Fasahar Sadarwa ta Bluetooth (1)

Gabatarwa

A wannan mako mun dawo da wani sabon fanni, wanda ya kunshi tsarin sadarwa a tsakanin kayayyakin fasahar sadarwa ta amfani da wayar iska, watau abinda a Turance ake kira Wireless Communication. In Allah Ya yarda, zamu yi bayani ne kan tsarin sadarwa ta amfani da fasahar sadarwa ta Bluetooth; na’urar sadarwar da galibi muke dauke da ita a wayar salularmu. Sau tari galibin mu mun dauki cewa wannan fasaha ta sadarwa na dauke ne kawai a wayar salula, don ta hanyar kadai muka san ta. A yau zamu karanta bayanai kan asalin wannan fasaha, yaushe ta bayyana, wa da wa suka kirkiro ta, ina ta samo wannan suna, yaya tsarin sadarwan yake, wasu kayayyakin sadarwa na zamani ne ke dauke da wannan na’ura ko fasaha bayan wayoyin tafi-da-gidanka da muka sani? Duk zamu samu bayanai kan haka a wannan makala. A yanzu ba tare da bata lokaci ba sai a biyo mu:

Ma’ana, Asali da kuma Tarihin “Bluetooth”

A fasahance, idan aka ce “Bluetooth”, musamman ma a wannan zamani namu, ana nufin wani tsari ne ko fasahar sadarwa da ke kumshe cikin kayayyakin sadarwa na zamani irin su wayar salula, wanda ake iya aikawa ko karban jakunkunan bayanai da suka shafi haruffa da sauti ko murya (irin na wakoki da karatuttuka da laccoci) ko hotuna; masu motsi (Video) ko marasa motsi, a tsakanin wadannan kayayyakin sadarwa. Wannan ita ce ma’anar “Bluetooth” a takaice. Sadarwa a tsarin Bluetooth na yiwuwa ne ta hanyar neman wayar salular wanda kake son aika masa, a iya tazaran da bai wuce taku talatin ba (30ft), ko kuma nisan mita goma (10 meters). A iya wannan tazara, idan ka kunna na’urar Bluetooth din ka, to duk wanda tasa ke kunne a iya kadadar wannan tazara ko zango, za ka same shi da zaran ka nemo, har kuma ka iya aika masa da sako. Wannan fasahar sadarwa ta samo asali ne shekaru kusan goma da suka gabata, lokacin da wasu kamfanonin kayayyakin fasahar sadarwa guda biyar suka kafa wata kungiya ta masu sha’awan ci gaban yadawa da kuma sawwake hanyar sadarwa a tsakanin kayayyakin sadarwa, watau Special Interest Group, ko SIG a takaice. Sun yi haka ne cikin shekarar 1998, kuma a karshen shekarar 1999 ne suka cin ma matsaya kan wannan fasahar sadarwa, inda suka zabi sunan wani sarki da yayi zamani a karni na goma a turai mai suna Harold Bluetooth, suka ba wannan sabuwar hanyar sadarwa da suka kirkira. To me ye dalilin zaban sunan wannan sarki?

Shi dai King Harold Bluetooth, wani sarki ne da yayi rawan gani a tsakanin kasashen Turai wajen iya sasanta kasashe lokacin yaki. Rawan ganinsa ta karshe ita ce wacce yayi wajen sasanta kasar Norway da Sweden bayan sun dauki tsawon shekaru suna gwabza yaki a tsakanin su. Ta la’akari da tsarin hada alaka wajen karba da mika bayanai a tsakanin kayayyakin fasahar sadarwa, wanda kuma shine aikin wannan sabuwar fasaha da kungiyar ta kirkira, sai SIG ta zabi kiran wannan sabon fasaha nata da sunan wannan sarki.

Babbar ka’idar da ke lura da wannan sadarwa, a fasahance, ita ce ka’ida ta 802.15.1, wacce Cibiyar Injiniyoyin Lantarki, watau IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) ta kirkira cikin shekarar 1994. Wannan Cibiya ita ke da alhakin tsarawa da kuma kirkiran ka’idojin sadarwa a tsakanin kayayyakin fasahar sadarwa na tafi-da-gidan ka, ta amfani da wayar iska, watau Wireless Communication, a duk duniya. Bayan sanin asali da ma’anar wannan kalma ta Bluetooth, zai dace mu dubi yadda wannan fasahar sadarwa ta habbaka a duniyar yau.

Habbaka da Bunkasar “Bluetooth”

Kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a sama, wannan fasahar sadarwa an kirkiro ta ne cikin shekarar 1998, aka kuma lakkaba mata sunan wannan sarki a karshen shekarar 1999. Daga nan aka fara kiran wannan kungiya ta kamfanonin sadarwa da sunan Bluetooth Special Interest Group (Bluetooth SIG), watau kungiyar masu kebantacciyar sha’awar bunkasa fasahar Bluetooth. Mambobin ta na asali guda biyar ne, amma kafin karshen 1999, sun kai dari hudu. A farkon shekarar 2000 sai aka fitar da nau’in farko na wannan fasahar sadarwa, watau Bluetooth v1.0, wanda aka fara shigarwa cikin wayoyin salula a shekarar 2001. Cikin wannan shekara ne kuma aka shigar da fasahar cikin beran kwamfuta, watau Computer Mouse, da kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, watau Laptop, da hanyar shigar da bayanai na tsarin Universal Serial Bus (ko USB Port). Wannan shekara ta 2001 ba ta karkare ba sai da aka kirkiri rediyon kunne, watau Headset, mai dauke da wannan fasaha ta Bluetooth. Ana shiga shekarar 2002, sai ga na’urar buga bayanai ta kwamfuta, watau Computer Printer, mai dauke da fasahar Bluetooth, da kuma na’urar daukan hoto ta zamani, watau Digital Camera, ita ma dauke da wannan na’ura. A wannan shekara ne har wa yau, aka kaddamar da wannan kungiya ta Bluetooth SIG, a matsayin kungiya mai zaman kanta, mai kuma cikakken rajista, ba a kuma karkare shekaran ba, sai da aka kirkiri lasifikar mota irin ta zamani, watau Handsfree Car Kit, mai dauke da wannan fasaha ita ma. Dankari ! Da aka shiga shekarar 2003, ai sai zamani ya ci gaba da bin fasahar Bluetooth, sau-da-kafa. Sai ga na’urar sauraran wake ta zamani, watau MP3 Player, ita ma dauke da wannan fasaha ta Bluetooth. A wannan shekarar ne aka fitar da wani sabon nau’in wannan fasaha, watau Bluetooth v1.2. A karshen shekara, sai aka lura cewa a duk mako, akan fitar da kayayyakin fasahar sadarwa masu dauke da wannan fasaha a kalla miliyan daya. Wannan ya nuna tsananin tasirin wannan fasaha da karbuwan da ta samu.

