce, a halin da kake Magana da wani. Kowace irin na’ura yayi amfani da ita kuwa. Wannan tasa hukumar Amurka taki amincewa da wannan tsarin sadarwa na GSM, domin idan mutum ya bugo maka waya, baza ka iya sanin daga ina yake bugo maka ba, sai in gaya maka yayi. Hakan na da wahalar ganewa domin dukkan layukan, lambobin kamfani daya suke amfani da su, kuma sun takaita ga kamfanonin sadarwan ne, ba wata jiha ko wasu birane ba. Sabanin tsarin sadarwan tarho na Landline, inda zaka iya sanin daga inda ake bugo maka. Amurka ta ki wannan tsari ne saboda dalilai irin na tsaro. Idan ana son gano inda kake, daga inda kake waya kawai ana iya tace maganan da kake yi da abokin maganar ka; ana iya sanin daga bigiren da kake bugowa ko kake karban sakon, da dai sauran bayanai. Amma da tsarin GSM basu iya wannan sam ko kadan. Ire-iren wadannan hanyoyi sun hada da PIN Code, da PUK Code, da kuma Security Code. Dukkan su a taskance suke cikin wannan rumbu ta Authentication Center.

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

Wannan bangare ne ke dauke da dukkan sunayen wayoyin salular da ke dauke da layi ko lambar kamfanin sadarwan. Ma’ana, idan ka sayi layin MTN, ka sanya cikin wayar salularka nau’in Nokia 3310 misali, wannan bangare ne zai taskance nau’in wayar da kake amfani da ita, ya tabbata mai kyau ce wacce aka kera ta amfani da ka’idojin sadarwa ta duniya, mai kuma dauke da lambobin sadarwa ta duniya da bayanan su ya gabata a makon jiya, watau International Mobile Equipment Identity. Idan ba mai kyau bace, ko kuma bata cika wannan ka’ida ba, wannan bangare na Equipment Identity Register zai lika mata alamar “Invalid”, ma’ana wacce bata cika ka’ida ba, kuma baza a iya amfani da ita ba. Haka idan aka sace maka wayar salularka mai dauke da layin sadarwanka a ciki, kana iya sanar da kamfanin sadarwanka, zasu lika mata wannan alama ta “Invalid”. A wasu lokuta ma suna iya bata wayar idan kana so, ya zama barawon yayi aikin banza kenan. Amma ba duk kamfanin sadarwa ke yin haka ba, saboda tsoron keta da wani na iya ma wayar wani. Don babu aminci a tsakaninmu kuma mutane basu bin doka, shi yasa. Wadannan a takaice sune manya kuma muhimman bangarorin da ke dauke cikin wannan babban zangon kamfanin sadarwa, watau Mobile Switching Center (MSC). A yanzu ga dan takaitaccen tsarin da kowane sako na kira ko text ke bi kafin isa ga wanda aka aika masa.

Tsarin Bugawa da Karban Kira ko “Text”

Kana rike da wayar salularka mai dauke da lambar MTN misali, a zangon (Cell Tower da ke) Unguwa uku, sai ka buga ma abokin ka da ke wani wuri don son yin Magana dashi. Kada mu fadi sunan bigiren da yake a yanzu. Kana bugawa, Base Transceiver Station (BTS), watau na’urar da ke aikawa da sako tsakanin wayar salular ka da ke wannan kadadan sadarwa zuwa tashar Cell Tower da ke wannan wuri ta dauki wannan sako ko bukata taka, ta mika ma na’urar Switching Center, watau babban zango mai dauke da manyan bangarorin da bayanansu suka gabata a sama. Ita kuma Switching Center sai ta lalubo bangaren Home Location Register don sanin ko wanda kake son Magana dashi yana zangon da kake ne ko kuma a wani zango daban yake. Ko kuma shigowa yayi a matsayin “bako”. Idan bako ne shi, ma’ana ba a wannan zangon lambarsa take, sai Home Location Register ta binciko kundin adana lambobin baki da suka shigo wannan zango, watau Visitor Location Register, don nemo wannan lamba da kake nema na abokinka. Amma idan a zango daya kuke dashi, to ba sai ma taje Visitor Location Register ba; daga Home Location Register kawai zata sheda mai lambar. To da zaran an samu lambar, sai Mobile Switching Center ta cilla ma bangaren Equipment Identity Register, wacce aikin tan e taskance dukkan wayoyin salular da ke dauke da lambobin sadarwan wannan kamfani, don tabbatar da cewa wayar abokinka ta cika ka’idar sadarwa na lambobin da muka kawo bayanansu a sama, da kuma cewa ko an kera wayar a tsarin ka’idojin sadarwa ta duniya ko a a. idan ta samu wayar na dauke da alamun “Invalid”, sai ta mayar da wannan bukata taka, cewa baza ta iya sadar da kai ta wannan waya ba. Amma idan garau wayar take, ta kuma cika ka’ida, to sai babban zango, watau na’urar Mobile Switching Center ta mika sakon ka kai tsaye, sai yaji wayarsa ta fara bugawa; kai ma zaka ji haka, a naka bangaren. Sai sadarwa ya wakana a tsakaninku. Duk wannan kai-komo na iya samuwa ne cikin kasa da dakiku goma (10 seconds), muddin babu wata matsala a yanayin sadarwa, watau Network.

