Kimiyya da Fasahar Sadarwa!: Tsarin Sadarwa ta Wayar Iska (Wireless Communication) #2

Matashiya:

A yanzu zamu ci gaba da koro bayanai kan tsarin sadarwa ta wayar iska kamar yadda muka fara a baya. Idan mai karatu bai mance ba, a kasidar da ta gabata mun yi bayani ne kan nau’ukan sadarwa ta wayar iska, inda muka ce akwai hanyoyi da dama da ke kumshe cikin wannan tsari. Wadannan hanyoyi dai su ne: Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), da Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), da Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD), da Personal Digital Cellular (PDC), da Total Access Communication System (TACS), da Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT), da International Mobile Telephone Standard 2000 (ITMT-2000), sai kuma Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems (UMTS). Wadannan dai su ne shahararru. Har wa yau, mun sanar da cewa, wanda ya dame mu a duk cikinsu shine Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), wanda kuma shi ne muke amfani dashi a tsarin sadarwa ta wayar salula a Nijeriya yanzu. Bamu karkare wannan kasida ba sai da muka kawo bayanai kan bayyana da yaduwa da kuma tasirin wannan hanya ta sadarwa ga jama’a ko al’umman Nijeriya. Daga karshe kuma muka yi alkawarin ci gaba da bayani kan tsarin sadarwa ta wayar salula a fasahance, watau technically, kamar yadda bature zai ce.

Hanyar Sadarwa ta Wayar Salula

A tsarin sadarwa ta wayar iska, abu na farko da ya kamata mai karatu ya sani shine hanyar sadarwa, ko kuma hanyar da muryarsa ke bi wajen isa ga wanda yake son Magana ko sadarwa dashi. Domin duk wata ala ta sadarwa tana da hanyar da take bi wajen sadar da sakon da aka dora mata hakkin sadarwa; mota tana da nata hanyar; keke da babur su ma suna da nasu hanyoyin; jirgin sama da na kasa suna da nasu hanyoyin. To haka sadarwa a tsarin sadar da bayanai, na sauti ne ko rubutu ko waninsa. A takaice dai sadarwa a tsakanin wayoyin salula na samuwa ne ta yanayin aikawa da sauti ta hanyar rediyo, watau Radio Waves, wanda a tsarin kimiyyar sadarwa ta zamani ake kira Sine Waves a turance. Wannan hanya na samuwa ne ta hanyoyin sadarwa masu dimbin yawa da ke sararin samaniya da Allah Ya hore ma dan Adam. Kuma hanyar na kumshe ne da abubuwa uku, masu tabbatar da sadarwan ga duk wanda aka aika masa. Abu na farko shine kadarin lokacin da sakon ke daukawa wajen isa, wanda ke ta’allaka da lokaci, watau Period. Sai kuma kadada, watau iya nisan da sako ke iya dauka na tsawon wani lokaci, watau Wavelength. Abu na karshe kuma shine maimaituwan sadarwa a wani lokaci na iya nisan da sakon ya dauka a farko, watau Frequency. Wannan tsari na sadarwa ta siginar rediyo (Radio Waves) na da dabakar kadadar saurin sadarwa, watau Range wajen takwas. Wadannan dabakoki sune: Very Low Frequency (VLF), da Low Frequency (LF), da Medium Frequency (MF), da High Frequency (HF), da Very High Frequency (VHF), da Ultra High Frequency (UHF), da Super High Frequency (SHF), sai kuma Extremely High Frequency (EHF), na kololuwa kenan. Tsarin sadarwa ta siginar rediyo, wacce ke isar da sadarwa irin ta wayar salula da rediyo da talabijin, na amfani ne da dabakar Very High Frequency, watau VHS. Wannan hanyar sadarwan kenan, wacce ke daukan sauti da sakon mutane daga wayoyin salularsu zuwa wadanda suke son Magana da su. Sai abu na gaba.