Da aka shigo sabuwar shekarar 2004, sai Bluetooth SIG ta fitar da sabon nau’i, mai taken Bluetooth v2.0, wanda ingancin sa wajen sadarwa ya dara nau’ukan baya. A wannan shekara ne aka tabbatar da cewa akwai a kalla kayayyakin fasahar sadarwa masu dauke da wannan fasaha, sama da miliyan dari biyu da hamsin, kuma a duk mako, a kalla akan fitar da sabbin kayayyakin fasahar sadarwa dauke da Bluetooth, sama da miliyan uku. Kafin shekarar ta kare kuma, aka kirkiri rediyon kunne irin na zamani, watau Stereo Headphones, su ma dauke da wannan fasaha ta sadarwa. Da shekarar 2005 ta kunno kai kuma, sai aka samu kari wajen yawan kayayyakin fasahar sadarwa da ake kerawa da fitarwa a duk mako, daga miliyan uku a shekarar 2004, zuwa miliyan biyar. A wannan shekara ne yawan kamfanonin sadarwa da ke kungiyar Bluetooth SIG ya cika dubu hudu, daga dari hudu da ake dasu a karshen shekarar 1999. Har wa yau, cikin wannan shekara ne aka kaddamar da manyan cibiyoyin wannan kungiya ta Bluetooth SIG a manyan birane/kasashe hudu; Washington, Malmo, Sweden, da kuma Hong Kong. Kafin shekarar ta yi wafati, sai ga kirkirarren gilashin ido, watau Sunglass, shi ma dauke da wannan fasaha ta Bluetooth. Babban Magana, wai dan sanda ya ga gawar soja! Da aka shigo shekarar 2006, ai sai ga agogon hannu, shima dauke da wannan fasahar sadarwa. A shekar ne har way au, aka tabbatar da cewa akwai kayayyakin fasahar sadarwa a kalla biliyan daya da ke dauke da wannan fasaha ta Bluetooth, kuma a kalla duk mako ana kerawa da kuma fitar da kayayyakin fasahar sadarwa miliyan goma, masu dauke da wannan fasaha. Wannan ke dada nuna mana irin karbuwa da kuma habbaka da wannan fasahar sadarwa ke samu kuma take yi a duniya. A karshe dai, ana shiga shekarar 2007, sai aka kirkiro akwatin talabijin mai dauke da wannan fasaha. A shekaran ne mambobin wannan kungiya ta Bluetooth SIG suka cika dubu tara, daga dubu hudu da aka samu a shekarar 2005. An kuma tabbatar da cewa a duk mako akan samu a kalla kayayyakin fasahar sadarwa miliyan dari takwas da ake kerawa ko fitarwa kasuwa, masu dauke da wannan fasaha ta Bluetooth. Kusan kashi saba’in na wadannan kayayyakin sadarwa, wayoyin salula (Cell phones) ne da kuma na’urar sauraron wakoki irin na kunne, watau Headset. Cikin wannan shekara ne dai har wa yau, aka fitar da wani sabon nau’i, wanda ya kere nau’ukan baya wajen ingancin sadar da bayanai. Wannan nau’i shine Bluetooth V2.1, kuma tsari da kuma kimtsin da akai masa na dauke ne cikin wani kundi mai shafi dubu daya da dari hudu da ‘yan kai. Kuma zuwa karshen shekarar 2007 ne kungiyar ta kaddamar da mujallar ta mai suna SIGnature Magazine, wanda za ta rinka bayyana a duk bayan watanni uku. Ta kuma yi wannan sanarwa ne a babban taron ta na shekara-shekara da take yi, wanda aka yi a birnin Vienna, watau babban birnin kasar Austria.

Kammalawa

Daga bayanan da suka gabata, a tabbace yake cewa wannan sabuwar fasahar sadarwa ta zamani watau Bluetooth, na samun karbuwa saboda saukin mu’amala da take tattare dashi. Wannan kuwa a tabbace yake, musamman ganin yawan kayayyakin fasahar sadarwa da ke dauke da ita, wanda kuma hakan ke kara habbaka a duk mako ko wata ko kuma shekara. A cewar wannan kungiya ta Bluetooth Special Interest Group (Bluetooth SIG), babban manufar da tasa suka kirkira kuma suke ci gaba da habbaka ingancin wannan fasaha kuwa ita ce, don sawwake hanyoyi da kuma yanayin sadarwa a duniya gaba daya. Har wa yau, wadanda suka fi so wannan fasaha ta fi yaduwa da saukin farashi a garesu kuwa, su ne kasashe masu tasowa da ke nahiyar Afirka da Asiya da kuma Kudancin Amurka. A halin yanzu akwai ayyuka da dama da suke kan yi wajen kara bullo da wasu dabaru da wannan fasaha ta Bluetooth za ta ci gaba da yaduwa sanadiyyar su. Kamfanonin da ke wannan aiki ko hidima a halin yanzu sun kai dubu tara, kuma galibin su kamfanonin wayan salula ne da kayayyakin fasahar sadarwa, irin su Nokia Corporation, SonyEricsson, Motorola, Intel, Lenovo, Toshiba, Microsoft Corporation da dai sauran su. Hedikwatar wannan kungiya na birnin Washington ne, kuma za a iya samun Karin bayani a gidan yanar sadarwan ta da ke http://www.bluetooth.com.

Zamu dakata a nan, sai zuwa mako mai zuwa in da zamu ji bayani kan tsarin sadarwa a tsakanin kayayyakin sadarwa ta amfani da wannan fasaha. Har wa yau, in mai karatu bazai gaji ba, zamu dan zurfafa bayani don bayyana ka’idojin sadarwa, watau Communication Protocols, wadandan wannan fasaha ke amfani da su wajen neman “abokin hulda”, da tabbatar da shi, da kuma aika masa sako a iya kadadan da yake. In shafuka basu mana lalata ba, a karshe zamu ji bayani kan nau’ukan kayayyakin fasahar sadarwan da ke dauke da wannan fasaha ta Bluetooth; shin, wayar salula ce kadai, kamar yadda muka sani a yanzu, ko kuwa akwai wasu kayayyakin? Duk abinda ba a fahimta ba a rubuto ko bugo waya, za mu yi bayani iya gwargwado. A iya aiko sako ta lambobin AMINIYA, ko kuma a aiko kai tsaye ga wannan shafi, a 08034592444. Idan kana da adireshin Imel, ka iya aikowa ta fasaha2007@yahoo.com. A ci gaba da kasancewa tare da mu.

Abdullahi Salihu Abubakar (Baban Sadiq)

Kwarewa a Fannin Fasahar Sadarwa (10)

Matashiya

A yau cikin yardan Allah, mun zo karshen wannan silsila da muka faro makonni goma da suka gabata. Duk da yake a mukaddimar wannan silsila mun ce zamu kawo kasidu goma sha biyu ne, amma zamu takaitu a goma, saboda dalilai biyu; na farko dai, kasidar da ta kamata ta zama ta goma, watau Computer Programming, zamu hade ta ne da Software Engineering, domin duk sana’a ce guda, suna ne ya bambanta su. Kuma kasidar wannan mako ta ta’allaka ne a kan wadannan fannoni guda biyu masu alaka da juna. Dalili na biyu kuma, zamu ajiye fannin E-commerce, watau fannin saye-da-sayarwa ta hanyar fasahar Intanet, sai zuwa wani lokaci. Zamu yi haka ne don kara lokaci, ba wai don babu abin fada ba. Domin wannan fanni a halin yanzu bai yadu ba a wannan kasa tamu. Shi yasa zamu ajiye shi. To a wannan mako mun zo da bayani ne kan fannin Software Engineering, kuma da shi zamu karkare wannan silsila kamar dai yadda bayani ya gabata a sama. Mai karatu zai san ma’anar wannan fanni; me ya kumsa; yaya yake; kuma meye alakarsa da Computer Programming? A karshe za a samu bayani kan yadda ake kwarewa a wannan fanni, me ake yi kuma ta yaya ake samun taro da kwabo don kashewa. A kasance tare da mu.

