Kwayar Cutar Kwamfuta (Computer Virus) #2

Makon Jiya

A makon da ya gabata mun fara kawo bayanai ne kan kwayoyin cutar kwamfuta da tsarin su da yadda suke yaduwa, da kuma tasirin su. A karshe kuma sai muka kawo nau’ukan wadannan cututtuka da ke damun kwamfuta da hana ta sakewa. A yau idan Allah Ya yarda zamu ci gaba da kwararo bayanai ne ; zamu san su waye ke da alhakin yada ire-iren wadannan kwayoyin cututtuka da kuma irin mummunan abinda suke haifarwa a duniya gaba daya. Zamu san shahararren suna ko lakabin da aka san su dashi a duniyar fasahar sadarwa a yau, da kuma tarihin wannan sana’a tasu mai mummunan sakamako. Idan Allah Ya bamu dama, zamu kawo bayani kan manufar wadannan mutane ; me yasa suke wannan aiki ?

Computer Hacking ko Cracking

Hacking ko Cracking shine yin amfani da kwarewa wajen magance matsalolin kwamfuta da suka shafi dukkan sassanta, musamman bangarorin da ba kowa ke iya shigar su cikin masu amfani da wannan fasaha ba. Har wa yau, wannan kalma ko kalmomi na iya nufin amfani da irin wannan kwarewa wajen cutar da kwamfuta a nesa ko kusa, ta hanyoyin da ba kowa ke iya ganin aukuwar su ba. Kalmar Hacking ce ke nufin ma’anar farko. Ita kuma Kalmar Cracking na daukan ma’ana ta biyu. Sai dai saboda tasirin munin ma’ana ta biyu, an wayi gari Kalmar Hacking ce ke daukan mummun ma’ana ta biyu. Don haka a zamanin yau idan aka ce mutum Computer Hacker ne, to ana nufin yana amfani da kwarewar sa na ilimin kwamfuta wajen cutar da kwamfutocin mutane a nesa ko a kusa; ta dukkan hanyoyin da zai iya. A takaice ka iya kiran sa dan ta’adda, ko kuma Dan Dandatsa, a cewar Farfesa Abdallah Uba Adam da ke Jami’ar Bayero a Kano.

Su Computer Hackers mutane ne masu ilimin gina manhajar kwamfuta, watau Programmers, kuma kwararru ne wajen sanin tsarin kwamfuta da yadda take aiki a dukkan lokuta. Aikin su shine rubuta ma kwamfuta manhajoji ko masarrafan da take amfani dasu wajen aiwatar da ayyukan ta. Sun san sirrin ta, da halayen ta, da dukkan abin da take so da wanda ba ta so. Kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a sama, masu yin amfani da wannan kwarewa da iyawa nasu wajen gyaran kwamfuta da sawwake mata matsalolin da ke damun ta, su ake kira Hackers. Su kuma masu sarrafa wannan kwarewa tasu wajen cutarwa ga mutane su ake kira Crackers. Sai dai zamani tasa wannan tsari ya canza; masu mummunan halin ake kira Hackers. A halin yanzu su ne masu rubuta ire-iren manhajoji ko bayanan da ke haddasa ma kwamfuta cututtuka masu tsananin wahalar da ita; su rubuta manhaja ko bayanan da zasu sato musu sirrin wasu a wata duniya daban, duk ta amfani da kwarewan su na ilimin kwamfuta. Idan suka ga dama, sai su gina manhajar kwamfuta guda, wacce zasu cillo ta cikin kwamfutar ka, ta hana ka aiki ko kuma sato musu dukkan bayanan sirrin da ka adana a cikin ta, ba tare da ka san abinda ma ke faruwa ba. A duniyar kwamfuta irin ta yau, basu da wata kafa da zata gagare su shiga, muddin wannan kafa na damfare da wata hanyar fasahar sadarwa ce ta zamani. Dukkan bayanan da suka gabata a makon jiya na abinda ya shafi al’adar cutar kwamfuta (Computer Virus), su ne masu rubuta su, su tsara su, su cillo su, tare da mummunar manufar su da suke kira ‘yan cin yada ilimin fasaha da hana boye shi. Da wannan lakabi na Hackers aka fi sanin su, kuma da shi zamu ci gaba da kiran su har zuwa karshen wannan silsila da zamu yi ta kawowa insha’Allah.

