Matashiya
Har yanzu dai muna cikin bayani kan hanyoyin da mai karatu zai bi wajen kwarewa a wannan fanni na fasahar sadarwa ta zamani da ke habbaka a duniya gaba daya. Mun ce yin hakan na da muhimmanci ne saboda gamewan wannann tsari a kasashen duniya, wanda hakan ya tilasta ma duk wani mai rayuwa a wannan zamani zama daya cikin wadanda tasirin wannan tsari ke shafa ; ko dai kai tsaye ko kuma a kaikaice. Bayan makonni bakwai da muka dauka muna jero bayanai kan fannoni daban-daban, a yau ma, kamar sauran makonni, zamu ci gaba, inda mai karatu zai ji bayanai filla-filla kan abinda ya shafi fannin Network Administration, watau fannin hada alaka a tsakanin kwamfutoci, wajen karba da sarrafawa da kuma mika bayanai a sigogo daban-daban. Haka za a samu bayanai kan hanyoyin kwarewa da kuma aikin da duk wani Network/System Analyst/Administrator zai iya yi da wuraren da zai yi. A yanzu, kamar sauran fannoni, zamu fara ne da kawo ma’ana da kuma nau’ukan wannan fanni. Muje zuwa :
Ma’anar “Computer Network”
A turancin kwamfuta idan aka ce “Networking”, ana nufin tsarin sadarwa tsakanin kwamfutoci (daga biyu zuwa sama), wajen mikawa da sarrafawa da kuma karban bayanai, ta hanyar wasu ka’idoji da kowace kwamfutur ke iya fahimta. Computer Networking ko System Networking ko Network Administration, shine fannin da ke lura da wannan tsari na kulla alaka a tsakanin kwamfutoci, da kuma tsare bayanan da ke bi wannan hanya na sadarwa. Kuma kamar yadda mai karatu ya karanta a baya, wannan tsari na daga cikin dalilan da suka haddasa ma kwamfuta shahara wajen tasirin yada ilimi da harkokin sadarwa a duniya gaba daya, ciki har da fasahar Intanet. Samuwar wannan tsari ya sawwake daman shiga wata kwamfutar daga wata, a cikin gida ne ko a ofis ko kuma a wata jiha ce daban. Kai a takaice dai kana iya shiga wata kwamfutar da ke wata kasar, kana zaune a dakinka ko ofishinka. Duk ta albarkacin wannan tsari na mikawa da karban bayanai a tsakanin kwamfutoci. Yadda kasan mutane ke mu’amala a tsakaninsu, to haka ma kwamfuta ke yi. Kuma akwai abubuwa biyu da ke haddasa mu’amala tsakanin kwamfuta da wata kwamfutar ‘yar uwanta. Abu na farko shine samuwar kwamfuta a kalla biyu, masu dauke da manyan manhajojin kwamfuta, watau Operating System, irinsu Windows ko Mac da dai sauransu. A cikin wannan babban manhaja ne ake da Jami’an Sadarwa watau Network Drivers, da kuma Katin Tsarin Sadarwa da ke cikin akwatin kwamfutar, mai suna Network Card. Abu na biyu kuma shine samuwar komatsen da ke sadar da kwamfutocin, a bayyane ko kuma ta wayan iska (Wireless). Wadannan komatsen sun hada da wayoyin kebul irinsu nau’in Twisted Pair (RJ45), da Twisted Pair (RJ11), watau nau’in wayar da ke sawwake sadarwa ta hanyar tarho, da Coaxial Cable da Fibre Optic Cable. Sai kuma na’urori irinsu Wireless Frequency Radio (Wi-Fi), da Routers, da Switches da kuma Satellite Dish da dai sauran komatse. Da wadannan ake sadar da bayanai tsakanin kwamfuta da kwamfuta, kai har ma da wayar salula da Talabijin da rediyo. Bayanan da ke fita daga wannan kwamfuta zuwa wancan na yin hakan ne ta hanyar wutar lantarki da ke bi tsakanin waya da waya ko tsakanin na’ura da wayar iska. Abin sai a hankali. Wadannan su ne karikitai na zahiri da mai karatu zai iya gani a yayin da kwamfuta ko wani na’uran sadarwa ke sadar da bayanai zuwa wata ko kuma ga masu kallo ko sauraro. Tsarin sadarwa daga kwamfuta zuwa wata kwamfutar ‘yar uwan ta, na daukan nau’i uku. Akwai tsarin sadarwa ta zahiri da ke shiga tsakanin