Fannin “Software Engineering”

Fannin Software Engineering shine fannin da ya shafi tsarawa da ginawa da gwadawa da kuma lura da manhaja ko masarrafan kwamfuta, ko Software, a turance. A fannin Software Engineering, masana dabarun gina manhaja ko massafan kwamfuta ne ke yin wannan aiki; su ne masu tsarawa; su ne masu ginawa; su ne masu gwadawa bayan ginawa; kuma su ne masu lura da rayuwar kowane manhaja na kwamfuta da suka gina. Wadannan mutane masu wannan aiki a wannan fanni mai matukar muhimmanci ga rayuwar kwamfuta da sauran kayayyakin sadarwa na zamani, su ake kira Computer Programmers, a turance. Su ne masu gina duk wani manhaja da ake mu’amala da shi a kwamfuta ko wayar salula irin ta da, da ma ta zamani. Wadannan mutane masu wannan aiki sun kasu kashi biyu, a takaice ; akwai System Programmers, masu tsarawa da ginawa da kuma lura da babban manhajan kwamfuta ko wayar salula (watau Operating System). Sai kuma Application Programmers, wadanda ke lura da gina kananan manhajoji ko masarrafan kwamfuta ko wayar salula. Duk da yake aiki iri daya suke yi, banbancin na zuwa ne a tsarin kwarewan da kowanne ya dauka. Misali, duk wani System Programmer na iya aikin Application Programmer, haka in muka dauki akasin bayanin. Duk da haka, idan aka tara su wuri guda, duk sunan su daya ne.

Fannin da ya shafi gina manhajan kwamfuta shine fanni mafi wahala a cikin ilmummukan kwamfuta. Domin yana bukatar matukar hakuri da juriya, wajen gwaji da gyara da kuma lura da abinda ake aiki a kai, na tsawon lokaci. Su wadannan mutane suna amfani ne da wasu haruffa ko kuramen baki da ake kira Codes a turance, wajen umartan kwamfuta ta rubuta ko zana ko narka ko kuma kimtsa duk abinda suke so. Idan suka rubuta wadannan haruffa, sai su sarrafa su zuwa harshen da kwamfuta za ta iya fahimta, watau Byte Codes, ta amfani da masarrafan narka bayanai, watau Interpreter, Translator, Assembler, ko Compiler. Sannan sai su umarci kwamfuta da ta bayyana musu wadannan haruffa zuwa abinda suke so. Wannan tsari na kira, shi ake kira Running, a turanci ko dabaran tsara manhajan kwamfuta. Idan kwamfuta ta bayyana shi, suka samu kurakurai a ciki, watau Bugs, sai su yi amfani da masarrafan gyara kurakurai, watau Debugger, don gyara wadannan kurakurai. Wannan aiki ne mai wahala, domin bai sai wuri ba ka samu masarrafa guda, mai dauke da haruffa miliyan biyu. Kuma a cunkushe suke cikin layuka. Dole ka bi su layi-layi, don nemo layi ko harafin da ke da matsala. Duk da yake a halin yanzu an bullo da hanyoyin gina manhajan kwamfuta cikin sauki, tare da masarrafan gyara kurakuran su, watau Debugging Tools.

Dabarun da ake amfani dasu wajen ginawa da kuma tsara manhajan kwamfuta, su ake kira Programming Languages, kuma suna nan tinjim, wajen sama da dari biyar. Kai a takaice ma dai, basu da iyaka, ko ba mai iya ce maka ga yawan su, domin kowa na iya kirkiran tasa, idan ya kware a harkar. Wadannan dabaru sun fara bayyana ne shekaru kusan saba’in da suka wuce, kuma duk da cewa wasun su na nan har yanzu, da dama cikin su duk sun bace, sai wadanda aka bullo dasu a yanzu. Shahararru cikin su su ne ; C, C++, COBOL, PASCAL, C#, Symbian, Phyton, Java, SmallTalk, Spring, BASIC, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual C#, J#, F#, Lisp, ActionScript, Atlas, Ruby, da dai sauran su. Kowanne yana dauke ne da dabaru na musamman da suke taimaka ma mai koyo wajen tsara manhajan kwamfuta, kuma ya sha banban da sauran. Don haka zaka samu kwararru kan wadannan dabaru daban-daban. Wasu kuma sun iya sama da daya. Wannan tasa zaka samu manyan manhajan kwanfuta an gina su ne da dabaru daban-daban, aka kuma hada alaka tsakanin su, ta yadda manhajar ke sarrafuwa sanadiyyar alakar da ke tsakanin wadannan hikimomin gini. Har wa yau, wani abinda masu gina manhajan kwamfuta ke amfanuwa dashi shine tsarin ginawa. Akwai tsare-tsare kala wajen uku, amma wanda ya fi shahara a halin yanzu shi ne Object-Oriented Programming. Sauran sun hada da Structured Programming, da kuma Functional Programming. Kowanne cikin wadannan dabarun gina manhajan kwamfuta na da nashi tsari da yafi amfani dashi. Misali, Java da C++ na amfani ne da tsarin Object-Oriented Programming. Shi kuma C na amfani ne da Structured Programming. Bayan haka, kowane dabara na gina manhajan kwamfuta na da bangaren da yafi shahara a kai wajen inganci da tsari da kyau. Dabaran Java tafi shahara a wannan zamani, don akan yi amfani da ita wajen gina manhajan kwamfuta da ake mu’amala da su a gidajen yanar sadarwa. Su kuma manyan manhajojin kwamfuta, watau Computer Operating Systems, irin su Windows Operating System da muke amfani dasu a kwamfutocin mu, da Linux (da dukkan nau’ukan ta, irin su: Fedora, Debian, suSe, Ubuntu da sauran su), da Mac OS X, da kuma Unix Operating System, duk da dabaran C ake ginawa da kuma tsara su. Idan muka koma bangaren sauti da sanya kwamfuta ta kirkiri wake, sai su Ruby. Haka idan ana magana kan dabaran tsara hotuna da kirkiran su da wanke su da gasa su da kyafe su, sai mu koma wajen ActionScript, wanda da dabarun ta ne ake gina Flash da muke amfani da su a galibin gidajen yanar sadarwa ko kuma cikin wayoyin salulan mu. Kai a takaice dai, duk abinda kake son yi, idan ka iya wani daga cikin wadannan dabarun gina manhajan kwamfuta, kana iya umartan ta da yi kai tsaye, ba tare da bata lokaci. Domin ta wannan hanya ne aka kirkiri duk wani abinda kwamfuta ke yi, a takaice, da wadannan dabaru ake kirkiran ruhin kwamfuta, babba ne ko karami.