Tarihin su

Kamar sauran al’amura da ke faruwa a duniya, su ma suna da tarihi, watau mafarin da ta kai su ga fara wannan aiki. Shekaru dari biyu da takwas da suka gabata, an samu wasu ‘yan ta’adda masana harkan injiniyancin lantarki da sadarwa na tarho (Electrical Engineers) da ke amfani da kwarewa ko dabararsu wajen waske injinan tarho da kamfanonin sadarwa suka kafa don sadarwa a wancan lokaci. Wadannan mutane sun yadu a galibin biranen Turai da Amerika. Idan dare yayi, sai su shiga cikin bukkar tarho (Telephone Booth), ba tare da ko sisin su ba, su shigar da kalmomin da suka saba ta’addancin su da su, sai tarho ta bude, su buga waya iya sa’o’in da ya musu suga. A yayin da mutane ke sanya kwabbai na silalla don su daman buga waya, su ba ruwan su, sun san inda zasu sanya kalmomin da injin ke bukata, su waske don samun buga waya kyauta. Da tafiya tayi nisa, aka fara kirkiran na’urar kwamfuta, sai masana ilimin kwamfuta suka ari wannan mummunan ta’ada wajen rubuta miyagun kalmomin da zasu cutar da kwamfutocin mutane ko sace musu bayanan sirrin da ke makare cikin kwamfutocin su. Sun fara gwada wannan aiki nasu ne kan kwmfutocin asalin Intanet ta duniya, watau kwamfutocin ARPANET ; tsarin sadarwa ta Intanet na farko da aka fara kafawa, kafin yaduwar sa zuwa sauran kasashen duniya. Amma asalin fasahar su ta samo asali ne daga makarantar da galibin masana kwamfuta suka fara a kasar Amurka, watau Massachussetts Institute of Techonology (MIT), babbar cibiyar koyar da ilimin fasaha da ke Massachussetts. Daga nan suka ci gaba da wannan sana’a.