To amma watakil mai karatu zai ce mai yasa wasu lokuta ga-ka-ga-mutum, idan ka buga layinsa sai ace baka baya nan; alhali wayar sa a kunne take, kuma ta cika dukkan ka’idojin da ake bukata? Hakan na faruwa ne daga tsarin sadarwan kamfanin, musamman idan yanayin sadarwan na yin sama da kasa. Kada mu mance, nace mana tsarin sadarwa ta hanyar salula na samuwa ne ta hanyar siginar rediyo, wanda kuma ta hanyoyin wayar-iska yake bi. In kuwa haka ne, ashe akwai watakilancin samuwan tsaiko wasu lokuta. Ka kwatanta hakan da irin ingancin sautin rediyo da kake ji a wasu lokuta daban-daban. Me yasa wasu ke kama tashar rediyon Kaduna garau, amma wasu sai sun fita kofar gida kafin su samu. Hakan ya ta’allaka ne da abubuwa biyu; na farko shine ingancin yanayi ko gyaruwansa, dangane da iskan da ke bugawa a sararin samaniya. Bicike ya nuna akwai alaka na kut-da-kut tsakanin sakonnin da ke bin hanyoyin iska a sararin samaniya, da kuma irin yanayin da ke wannan bigire. Idan akwai hadari kuma ana cida da walkiya, yanayin sadarwa musamman ta rediyo kan samu matsala. Haka ma sadarwa ta Intanet, ta kan samu matsala. Hatta masu kallon tashoshin tauraron dan Adam ta NileSat, sukan samu matsala da zaran an fara ruwa. Wannan kenan. Abu na biyu kuma shine inganci ko nau’in na’urar da ke aikawa ko karban wannan sako. A yayin da tashoshin NileSat ke yayyankewa idan aka fara ruwa ko hadari ya hadu, masu kallon tashoshin DSTV basu samun wannan matsala ko kadan. Me yasa? Don tsarin NileSat na cafke siginar sa ne ta amfani da tauraron dan Adam nau’in KU-Band. Su kuma kamfanin DSTV na amfani da tauraron dan Adam mai cafko bayanai nau’in C-band, wanda yanayin iska da ke sararin samaniya baya cikakken tasiri a kansa. Wannan ta sa zaka ga masu wayar salula nau’in Nokia sun fi kowa samun yanayin sadarwa mai kyau, fiye da masu amfani da wayar Motorola. Idan kaje in da babu yanayi mai kyau, baza ka samu matsala ba muddin wayar Nokia kake da ita. Amma Motorola ta dinga maka tsowa kenan, don sanar da kai cewa “yanayi ya dauke”, “yanayi ya dawo”. A gafarce ni, ba talla nake ma kamfanin Nokia ba, kawai misali nake bayarwa. Wadannan sune manyan dalilai biyu da ke haddasa samun matsalar sadarwa. Amma bayan wadannan, babu wani matsala kuma sai wanda ya ta’allaka da wanda kake son samu; ko dai ya zama yana Magana da wani a yayin da ka buga masa, sai a ce maka “Network Busy”. Ko kuma ya zama wayar san a kashe a lokacin da ka kira.

Kammalawa

A yau dai mun kawo karshen wannan silsila da muka faro makonni kusan tara da suka gabata kan tsarin sadarwa a tsakanin kayayyakin sadarwa da kuma yanayin da suke isar da sakonnin. Mun fara da kwamfuta, muka zo kan Imel. A halin yanzu muka karkare da wayar salula. Ban ce mun yi bayani a kan komai da komai ba. Akwai abubuwa da dama da muka bari ko dai da saninmu ko kuma cikin kuskure. Ilimi na da fadi. Don haka idan akwai wata tunasarwa da ta kamata ai mana, yana da kyau a aiko, sai mu duba. In ma ta kama mu buga ne a nan, sai a buga, tare da bayani idan mai bukatar bayani ne. A mako mai zuwa zamu yi zama don yin waiwaye adon tafiya kashi na uku. Sai an ji ni.