kwamfuta da wata kwamfutar da ke cikin gida ko daki ko kuma ma’aikata daya, da ke bigire daya, ko da kuwa ba a hade gine-ginen suke ba. Wannan tsarin shi ake kira Local Area Network (LAN), kuma yana da hanyoyin sadar da kwamfutoci iri biyu ne; hanyar amfani da wayoyi na zahiri, musamman wayoyin Twisted Pair (RJ45) ko Fire-optic Cables, da kuma Switch, musamman idan tsakanin wani gini ne da wani. Hanya ta biyu kuma ita ce ta hanyar wayar iska, watau Wireless, wanda kuma ake iya yi ta amfani da na’urar Wireless Frequency (Wi-Fi), da sauran na’urori makamantan su. Wannan shine tsarin Local Area Network, ko kuma Gajeren Zangon Intanet, a Hausance. Nau’in sadarwa ta biyu kuma ita ce wacce ta fi wannan fadi; tsakanin gari da gari, ko jiha da jiha, ko kauye da wani kauyen. Wannan shi ake kira Wide Area Network, watau Faffadan Zangon Sadarwa. Galibin kamfanoni masu rassa a wasu wurare kamar jihohi ko birane, sun fi amfani da wannan tsari. Inda za a iya sadar da bayanai tsakanin dukkan rassan, ba tare da wata matsala ba. Wannan tsari shi galibinsa ta wayar iska ake yinsa, watau Wireless. A kan kuma yi amfani ne da na’urar sadar da kwamfuta na dogon zango, watau Router, don sadar da bayanai kala-kala a tsakanin zangunan ma’aikatar. Misali, idan cibiyar ma’aikata wacce ke wani gari, na da iyayen garke biyu; daya na sadarwan Intanet (Internet Server), dayan kuma na rumbun bayanai (Database Server), sai ayi amfani da na’urar Router da kuma tauraron dan Adam watau Mast, don banbance iyayen garken biyu. Wannan zai ba duk mai son shiga Intanet, da mai son amfani da bayanan da ke tsibe cikin uwar garken ma’aikatan daman yin hakan, ba tare da samun wata matsala ba. Sai nau’in sadarwa na uku, wanda ya fi kowanne fadi da ban mamaki, watau Intanet. Sadarwa ne tsakanin kwamfutoci da ke duniya gaba daya, ba ma wani bigire takaitacce ba. A tsarin Intanet, kwamfuta ce zata nemo bayanai daga wata kwamfutar da ke uwa duniya. Watakil shi kanshi mai nemo bayanan ma bai san inda uwar garken take ba, a a, adireshin kadai ya sani. Wannan hanyar sadarwa na yiwuwa ne ta hanyar wayar iska mafi girma, wanda ke samuwa ta hanyar tauraron dan Adam mai suna Earthlink a turance. Na tabbata mai karatu ya ma san wannan tsari tuni, don haka ba a bukatar tsawaita bayani a nan. Sai abu na gaba.
Tsarin Mikowa da Karban Bayanai
A kowane hali ya kasance, a kan tsamu bangare biyu ne wajen gudanar da wannan alaka ta mikawa da karban bayanai tsakanin kwamfutoci; a gari daya suke ko a garuruwa daban-daban; a jiha daya suke ko a jihohi daban-daban; a kasa daya suke ko a kasashe daban-daban, duk tsarin daya ne. Wannan bangaren shine bangaren da ke mika bayanan, wanda ake kira Host ko Server, ko Terminal, a turancin kwamfuta, ko kace Uwar Garke kawai ka huta. Wannan kwamfuta guda daya ce tinkwal, kuma aikinta shine mika bayanai da zaran wata kwamfuta ta bukaci tayi hakan, ta hanyar da ya dace. Ita wannan kwamfuta har wa yau, tana da manhajan da ke taimaka mata yin haka, ba wai kwamfuta ce irin kowace kwamfuta ba. A bangare daya kuma, sai wanda ke bukatar bayanan, wanda a turancin kwamfuta ake kira Client. Da zaran Client ta turo bukatun neman bayanai, sai Host ko Server ta duba dacewan hanyoyin da wannan bukata ya zo. Idan ingantacce ne, sai ta mika ta hanyar da aka biyo mata. Idan ba ingantacciyar bukata bace, ba ma zata iso gareta ba. To bayan mun ji gajeren mukaddima kan abinda ya shafi wannan fanni, me ake bukata mutum ya mallak na ilimi, kafin ya zama kwararre a wannan fanni?