Yanayin Sadarwa (Network)

Bayan samuwar hanyar da ke daukan sakonni daga tashar sadarwa zuwa wata tasha, sai kuma yanayin da ke bayar da wannan dama, watau Network. Wannan yanayi na samuwa ne ta hanyar kayayyakin fasahan da ke sawwake wannan sadarwa, wanda ya kumshi na kamfanin sadarwa da kuma wanda mai son sadarwan ke dashi. Wadannan na’urori ko kayayyakin fasaha su zasu sheda wayar salular da ke neman sadarwa, su tabbatar cewa mai kyau ce, wacce aka kera da dukkan ka’idojin da aka amince dasu a duniya da sauran bayanai. Kafin kowane irin nau’in sadarwa ya yiwu tsakanin mai son sadarwa da wanda ake son sadar masa, ana bukatan abubuwa kamar takwas da zasu yi mu’amala da juna a lokaci guda, wajen isar da wannan sako. Abu na farko da ya zama dole shine, samuwar wayar salular da za a bugo wayar daga gareta, watau Mobile Station. Mobile Station, a tsarin sadarwa ta wayar iska, ita ce wayarka ta salula, wacce aka kera a bisa yardaddun ka’idojin sadarwa ta wayar salula ta duniya, mai dauke da lambobi guda goma sha hudu, a rukunin lambobi uku, kuma ake kira International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). Duk wayar salular da bata cika wadannan ka’idoji ba, to ba a iya isar da sako daga gareta, duk tsadan ta kuwa. Wadannan lambobi sha biyu da ke rukunin lambobin uku, zaka iya ganinsu a jikin wayar ka, da zaran ka cire murafan wayar, ka cire batir (musamman idan ta kamfanin Nokia ce), zaka ga wasu lambobi a jikin wayar, kamar haka: 357964/00/651435, a misali. Wannan na waya ta kenan. Rukunin farko, watau 357964, su ake kira Type Approval Code (TAC). Rukuni na biyu kuma, watau 00, ana kiransu Final Assembly Code (FAC). Sai kuma rukuni na karshe, watau 651435, wanda ake kira Serial Number (SNR). Kaji amfanin wadannan lambobi, ba wai rubuta su kawai aka yi don kawa ba. Duk wayar da bata da su a manne a jikinta, to kayi hankali. Ita wayar salula, kamar yadda muka sani, saya zaka yi a kasuwa ko wajen kamfanin da ke sadarwa idan suna da su.

Bayan samuwar wayar salula watau Mobile Station, sai rukunin lambar sadarwa ta duniya, watau International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI). Su ma lambobi ne da ke rukuni uku kuma sun kumshi lambobi ne da basu kasa goma sha biyar ba (ko dai goma sha biyar ne ko kasa da haka, misali), idan ba ka da su, to ba maganar sadarwa. Ga misali nan: +234 (080) 34592444. Rukunin farko, watau +234, su ake kira Mobile Country Code (MCC), watau lambar sadarwa ta kasa. Kowace kasa na da nata. Na Nijeriya shi ne +234, kamar yadda na tabbata duk mun sani. Sai rukuni na biyu, watau (080), ko kace Mobile Network Code (MNC), kuma sun takaita ne da kamfanonin sadarwa, irinsu MTN, CELTEL, GLOMOBILE da sauransu. Wannan lamba na iya canzawa, kamar yadda mun san akwai masu (070) da (090) da dai sauransu. Sai rukunin karshe: 34592444, wanda ake kira Mobile Station Identification Number (MSIN). Wannan shine lambar da ake iya sheda kowace wayar salula (ko mai amfani da ita) da zaran ya nemi sadarwa tsakaninsa da wani. Wannan tasa kaga ba a ma tambayarka sunanka wai don kaje sayan layin wayar salula. Su da wadannan lambobi suke iya sheda kowa, da su ake amfani wajen sanin yawan kudinka, ko rashin sa. To wadannan rukuni idan kana dasu, kana iya buga waya ko ina ne a duniya.