Kwarewa kan Computer Programming

Kwarewa kan wannan ilimi na bukatar halartar makaranta don karantar fannin Computer Science, domin shine asali wajen duk wani ilimin kwamfuta da ke zaune da gindinsa. Idan Allah bai kaddare ka da yin haka ba saboda rashin lokaci ko kudi ko daman samun shiga makaranta, to duk kada ranka ya baci, kana iya koyo ta amfani da fasahar Intanet. Kamar yadda muka fada ne a baya, cewa duk irin ilimin da kake bukata musamman kan wannan hanya ta sadarwa na zamani, kana iya samun sa kyauta a Intanet. Akwai gidajen yanar sadarwa (Websites) da dama da zaka iya zaiyarta, ka koyi kowanne kake son kwarewa a kai, cikin wadannan dabaru. Haka kuma kana iya zuwa makarantar koyon ilimin kwanfuta irin su NIIT, da APTECH, ko duk wata makarantar koyon ilimin kwamfuta na zamani dake manyan biranen Nijeriya. Suna karantar da JAVA, da XML da galibin dabarun da suka fiye tashe a yanzu. A makaranta irin APTECH, suna da fannin Software Engineering, inda za ka kware kan fannin ma gaba daya. Sai dai kudin ne, sai mai hali. Hakan ya faru ne saboda rashin yaduwan ire-iren wadannan makarantu ko kwasakwasai. Da zaran sun fara yaduwa, farashin zai ragu kasa in Allah Ya yarda.

Aikin Yi

Kamar sauran fannonin da bayanin su ya gabata, kana iya zama mai zaman kansa ba sai lalai ka samu aiki na dindindin da wata ma’aikata ba. Zaka iya gina manhajojin kwamfuta da dama, don sayarwa. Ka ga dama ka rinka bayar da lasisi kadai, a rinnka biyanka duk shekara. Haka kana iya gina manyan manhajojin rumbun kwamfuta (Database Management System) ka sayar ma ma’ikatu ko hukumomin gwamnati suna amfani dashi don ajiyewa da adanawa da kuma tsare tarin bayanan da suke amfani dasu a kullum. Har wa yau, kana iya zama marubuci kan wannan fanni, kamar yadda galibin masu wannan sana’a ke yi a wasu kasashe. Zaka samu mutum daya ya rubuta littafai sama da ashirin kan fannoni da dama, ana biyan sa kudi kan duk littafi guda da aka sayar. Idan ka ga dama, kana iya zama malami mai karantar da wannan nau’in ilimi mai muhimmanci. Ko kuma kaje makarantu su dauke ka, na gwamnati nake nufi, kanai ma dalibansu lacca kan fannonin ilimin kwamfuta daban-daban, ana biyan ka a duk wata ko yadda kuka tsara.

Kammalawa

Fannin Software Engineering ko Computer Programming, fanni ne mai matukar muhimmanci dangane da abinda ya shafi ilimin kwamfuta da wayoyin salula. Don ya shafi duk wani motsi da kwamfuta take yi; shine ruhin ta, mai farkar da ita daga mutuwar wucin-gadi da ta shiga. Da wannan ilimi ne kwamfutoci suka samu watsuwa a duniya; suka yi sauki wajen mu’amala. Da shi ne wayoyin salula suka yadu, suka yi sauki kuma ake iya sarrafa su ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Kwararre kan wannan fanni ba karamin mutum bane a wannan zamani namu da ke ta’allake da kayayyaki da hanyoyin sadarwa ta zamani. Dukkan wani fanni da muka yi bayani a kan shi a baya, ya ta’allaka ne da wannan fanni; shine ya gina ma masu buga bayanai da hotuna da zane-zane manhajojin da suke amfani dasu; ya gina ma masu gyara kwamfuta ruhin da suke gyarawa ko gyattawa; ya gina ma masu gyara wayoyin salula ruhin wayar da suke farfado dashi; ya gina ma masu hada alaka tsakanin kwamfutoci manhajoji ko masarrafan da suke amfani dasu wajen yin aikin su; ya gina ma masu adana bayanai da lura dashi, babban manhajan da ke sawwake musu yin wannan aiki. Kai a takaice dai, kwararre kan fannin Programming, shine kakan duk wani mai mu’amala da wannan fasaha ta zamani, muddin ba a fagen sa yake ba.

A mako mai zuwa, zamu juya akala zuwa wani bangare kuma na ilimin fasahar sadarwa ta zamani. Wannan kasida, kamar yadda na zayyana a sama, ita ce ta karshe cikin wannan silsila da muka faro makonni goma da suka gabata. Ina kuma mika sakon gaisuwata ga dukkan masu karatu; masu bugo waya; masu aiko sakon text; masu aiko sakon Imel da ma wadanda basu ce komai ba. Duk Allah hada fuskokin mu da alheri, amin. A ci gaba da kasancewa tare da mu.

Abdullahi Salihu Abubakar (Baban Sadiq)

Fasaha2007@yahoo.com 08034592444

http://my-tech-tutorials.blogspot.com

Kwarewa A Fannin Fasahar Sadarwa (9)

Makon da Ya Gabata

A makon da ya gabata masu karatu sun samu bayanai ne kan kwarewa a fannin da ya shafi gyarawa da kuma kanikancin na’urar kwamfuta, watau Computer Repairs and Maintenance kenan, a Turance. A yau kuma in Allah Ya yarda, zamu ci gaba da wannan silsila, inda zamu tabo fannin gyarawa da kuma kanikancin wayar salula, watau Mobile Phone Repairs and Maintenance. A wancan mako in masu karatu basu mance ba, nayi alkawarin kawo bayani ne kan kwarewa a fannin ginawa da kuma tsara manhajar kwamfuta, watau Computer Programming, sai daga baya na ga dacewan ajiye wannan fannin zuwa karshe, don wasu dalilai da sai lokacin ya zo zan sanar, in Allah Ya yarda. To a yau dai, kamar yadda na fara fada, zamu ji bayanai ne kan fannin gyara wayar salula ko tafi-da-gidanka, watau Mobile Phones kenan; mai karatu zai samu takaitaccen bayani kan tsarin da aka gina wayar salula irin ta zamani, da yadda tsarin amfani da ita yake a yanzu, da kuma hanyoyin da za a bi wajen kwarewa a wannan fanni, kafin a karshe mu ji irin aikace-aikacen da ke jiran kwararre a fannin gyarawa da kuma lura da wayar salula ta zamani.

Fannin “Mobile Phone Repairs and Maintenance”