Hanyoyin Kwarewa
Idan kana son zama gwani wajen hada alaka a tsakanin kwamfutoci, watau Network Administrator, dole ne ka samu horo kan wannan fanni da kuma dukkan nau’ukan ilmummukan da suka shafeshi. Akwai shahararrun hanyoyi biyu da galibi ake bi a wannan kasa wajen mallakan wannan kwarewa; kana iya samun shahadar Microsoft System Engineer (MCSE), wanda ake bayarwa ga duk wanda ya sha ya batse a fannin hada alaka a tsakanin kwamfutoci, a bisa tsarin manhajan karatu na kamfanin Microsoft Corporation. Mataki biyu ne wannan horaswa; a matakin farko zaka sha karatu a aji na tsawon watanni goma ko sha biyu. Da zaran ka gama a baka karamar shedar gama karatu. Idan ka tashi zuwa mataki na biyu, wannan ta Intanet zaka biya kudi, a shirya maka jarrabawa daga babban makarantar kamfanin Microsoft. Idan ka yi nasara, za a aiko maka da babban shedar gama karatunka har gida. Sai kuma hanya ta biyu, wacce ake iya samu ta hanyar CISCO Network Administrator (CCNA). Shi ma kusan duk tsari daya yake da na farko, sai dai manhajar karatun su ya sha banban. Kowanne cikin wadannan hanyoyin biyu kana iya samun shiga makaranta don mallakan kwarewa. Akwai manyan makarantu kusan uku da na sani a Nijeriya, musamman Abuja, masu wadannan kwasakwasai; akwai APTECH, da ORACLE da kuma NIIT. Ba iyakan su kenan ba, akwai ma wasu. Sai dai wadannan su suka fi shahara. Mafi karancin abinda zaka mallaka kafin ka fara wannan karatu shine shedar gama karatu ta sakandare. A nan ne za a sanar da kai tsarin aikawa da sakonni a tsakanin kwamfutoci; da irin nau’in hanyar da sakonnin ke bi; da kayayyakin aikin da ake amfani da su; da kuma hanyoyin da ake bi wajen tabbatar da cewa wani bai darkake sakonnin ba, a hanyarsu ta zuwa inda aka aike su, ta kowane irin hali ne. Da zaran ka gama kwarewa, yana da kyau ka samu ma’aikatu ka fara aiki, don kwatanta kwarewarka, ba tare da bata lokaci ba. Wannan zai baka daman sanin irin kalubalen da ke tattare da wannan aiki.
Abin Yi
Suna nan birjik. Da farko ma dai, kai abin nema ne a duk wata ma’aikata da ke da kwamfutoci a matsayin kayan aiki. Domin a yanzu an daina tara tulin takardu a ofisoshi da sunan kayayyakin aiki. Galibi shigar da bayanai ake cikin kwamfuta, a taskance su, a kuma rinka nemo su a duk lokacin da bukata ta tashi. Don sawwake hanyoyin shigarwa da kuma taskancewa, kafin a zo lokacin bukatan su, duk aikin Network Admin ne ya jojjona kwamfutocin, don hada su alaka da juna wajen fahimtar abinda kowacce ke yi. A matsayin ka na Network Administrator, dole ne ka hada kai da wanda ke lura da masarrafan rumbun adana bayanai na ma’aikatar da kake aiki, watau Database Administrator; domin ayyukan wani sun shiga na wani. Ku ne masu tsara kwamfutocin, ta yadda kowane ma’aikaci zai shiga da sunan sa (Username) da kalmomin iznin shiga (Password), don gudanar da ayyukan san a yau da kullum. Ku ne masu tsara kwamfutocin don baiwa ma’aikata daman shiga wata kwamfutar daga wata, don debowa ko kuma zuba bayanai cikin sauki ba tare da matsala ba. Har wa yau, aikin ka ne hada dukkan kwamfutocin ma’aikatan da fasahar Intanet, idan har hukumar ma’aikatar ta bukaci hakan. Idan baka bukatar aiki a wata ma’aikata ko hukumomin gwamnati, kana iya bude kamfanin ka na kanka, ka dauki ma’aikata masu kwarewa irin taka, don yi ma kamfanoni ko duk wani mai irin wannan aiki hidima, ana biyanka. Har way au, kana iya zama marubuci. In ka ga dama kana iya bude makarantar koyar da wannan aiki mai matukar muhimmanci, don samu masu mayewa. Kai a takaice dai, duk abinda ka ga daman yi cikin wadannan ayyuka kana iya dauka ba tare da wani tsangwama na. Abinda ake bukata wajen ka kawai shine ka tabbata ka karantu, kuma kana ci gaba da nazari, domin duk wani fanni na fasahar sadarwa ta zamani na habbaka ne kusan a kullum. Don haka sai na yi ana taba nazari don sanin halin da duniya ke ciki.
Kammalawa
Duniyar yau ta kusan gamewa da dukkan bangarorinta, musamman ta fannin sadarwa na zamani, kuma wadanda suka dauki kashi saba’in cikin dari na wannan hakki su ne masu hada alaka a tsakanin kayayyakin fasahar sadarwa, ba ma kwamfuta kadai ba. Su ne suka habbaka fasahar Intanet. Suka samar da duk wata hanya mafi sauki da za a samu bayanai, a sarrafa su, a kuma adana su ba tare da shan wahala ba. Idan Allah Ya kai mu mako mai zuwa, mai karatu zai samu bayanai kan Computer Programming, wani fanni mai zaman kan sa a fannonin fasahar sadarwa ta zamani. Idan akwai abinda ba a fahimta ba, a bugo ko rubuto sakon neman bayanai. Muna mika sakon gaisuwarmu ga masu aiko da sakonnin Imel da na text da kuma masu bugo waya. Allah sa mu dace, amin. A ci gaba da kasancewa tare da mu.
Abdullahi Salihu Abubakar (Baban Sadiq)
Fasaha2007@yahoo.com 08034592444
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