Daga Sha’awa zuwa Ta’addanci

Babban dalilin da ya fara motsa shaukin su ga wannan aiki shine sha’awan ganin sun gwada kwarewan da suka yi wajen sanayyar su ga fasahar sadarwa ta kwamfuta ; babban abinda suka koyo daga makaranta. Dabi’ar dan Adam ce da zaran ya san wani ilimi ya ga cewa ya aikata shi a aikace, don samun natsuwa da wannan ilimi da ya koyo. Da zaran sun gwada kwarewar su wajen sauya ma kwamfuta hankalin ta, sai su ga sun ci nasaa. Daga nan suka fara shiga kwamfutocin makarantu don gano irin wainar da ake toyawa a cikin su. Manufa ta fara canzawa kenan. Daidai shekarar 1980 aka fara samun majalisun tattaunawa (Mailing List), babban dandalin da kwararru ke tattaunawa kan kwarewan su wajen magance matsalolin kwamfuta. A ire-iren wadannan majalisu suke kara samun fasahar sana’ar su. Daga nan aka samu kungiyar ‘yan Dandatsa ta farko mai suna The Legion of Doom, a kasar Amurka. Ita wannan kungiya taro ce ta ire-iren wadannan samari masu sha’awan sana’ar ta’addanci ga kwamfutocin mutane, watau Hackers. Wannan kungiya ta fitar da mujallarta na farko cikin shekarar 1984, mai suna The 2600 Magazine. Wannan mujalla ce da ke fitowa duk wata, kuma tana dauke ne da hikimomi ko dabarun iya sarrafa kwamfuta ta hanyoyin da suka shafi sato bayanai daga kwamfutar zuwa wata; ko gano sirrin da ke cikin wata kwamfutar; da kuma iya shiga cikin rumbun bayanan da ke dauke da ita ta hanyar da mai kwamfutar bai sani ba. Bayyanar wannan mujalla ya dada nuna irin kafuwan wannan kungiya da samun karbuwan ta wajen sauran kwararru kan wannan sana’a. Wannan mugun aiki da wannan kungiya ta ci gaba da yadawa ne ya jawo hankalin gwamnati a Amurka, har aka kirkiri dokar haramta wannan aiki, mai suna Computer Fraud & Abuse Act (CFAA). Wannan doka ta haramta duk wani zamba cikin-aminci da wani ka iya yi ta hanyar kwamfuta, da kuma amfani da kwamfuta wajen cutar da wasu ko wani, gaba daya. Wannan doka ta fara aiki ne cikin shekarar 1986. Amma kamar an kara ma wuta fetur, sai wannan sana’a ta ci gaba da yaduwa zuwa wasu kasashe irin su Ingila da Rasha da Sin da ma sauran kasashe masu arzikin tattalin arzikin kasa da sadarwa. Wannan yaduwa ta haddasa samuwar yaduwar gamammiyar cutar kwamfuta a kasashen duniya. Wanda ya bude kofa shine wani saurayi masanin kwamfuta, mai suna Morris, wanda kuma ya yada gamammiyar cutar kwamfuta da ta game kusan dukkan kwamfutocin jami’o’i da na hukumomin gwamnatin Amurka. Wannan cuta aka sanya mata suna The Morris Worm, kuma kamar yadda Bill Gates ya rubuta a wani littafin sa, ta haddasa hasaran miliyoyin daloli na arziki da lokaci ga hukumomi da makarantun kasar. Daga nan kuma sai ga Kevin Metrick ya watso tasa cutar, wacce ya tura zuwa galibin gidajen yanar sadarwan bankunan Amurka, don sato masa lambobin katin adashin bankin mutane, watau Credit Card Numbers. Wannan cuta da Metrick ya yada a shekarar 1995, ta sato masa lambobin katin adashin bankin jama’a sama da dubu ashirin, a lokaci guda, ban da barnar da tayi wa kwamfutocin wadannan bankuna. Duk da dokar da gwamnati ta kafa, wannan bai razana su ba, domin suna da yakinin da zaran an kama su, duk dai bai wuce ai musu tara na ‘yan daloli shikenan. Bayan haka kuma, galibin masu wannan ta’ada zaka samu yara ne ‘yan kasa da shekaru ashirin ko shatakwas, wanda kuma a dokar Amurka, basu kai matsayin a daure su a gidan yari ba. Kuma kasancewar galibin mutane na amfani ne da babban manhajan kwamfuta na kamfanin Microsoft, watau Windows Operating System, hakan ya kara ma wannan aiki nasu tasiri wajen yaduwa, domin kusan kashi casa’in cikin dari na ire-iren wadannan kwayoyin cuta na iya cutar da kwamfutar da ke dauke da masarrafa ko manhajar Windows ne. Don haka ana shiga shekarar 1999, sai kamfanin Microsoft ya fitar da wani nau’in manhajan ta da yi masa kwaskwarima. Duk da haka wannan bai rage tasirin sana’ar su ba, domin wannan babban manhaja na Windows na tattare ne da manya-manyan kafofin da ke iya ba su daman yin aikin su. Wannan shi ake kira Security Holes a ilimin tsarin tsaron lafiyar kwamfuta. Kuma har zuwa wannan lokaci ko shekara da kamfanin ya fitar da sabon manhajan sa mai suna Windows Vista, ba a tsira ba. Don a kullun kara bullo da dabaru suke wajen kirkiro manhajoji ko masarrafan da zasu iya taimaka musu wajen aikata wannan haramtaccen aiki da suke yi. A duniyar yau ‘Yan Dandatsa (Hackers) sun yadu ko ina, kuma suna iya aika cutar kwamfuta daga kasar Sin zuwa kwamfutar da ke kasar Kanada, don ta sadar ma kwamfutar da ke wata makaranta ko wani banki da ke ajiye da bayanai masu muhimmanci da ke kasar Afirka ta Kudi, a misali. Shahararrun kungiyoyin Dandatsa (Hacking Clubs) suna nan a kasar Sin, da Ingila da Jafan da Amurka da Rasha da Koriya ta Kudu da sauran kasashe irin su Awstiraliya da Newzealand da Singafo. Wadanda suka fi tasiri a siyasar duniya su ne na kasashen Rasha da na Sin. Zamu kawo cikakken bayani kan haka a kasidun da ke tafe nan da wasu makonni.