Fannin “Mobile Phone Repairs and Maintenance”, shine fannin da ya shafi gyarawa da kuma lura da lafiyar wayar tafi-da-gidanka, ko kuma wayar salula, kamar yadda muka saba fada da Hausa. Wannan fanni yana da irin muhimmancin da gyarawa da lura da na’urar kwamfuta ke dashi, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata makonni biyu da suka wuce. A kasashe irin namu, wannan ba wani fanni bane da zaka je makarantun gwamnati ka koya, sam. Abin da ya habbaka wannan fanni shine yaduwar wayoyin salula a hannun jama’a, musamman a wannan zamani da muke ciki, wanda wayoyin salula ke dauke da tsarin sadarwa irin ta Global System of Mobile Communications, watau GSM. Wannan tsari ne ya sawwake yaduwa da saukin mallakan wannan fasahar sadarwa ta wayar tafi-da-gidanka, watau Mobile Phones. Wayoyin salula sun fara bayyana ne shekaru talatin da suka gabata, kuma a farkon fitowan su, yanayin gininsu na bayar da daman aikawa ne da sakonnin murya kadai, watau Voice Communication. Wadannan rukuni na wayar salula masu wannan sifa su ake ma take da 1^st Generation Phones, ko 1GP, a takaice. Cikin shekarun 1980s kuma sai tsarin ginin su ya canza, ta kai zaka iya aikawa da sakonnin text. Kuma wayoyin suka zo da hanyar aikawa da sakonni ta GPRS, wanda muke ta takama dashi a yanzu. Wadannan wayoyi masu wannan sifa ne suka ta cin kasuwar su har zuwa shekarar 1992 ko kasa da haka, kuma su ake ma take da 2^nd Generation Phones, ko kuma 2GP, a ramzance. Da tafiya ta sake ci gaba, sai ga wasu nau’uka da aka sake habbaka yanayi da tsarin ginin su, masu dauke da fasahar aikawa da sakonnin text, da hanyar sadarwa ta GPRS, da fasahar Bluetooth, da fasahar Infrared, da hanyar aikawa da shigar da bayanai ta Universal Serial Bus, watau USB Port. Har wa yau, samuwan wadannan fasahohi ne ya sawwake yiwuwar shigar da abubuwa irin su rediyo da bidiyo da kuma na’urar daukan murya (Voice Recorder) da ma sauran karikitai, a cikin wadannan wayoyi na zamani. Wadannan rukuni su ake kira The 3^rd Generation Phones, ko kace 3GP, a takaice. Wadannan rukunai ne ke cin karen su ba babbaka a yanzu, duk da yake an fara kirkiro na gaba da su, watau 4^th Generation Phones (4GP), musamman a sauran kasashen turai da Amurka. Irin wadannan wayoyi sune masu dauke da dukkan siffofin wayoyin da suka gabata, da kuma wasu siffofi masu kayatarwa da aminci, irin su fasahar Tabalijin da kuma hanyoyin shiga cikin kwamfuta daga inda kake a ko ina ne a duniya. Rukunin wayoyin salula irin su Blackberry, da Nokia Smartphone na cikin wadannan wayoyin zamani.

Tsarin Wayoyin Salula na Zamani

Bayan wannan kayatattacen tsari da wadannan wayoyi na salula suke dashi a halin yanzu, zai dace mu san irin tarkibin da aka gina su a kai; ma’ana, mu san irin bangarorin da ke cikin su, sanadiyyar wadannan siffofi da suka mallaka. Wannan na da muhimmanci ga duk mai gyaran wayar salula. Wayar salula ta zamani na dauke ne da manyan bangarori guda biyu, kamar dai yadda bayani ya gabata a kasidar Tsarin Sadarwa ta Wayar Salula. Bangaren farko shine gangar-jikin wayar, watau Hardware kenan a turance, wanda ya kumshi bangarori guda hudu muhimmai; ma’adanar wayar, watau Storage, wanda shine ke dauke da dukkan bayanan da ake sanya ma wayar salula na lambobin wayar da kake sanyawa, da sakonnin da text da kake karba da wadanda ake adana maka idan ka aika ma wasu, da jakunkunan bayanai na sauti da hotuna masu motsi da marasa motsi. Duk wadannan suna taskance ne cikin ma’adanan ta. Sai kuma masarrafan bayanai, watau Processor, wanda ke sarrafa maka sakonnin da kake aikawa ko karba ko kuma taskancewa; kwakwalwan wayar kenan. Sai kuma bangaren wutar lantarki, watau Electric Circuit, wanda ke hada kai da batir don baiwa wayar wutar lantarkin da zai taimaka mata gudanar da ayyukan ta. A karshe kuma, sai bangaren da ke lura da kuma gano siginar rediyo da wayar ke amfani dashi wajen samun yanayin sadarwa (Network) don isar da kira ko sadar da wayar dashi. Wannan bangare shi ake kira Network IC. Wadannan su ne muhimmai cikin bangarorin. Duk da yake akwai wasu bangarori masu alaka da sautin karba ko aikawa (Mouth Piece da Ear Piece), da allon shigar da haruffa (Keypad) da kuma talabijin ko fuskar wayar (Screen), amma wadannan su ne muhimmai. Sai kuma babban bangare na biyu, watau bangaren da ya shafi ruhin wayar gaba daya. Wannan shi ake kira Sofware, shi kuma ya kasu kashi uku; bangaren farko ya kumshi babban manhajar, watau Operating System, wanda galibin wayoyin salula na zamani ana gina babban manhajan su ne da fasahar gina manhajar kwamfuta mai suna Symbian, da kuma wani nau’in C++. Wannan tasa ake kiran wannan fasaha da Symbian/C++. Da wannan dabaran gina manhajan kwamfuta ne ake gina babban manhajar wayar salula ta zamani, kuma wannan babban manhaja ne ke dauke da bangare na biyu cikin bangarorin ruhin wayar salula. Duk wani manhaja ko masarrafa da kake mu’amala dashi a wayar salula, irin su raskwana (calculator), abin wasan kwamfuta (games), na’urar daukar murya (voice recorder), na’urar daukan hoton majigi (video recorder), manhajar aikawa da sakonni (short message service – sms), hanyar aikawa da karban bayanai (irin su Bluetooth da infrared), duk suna dogaro ne da wannan babban manhaja ko ruhi da aka gina da fasahar Symbian/C++. Idan babu wannan babban manhaja, ba za a iya shigar dasu cikin wayar ba balle har a iya amfani dasu. Su kuma kananan masarrafan da ake mu’amala dasu, ana gina su ne da dabarun gina manhajan kwamfuta irin su Phyton, da Java, da Maemo, da Qtopia, da Open C, da kuma manhajan gina ruhin kwamfuta na kamfanin Microsoft (Windows Mobile Programming Language), irin su .NET (dot NET) da kuma C# (watau C Hash ko kace C Sharp, a lafazance). Bangaren ruhin wayar salula na uku kuma shine Subscriber Identification Module, ko kuma katin SIM, kamar yadda muka saba ambato a nan, kuma wannan ruhi na samuwa ne idan aka sanya mata wannan kati, don baka daman gudanar da wasu ayyuka muhimmai. Wannan ruhi ya ta’allaka ne ga kamfanin sadarwan ka, watau Telecom Operator. A tsarin wayoyin zamani na yanzu, ko da baka sanya wannan kati ba, zaka iya gudanar da wasu ‘yan ayyuka, amma ba kira ko amsa kira ba, ko aikawa da sakonnin text. Wannan baya yiwuwa sai da wannan ruhi. Idan ka samu wayar salula ta zamani, ayyuka ko alaka iri biyu zaka iya yi da ita; wadanda suka shafi kamfanin sadarwa, da kuma wadanda zaka iya gudanarwa ko da kuwa babu kati a cikinta. Zamu bayar da misali da wayar tafi-da-gidanka ta kamfanin Nokia, don ta fi shahara. Bangare na farko ya kunshi abinda ake kira “Network Services”, a turance, watau hanyoyin amfani da waya, wadanda Kamfanin Sadarwa ne ke bayar da su, a kunshe cikin katin SIM. Idan ka shiga Menu zaka same su. Wasu daga cikin su sune: Messages (hanyoyin karba da kuma aika gajerun sakonni), Call Register (rajistan lambobi ko sunayen masu bugo waya ko ka buga musu), Settings (Wajen tsara dukkan hanyoyin mu’amala da wayar), Web (hanyar shiga yanar gizo ta duniya, ko Intanet, a takaice), MTN Services ko Magic Plus (hanyoyin samun labarai takaitattu ta hanyar kamfanin waya). Wadannan a takaice sune hanyoyin da yanayin amfani da su ya danganta ne da kamfanin da kake amfani da katinsu. Bangare na biyu kuma sune hanyoyin da kana iya amfani dasu ba tare da taimakon kamfanin waya sun taimaka ko kuma sun caje ka ba. Su kuma sun hada da: Contacts (wajen ajiye sunaye da lambobin abokan hulda), Settings (wani bangarenshi, irinsu: themes, tones, display, time and date, my shortcuts, call settings, phone settings, enhancements, configurations, da kuma security), Gallery (wajen adana jakunkunan sauti, hotuna, wakoki, sautin karban kira da sakonni – tones), Media (wajen Radio, da kemara, rekoda da sauransu), Organiser (wajen kalanda, jakar tafi-da-gidanka – wallet – da kuma alarm), da kuma Application (wajen manhajojin lissafi ko raskwana – calculator – manhajan wasan kwamfuta – games – da agogon kididdiga ko kiyasi, watau stop watch/timer). Bayan mun ji dukkan wannan, sai mu san hanyoyin da mai karatu zai bi wajen kwarewa a wannan fanni.