Sai abu na gaba, watau Subscriber Identity Module, wanda muke kira SIM Card (ko Katin SIM, a Hausance). Wannan kati ne ke dauke da rukunin lambobin sadarwa ta duniya da bayanin su ya gabata. Kuma ana sanya shi ne cikin wayar salula, don neman wanda ake so ta hanyar tashar kamfanin da ke bayar da sadarwan. Wannan kati na SIM na dauke ne da kalmar iznin shiga (Password ko PIN Code), wanda mai shi ke amfani dasu wajen tsare lambobi da sauran bayanan sa da ke ciki. Hakan na faruwa ne ta hanyar wayar salula, ma’ana idan ya shigar da katin cikin wayar salularsa. Wannan kati har wa yau, shine babban “dan aike” na farko da ke tsakanin wayar salula da tashar kamfanin da ke isar da sadarwa. Abinda wannan ke nufi shine, idan kana da wayar salula, duk tsadan ta, muddin babu katin SIM a ciki, to ka hakura da tunanin karba ko isar da sako ta cikin ta. Sai abu na gaba, watau Cell Tower, ko kace na’urar sadarwa da ke wani kadada ko fadin birni a wani gari ko kauye. Na’ura ce da kamfanin sadarwa ke aijyewa a wani bangare ko zango na gari ko birni. Misali, kamfanin sadarwa na iya raba birnin Kano zuwa gunduma-gunduma ko shiyya-shiyya. Kowace gunduma ta kumshi lambobin mutanen da ke wannan wuri. Cell Tower ce ke dauke da yanayin sadarwa, watau Network da ke wannan wuri ko kadadan sadarwa. Sai kuma Base Transceiver Station (BTS), watau na’urar da ke aikawa da sako tsakanin wayar salular ka da ke wannan kadadan sadarwa zuwa tashar Cell Tower da ke wannan wuri. Wannan na’ura na aikawa da wannan sako ne ta hanyar siginar rediyo, watau Radio Waves. Misali, idan kana Unguwa Uku dake birnin Kano, sai ka bukaci yin Magana da wani ta hanyar wayar ka, da zaran ka buga lambar sa, na’urar BTS ce zata dauki bukatan ka zuwa tashar Cell Tower da ke zangon Unguwa Uku.

Abu na gaba shine samuwar Base Station Controller (BSC), watau tashar da ke sadar da sakon masu bugo waya daga wani zango (Cell Tower) zuwa wani. Ita ce babban zangon da ke hada dukkan zanguna dake birni ko gari daya. Misali, idan kana Unguwa Uku sai ka buga ma abokinka da ke Mariri, Base Station Controller ce ke da hakkin sadar da bukatar ka daga unguwar da kake zuwa inda ka bukaci a sadar da kai. Sai kuma babban zango ta karshe, watau Mobile Switching Center (MSC). Wannan tasha ita ke dauke da dukkan lambobi da bayanan masu lambobin sadarwa na kamfanin gaba daya. Kwaya daya ce tinkwal, kuma ita ce ke tabbatar da cewa duk wani mai bugo waya, daga ko ina ne, ta hanyar lambobin kamfanin ne ko na wani kamfanin ne daban, daga gida Nijeriya ne ko daga waje, muddin wanda ake son Magana dashi na lambar kamfanin ne, to wannan tasha ce zata isar da sadarwan idan zai yiwu ko kuma mayar da bukatan mai bukatan saboda wasu dalilan da zamu karanta nan gaba. Wannan babban zango, watau Mobile Switching Center, ta kumshi manyan bangarori ne guda hudu, kuma a mako mai zuwa zamu san wadannan bangarori da irin aikin da kowanne ke yi. Sannan mu samu bayanai kan tsarin da bukatun mu ke bi idan muka buga waya don son yin Magana da wani da ke da lambar sadarwa ta GSM ko Landline ko kuma Fixed Wireless. A mana afuwa don mun tsawaita Magana kan wannan tsari na sadarwa a tsarin sadarwa ta zamani tsakanin kwamfuta da wayoyin tafi-da-gidanka da kuma fasahar sadarwa ta Imel. Da zaran mun gama a mako mai zuwa, wani makon zamu sake zama don yin waiwaye adon tafiya kashi na uku.

Kammalawa

Daga karshe, ina mika sakon gaisuwata ga dukkan masu bugo waya ko aiko da sakonnin Imel, wadanda galibi nakan aika musu da jawabi ne kai tsaye don kada in shagala idan nazo tashar waiwaye adon tafiya. Idan ka aika da sakon Imel baka ga amsa ba, kayi hakuri, akwai wadanda na ajiye don son samun lokaci isasshe kafin amsa su. A tsarin ilimin sadarwa na zamani, bin abu mataki-mataki na da muhimmanci. Idan baka fahimci tsarin da fasaha ke bi ba, tsawaita bayani kan yadda ake amfani da shi baya gamsar da kai. Wannan tasa muke ta kawo wadannan bayanai kan tsari da kuma asalin da makera ko maginan wadannan hanyoyi da fasahan sadarwa suka bi wajen kerawa ko gina su. A ci gaba da kasancewa da mu.