Manufofin su

Suna da manufofi, sosai ma kuwa. Da farko dai kamar yadda bayani ya gabata, babban abinda ya kai su fara wannan aiki shine don gwajin abinda suka koya. Al’ada ce ga duk wanda ya koyi wani ilimi ya gwada shi a aikace, don samun tabbaci. To amma da suka sanya ma kan su suna, suka nuna ma duniya abinda suke yi a aikace, sai manufofin su suka kara yawa, dangane da yanayin da suka samu kan su. Bayan sha’awa, akwai birgewa. Kawai idan saurayi masanin kwamfuta ya cika ya batse da ilimi sai ya ga cewa me zai hana ya tarwatsa ma wata kwamfuta hankalin ta, ya hana ta sakewa, ya ga me zai faru ? Wasu kuma tsabar isa ke sa su cutar da kwamfutar wasu. Watakil suna jayayya a tsakanin su, cewa ga wani kamfani mai cike da tsaro a gidan yanar sadarwan ta. Sai kawai wani yace kai duk shirme ne, ko ni ina iya barka kofan in shige ciki. Me ye a wurin ! Daga irin wannan jayayya, sai kawai a kai ga gwaji da ta’addanci. Wasun su kuma tsaban ramuwa ce. Shekarun baya wasu ‘yan Dandatsa suka banke kofar gidan yanar sadarwan kasar Indonesiya, suka shiga ciki suka caccanza bayanan da ke ciki, daga maganganu masu dadi zuwa zage-zage. Kai da jin haka ka san masu neman ‘yan cin kai ne da ke Timor ta Gabas, watau East Timor. Wasu kuma don kyashi da keta. Galibin masu wannan manufa ana hayan su ne don suyi ta’addanci a biya su. Misali, cikin shekarar 2003 an samu wanda ya shiga gidan yanar sadarwan Al-Jazeerah ya aikata ta’addanci, ya sauya tsarin gidan yanar sadarwan, ya kuma umarci kwamfutar da ke dauke da gidan yanar da ta rinka aikawa da dukkan sakkonnin Imel da jama’a ke aiko musu, zuwa wata kwamfuta da ke wata kasa cikin Turai, wanda ba abinda ke cikin ta sai harkan caca da tambola. Kai da jin wanda yayi wannan aiki ka san sanya shi aka yi. Manufa ta karshe kuma ita ce don sace-sace. Kai da jin abinda Metrick yayi, kasan barawo ne. Sato lambobin katin adashin bankin jama’a yayi har dubu ashirin. Da ya tsira watakil da yayi kudi yanzu!

Kammalawa

Kada mai karatu ya gaji, a mako mai zuwa zamu ci gaba da bayani kan tsarin ayyukan su da kuma hanyoyin da suke bi wajen wannan sana’a. a ziyarce mu a http://fasahar-intanet.blogspot.com, ko ta 08034592444. Idan kana da Imel, ka aiko ta fasaha2007@yahoo.com. A ci gaba da kasancewa tare da mu.