Kwarewa Wajen Gyarawa da Lura da Wayar Salula

Kwarewa a fannin gyarawa da kuma lura da wayar salula na bukatar sanin shahararru cikin matsalolin wannan fasaha mai matukar wuyar sha’ani, wanda kuma yanayin tsarin su mai matukar ban sha’awa da kayatarwa shi ya jawo haka. Duk na’urar fasahar sadarwan da ke da saukin mu’amala saboda ingancin ta, sai ka samu tana da wuyar sha’ani wajen rikewa, musamman idan ta samu matsala. Sai kuma aka yi rashin dace, galibin mu bamu da tarbiyya wajen iya bin ka’idojin da kowace na’urar fasahar sadarwa ke zuwa da su. Shahararru cikin matsalolin wayar salula sun hada da daukewan wuta gaba daya (Power Outage), da daukewan yanayin sadarwa gaba daya (Network Outage), da dogon suma (Hanging) da zazzabi mai zafi sanadiyyar kwayoyin cuta (Virus) da ka iya shigan ta wajen aika mata da sakonni ta hanyar Bluetooth ko Infrared ko ta hanyar GPRS. Bayan haka, tana kuma da matsalolin da suka shafi gaba da gabobi da gabbai, watau Hardware Problems, wadanda ke samuwa sanadiyyar faduwa ko kuma buguwa da wayar ke yi wani abu. Wannan kan sa a samu matsalar gilashin ko fuskar wayar (Screen) ko kuma karyewan wani bangare na gangar-jiki ko inji ko kuma wani bangaren sa.

Kasancewan bamu da wasu makarantu inda ake kwasakwasan da suka shafi gyara wannan fasahar sadarwa, wannan bai hana samun masu gyara ingantattu ba, cikin kwarewa. Akwai da dama cikin mutane da suka koyo wannan gyara daga wasu kasashe sanadiyyar zama da suka yi a can. Wasu suka koya wajen su, haka haka dai har abin ya zama wani sana’a mai zaman kan sa. Galibin biranen kasan nan na dauke ne da masu gyaran wayar salula, don haka kana iya samun wani ka koya wurin sa. A wasu wurare, sukan yanke adadin watanni, a wasu wurare kuma sai ka iya zaka fice daga makarantar. Kuma duk da cewa ba a bukatar wata takardar shahadar gama makaranta kafin a shiga ire-iren wadannan makarantu, zai dace mutum na ji da kuma iya rubutu cikin turanci, don zai taimaka ma masa wajen sanin halayyar wayar salula. Idan ka kware, ayyukan ka suna da yawa, kuma galibi na bukatar jin turanci, musamman matsalolin da suka shafi ruhin wayar gaba daya. Domin bayan samuwan kayan aiki da suka shafi abubuwan kwance-kwance da daure-daure, kana bukatar injin narkawa da kuma sandarar da wayoyi ko na’urarorin wuta da suka game injin gaba daya; ko dai wajen kwancewa ko cire su, ko kuma wajen makala sabbi ko gyara su. Idan ka samu Heating Machine, watau na’urar da ke wannan aiki, ka gama. Har wa yau, kana bukatar na’urar farfado da sumammiyar waya, watau Universal Flasher Software (UFS), wanda ake saya tare da dukkan wayoyin da ake makala ma kwamfuta don samun farfado da wayar salula da ta sume gaba daya. Wannan na’ura kan zo ne da faya-fayan CD da ke dauke da masarrafan da ake iya ganin halin da ruhin ke ciki, watau Software. Ka ga kenan kana bukatar samun kwamfuta a shago ko ma’aikatarka, don yin wannan. Idan baka da halin mallaka, kana iya hada kai da wani, ya sayo don ku hada guiwa ko kuma ya zo da kayan aikinsa. Kai kana sauran gyare-gyare, shi kuma yana lura da wannan bangare kadai. Wannan aiki na da matukar daraja da kuma kawo kudi, don duk wani mai mu’amala da wayar salula na takama ne da kai. Abinda zai tabbatar maka da wannan martaba kuwa shine ka rike amana wajen alkinta ma masu kawo gyara wayoyin su; ka cika musu alkawari, ka kuma gaya musu gaskiya. Ba dole bane sai ka iya gyara kowace irin waya aka kawo maka, ba ma zai taba yiwuwa ba. In kuwa haka ne, kada ka karbi abinda ka san ya fi karfinka. Idan kuma ka karba, ka ga ba za ka iya gyarawa ba, duk hikimomin ka sun kare, to lallai ne ka mayar ma mai shi. Kada ka cire kayan wata wayar ka sanya ma wata, ba tare da amincewa ko sanin mai shi ba. Idan ka bi wadannan ka’idoji, zaka shahara, ka habbaka, har ka iya bude makaranta don koyar da wasu, ko kuma samun kananan ma’aikata masu koyo a karkashin ka. In tafiya tayi nisa ma, kana iya rubuta littafai don bayyana tsarin da kowace wayar salula ke rayuwa a kai, tare da bayyana galibin matsalolin ta, da abinda ke haddasa su, tare da bayanin hanyoyin magance su.

Kammalawa

Wannan fanni na gyarawa da kuma lura da wayar salula na da muhimmanci, kuma a halin yanzu ne yake kan habbaka, sanadiyyar na’ukan wayoyin salula da ke samuwa kusan a kullun. Duk wanda ya koyi wannan sana’a zai samu jama’a, don a kullun sai an samu masu kawo masa gyara. Abinda yake bukata kawai shine rike amana da kuma cika alkawari da fadin gaskiya. A mako mai zuwa zamu yi bayani kan fannin Software Engineering, watau fannin dabaru ko fasahan ginawa da kuma lura da manhaja ko masarrafan kwamfuta. Sai a kasance tare damu.

Abdullahi Salihu Abubakar (Baban Sadiq)

Fasaha2007@yahoo.com, 08034592444

http://fasahar-intanet.blogspot.com

Kwarewa A Fannin Fasahar Sadarwa (8)

Matashiya

Har yanzu dai muna cikin bayani kan hanyoyin da mai karatu zai bi wajen kwarewa a wannan fanni na fasahar sadarwa ta zamani da ke habbaka a duniya gaba daya. Mun ce yin hakan na da muhimmanci ne saboda gamewan wannann tsari a kasashen duniya, wanda hakan ya tilasta ma duk wani mai rayuwa a wannan zamani zama daya cikin wadanda tasirin wannan tsari ke shafa ; ko dai kai tsaye ko kuma a kaikaice. Bayan makonni bakwai da muka dauka muna jero bayanai kan fannoni daban-daban, a yau ma, kamar sauran makonni, zamu ci gaba, inda mai karatu zai ji bayanai filla-filla kan abinda ya shafi fannin Network Administration, watau fannin hada alaka a tsakanin kwamfutoci, wajen karba da sarrafawa da kuma mika bayanai a sigogo daban-daban. Haka za a samu bayanai kan hanyoyin kwarewa da kuma aikin da duk wani Network/System Analyst/Administrator zai iya yi da wuraren da zai yi. A yanzu, kamar sauran fannoni, zamu fara ne da kawo ma’ana da kuma nau’ukan wannan fanni. Muje zuwa :

Ma’anar “Computer Network”

A turancin kwamfuta idan aka ce “Networking”, ana nufin tsarin sadarwa tsakanin kwamfutoci (daga biyu zuwa sama), wajen mikawa da sarrafawa da kuma karban bayanai, ta hanyar wasu ka’idoji da kowace kwamfutur ke iya fahimta. Computer Networking ko System Networking ko Network Administration, shine fannin da ke lura da wannan tsari na kulla alaka a tsakanin kwamfutoci, da kuma tsare bayanan da ke bi wannan hanya na sadarwa. Kuma kamar yadda mai karatu ya karanta a baya, wannan tsari na daga cikin dalilan da suka haddasa ma kwamfuta shahara wajen tasirin yada ilimi da harkokin sadarwa a duniya gaba daya, ciki har da fasahar Intanet. Samuwar wannan tsari ya sawwake daman shiga wata kwamfutar daga wata, a cikin gida ne ko a ofis ko kuma a wata jiha ce daban. Kai a takaice dai kana iya shiga wata kwamfutar da ke wata kasar, kana zaune a dakinka ko ofishinka. Duk ta albarkacin wannan tsari na mikawa da karban bayanai a tsakanin kwamfutoci. Yadda kasan mutane ke mu’amala a tsakaninsu, to haka ma kwamfuta ke yi. Kuma akwai abubuwa biyu da ke haddasa mu’amala tsakanin kwamfuta da wata kwamfutar ‘yar uwanta. Abu na farko shine samuwar kwamfuta a kalla biyu, masu dauke da manyan manhajojin kwamfuta, watau Operating System, irinsu Windows ko Mac da dai sauransu. A cikin wannan babban manhaja ne ake da Jami’an Sadarwa watau Network Drivers, da kuma Katin Tsarin Sadarwa da ke cikin akwatin kwamfutar, mai suna Network Card. Abu na biyu kuma shine samuwar komatsen da ke sadar da kwamfutocin, a bayyane ko kuma ta wayan iska (Wireless). Wadannan komatsen sun hada da wayoyin kebul irinsu nau’in Twisted Pair (RJ45), da Twisted Pair (RJ11), watau nau’in wayar da ke sawwake sadarwa ta hanyar tarho, da Coaxial Cable da Fibre Optic Cable. Sai kuma na’urori irinsu Wireless Frequency Radio (Wi-Fi), da Routers, da Switches da kuma Satellite Dish da dai sauran komatse. Da wadannan ake sadar da bayanai tsakanin kwamfuta da kwamfuta, kai har ma da wayar salula da Talabijin da rediyo. Bayanan da ke fita daga wannan kwamfuta zuwa wancan na yin hakan ne ta hanyar wutar lantarki da ke bi tsakanin waya da waya ko tsakanin na’ura da wayar iska. Abin sai a hankali. Wadannan su ne karikitai na zahiri da mai karatu zai iya gani a yayin da kwamfuta ko wani na’uran sadarwa ke sadar da bayanai zuwa wata ko kuma ga masu kallo ko sauraro. Tsarin sadarwa daga kwamfuta zuwa wata kwamfutar ‘yar uwan ta, na daukan nau’i uku. Akwai tsarin sadarwa ta zahiri da ke shiga tsakanin kwamfuta da wata kwamfutar da ke cikin gida ko daki ko kuma ma’aikata daya, da ke bigire daya, ko da kuwa ba a hade gine-ginen suke ba. Wannan tsarin shi ake kira Local Area Network (LAN), kuma yana da hanyoyin sadar da kwamfutoci iri biyu ne; hanyar amfani da wayoyi na zahiri, musamman wayoyin Twisted Pair (RJ45) ko Fire-optic Cables, da kuma Switch, musamman idan tsakanin wani gini ne da wani. Hanya ta biyu kuma ita ce ta hanyar wayar iska, watau Wireless, wanda kuma ake iya yi ta amfani da na’urar Wireless Frequency (Wi-Fi), da sauran na’urori makamantan su. Wannan shine tsarin Local Area Network, ko kuma Gajeren Zangon Intanet, a Hausance. Nau’in sadarwa ta biyu kuma ita ce wacce ta fi wannan fadi; tsakanin gari da gari, ko jiha da jiha, ko kauye da wani kauyen. Wannan shi ake kira Wide Area Network, watau Faffadan Zangon Sadarwa. Galibin kamfanoni masu rassa a wasu wurare kamar jihohi ko birane, sun fi amfani da wannan tsari. Inda za a iya sadar da bayanai tsakanin dukkan rassan, ba tare da wata matsala ba. Wannan tsari shi galibinsa ta wayar iska ake yinsa, watau Wireless. A kan kuma yi amfani ne da na’urar sadar da kwamfuta na dogon zango, watau Router, don sadar da bayanai kala-kala a tsakanin zangunan ma’aikatar. Misali, idan cibiyar ma’aikata wacce ke wani gari, na da iyayen garke biyu; daya na sadarwan Intanet (Internet Server), dayan kuma na rumbun bayanai (Database Server), sai ayi amfani da na’urar Router da kuma tauraron dan Adam watau Mast, don banbance iyayen garken biyu. Wannan zai ba duk mai son shiga Intanet, da mai son amfani da bayanan da ke tsibe cikin uwar garken ma’aikatan daman yin hakan, ba tare da samun wata matsala ba. Sai nau’in sadarwa na uku, wanda ya fi kowanne fadi da ban mamaki, watau Intanet. Sadarwa ne tsakanin kwamfutoci da ke duniya gaba daya, ba ma wani bigire takaitacce ba. A tsarin Intanet, kwamfuta ce zata nemo bayanai daga wata kwamfutar da ke uwa duniya. Watakil shi kanshi mai nemo bayanan ma bai san inda uwar garken take ba, a a, adireshin kadai ya sani. Wannan hanyar sadarwa na yiwuwa ne ta hanyar wayar iska mafi girma, wanda ke samuwa ta hanyar tauraron dan Adam mai suna Earthlink a turance. Na tabbata mai karatu ya ma san wannan tsari tuni, don haka ba a bukatar tsawaita bayani a nan. Sai abu na gaba.

Tsarin Mikowa da Karban Bayanai

A kowane hali ya kasance, a kan tsamu bangare biyu ne wajen gudanar da wannan alaka ta mikawa da karban bayanai tsakanin kwamfutoci; a gari daya suke ko a garuruwa daban-daban; a jiha daya suke ko a jihohi daban-daban; a kasa daya suke ko a kasashe daban-daban, duk tsarin daya ne. Wannan bangaren shine bangaren da ke mika bayanan, wanda ake kira Host ko Server, ko Terminal, a turancin kwamfuta, ko kace Uwar Garke kawai ka huta. Wannan kwamfuta guda daya ce tinkwal, kuma aikinta shine mika bayanai da zaran wata kwamfuta ta bukaci tayi hakan, ta hanyar da ya dace. Ita wannan kwamfuta har wa yau, tana da manhajan da ke taimaka mata yin haka, ba wai kwamfuta ce irin kowace kwamfuta ba. A bangare daya kuma, sai wanda ke bukatar bayanan, wanda a turancin kwamfuta ake kira Client. Da zaran Client ta turo bukatun neman bayanai, sai Host ko Server ta duba dacewan hanyoyin da wannan bukata ya zo. Idan ingantacce ne, sai ta mika ta hanyar da aka biyo mata. Idan ba ingantacciyar bukata bace, ba ma zata iso gareta ba. To bayan mun ji gajeren mukaddima kan abinda ya shafi wannan fanni, me ake bukata mutum ya mallak na ilimi, kafin ya zama kwararre a wannan fanni?

Hanyoyin Kwarewa

Idan kana son zama gwani wajen hada alaka a tsakanin kwamfutoci, watau Network Administrator, dole ne ka samu horo kan wannan fanni da kuma dukkan nau’ukan ilmummukan da suka shafeshi. Akwai shahararrun hanyoyi biyu da galibi ake bi a wannan kasa wajen mallakan wannan kwarewa; kana iya samun shahadar Microsoft System Engineer (MCSE), wanda ake bayarwa ga duk wanda ya sha ya batse a fannin hada alaka a tsakanin kwamfutoci, a bisa tsarin manhajan karatu na kamfanin Microsoft Corporation. Mataki biyu ne wannan horaswa; a matakin farko zaka sha karatu a aji na tsawon watanni goma ko sha biyu. Da zaran ka gama a baka karamar shedar gama karatu. Idan ka tashi zuwa mataki na biyu, wannan ta Intanet zaka biya kudi, a shirya maka jarrabawa daga babban makarantar kamfanin Microsoft. Idan ka yi nasara, za a aiko maka da babban shedar gama karatunka har gida. Sai kuma hanya ta biyu, wacce ake iya samu ta hanyar CISCO Network Administrator (CCNA). Shi ma kusan duk tsari daya yake da na farko, sai dai manhajar karatun su ya sha banban. Kowanne cikin wadannan hanyoyin biyu kana iya samun shiga makaranta don mallakan kwarewa. Akwai manyan makarantu kusan uku da na sani a Nijeriya, musamman Abuja, masu wadannan kwasakwasai; akwai APTECH, da ORACLE da kuma NIIT. Ba iyakan su kenan ba, akwai ma wasu. Sai dai wadannan su suka fi shahara. Mafi karancin abinda zaka mallaka kafin ka fara wannan karatu shine shedar gama karatu ta sakandare. A nan ne za a sanar da kai tsarin aikawa da sakonni a tsakanin kwamfutoci; da irin nau’in hanyar da sakonnin ke bi; da kayayyakin aikin da ake amfani da su; da kuma hanyoyin da ake bi wajen tabbatar da cewa wani bai darkake sakonnin ba, a hanyarsu ta zuwa inda aka aike su, ta kowane irin hali ne. Da zaran ka gama kwarewa, yana da kyau ka samu ma’aikatu ka fara aiki, don kwatanta kwarewarka, ba tare da bata lokaci ba. Wannan zai baka daman sanin irin kalubalen da ke tattare da wannan aiki.

Abin Yi

Suna nan birjik. Da farko ma dai, kai abin nema ne a duk wata ma’aikata da ke da kwamfutoci a matsayin kayan aiki. Domin a yanzu an daina tara tulin takardu a ofisoshi da sunan kayayyakin aiki. Galibi shigar da bayanai ake cikin kwamfuta, a taskance su, a kuma rinka nemo su a duk lokacin da bukata ta tashi. Don sawwake hanyoyin shigarwa da kuma taskancewa, kafin a zo lokacin bukatan su, duk aikin Network Admin ne ya jojjona kwamfutocin, don hada su alaka da juna wajen fahimtar abinda kowacce ke yi. A matsayin ka na Network Administrator, dole ne ka hada kai da wanda ke lura da masarrafan rumbun adana bayanai na ma’aikatar da kake aiki, watau Database Administrator; domin ayyukan wani sun shiga na wani. Ku ne masu tsara kwamfutocin, ta yadda kowane ma’aikaci zai shiga da sunan sa (Username) da kalmomin iznin shiga (Password), don gudanar da ayyukan san a yau da kullum. Ku ne masu tsara kwamfutocin don baiwa ma’aikata daman shiga wata kwamfutar daga wata, don debowa ko kuma zuba bayanai cikin sauki ba tare da matsala ba. Har wa yau, aikin ka ne hada dukkan kwamfutocin ma’aikatan da fasahar Intanet, idan har hukumar ma’aikatar ta bukaci hakan. Idan baka bukatar aiki a wata ma’aikata ko hukumomin gwamnati, kana iya bude kamfanin ka na kanka, ka dauki ma’aikata masu kwarewa irin taka, don yi ma kamfanoni ko duk wani mai irin wannan aiki hidima, ana biyanka. Har way au, kana iya zama marubuci. In ka ga dama kana iya bude makarantar koyar da wannan aiki mai matukar muhimmanci, don samu masu mayewa. Kai a takaice dai, duk abinda ka ga daman yi cikin wadannan ayyuka kana iya dauka ba tare da wani tsangwama na. Abinda ake bukata wajen ka kawai shine ka tabbata ka karantu, kuma kana ci gaba da nazari, domin duk wani fanni na fasahar sadarwa ta zamani na habbaka ne kusan a kullum. Don haka sai na yi ana taba nazari don sanin halin da duniya ke ciki.

Kammalawa

Duniyar yau ta kusan gamewa da dukkan bangarorinta, musamman ta fannin sadarwa na zamani, kuma wadanda suka dauki kashi saba’in cikin dari na wannan hakki su ne masu hada alaka a tsakanin kayayyakin fasahar sadarwa, ba ma kwamfuta kadai ba. Su ne suka habbaka fasahar Intanet. Suka samar da duk wata hanya mafi sauki da za a samu bayanai, a sarrafa su, a kuma adana su ba tare da shan wahala ba. Idan Allah Ya kai mu mako mai zuwa, mai karatu zai samu bayanai kan Computer Programming, wani fanni mai zaman kan sa a fannonin fasahar sadarwa ta zamani. Idan akwai abinda ba a fahimta ba, a bugo ko rubuto sakon neman bayanai. Muna mika sakon gaisuwarmu ga masu aiko da sakonnin Imel da na text da kuma masu bugo waya. Allah sa mu dace, amin. A ci gaba da kasancewa tare da mu.

Abdullahi Salihu Abubakar (Baban Sadiq)

Fasaha2007@yahoo.com 08034592444

http://fasahar-intanet.blogspot.com