Hanyoyin Magance Zazzabin Kwamfuta

Matashiya

A yau cikin yardar Allah zamu karasa wannan silsila da muka faro kan samuwar kwayoyin cutar kwamfuta da yadda suke yaduwa, da masu samar da su, da hanyoyin da suke bi wajen shigar dasu cikin kwamfutocin jama’a, da tsarin rayuwar masu wannan sana’a da kayayyakin aikinsu. Abinda ya rage mana, kamar yadda muka yi alkawari a baya, shine mu kare wannan zango da bayani kan yadda za ayi mai karatu ya kare kwamfutarsa daga wadannan miyagu da abinda suke yadawa. A yau zamu kawo bayani kan hanyoyin da ake bi don yin hakan.

Hanyoyin Magance Zazzabin Kwamfuta

Akwai hanyoyi da dama da ake bi wajen yin hakan, wadanda ke kunshe cikin matakai biyu; matakin farko ya kunshi hanyoyin kare kwamfuta daga shigar wadannan cututtuka ko matsaloli. Ma’ana, matakan da zaka bi wajen kare kwamfutarka kafin ta kamu da kowace irin kwayar cuta ce. Sai mataki na biyu wanda ya kunshi yin magani bayan samuwar cutar. A kan haka zamu tafiyar da kasidar yau, don samun cikakkiyar fahimta cikin sauki.

Kafin Kamuwa

Rigakafi, inji Hausawa, ya fi magani. Dukkan lokitocin duniya sun yarda cewa hanya mafi sauki wajen magance kowace irin cuta ita ce ta hanyar rigakafi ; ma’ana ta hanyar kariya daga kamuwa daga cutar ma gaba daya. Dangane da rayuwar kwamfuta, wannan mataki ya kunshi yin amfani da duk wata dabara ko masarrafar kariya don kare kwamfutarka daga kamuwa daga cututtukan da ke haddasa mata zazzabi ko rasa ruhinta ma gaba daya. Daga cikinsu akwai yin kaffa-kaffa wajen shigarwa ko zuba mata bayanai ta amfani da dukkan ma’adanan shigarwa ko zubawa, irin su Floppy Disk, da Flash Disk, da faifan CD/DVD, ko kuma Zip Disk. Dukkan wadannan hanyoyi ne ko ma’adanar shigar da bayanai cikin kwamfuta, kuma idan suna dauke da kwayoyin cutar kwamfuta, to ba makawa idan ka sanya su cikin kwamfutarka, zata debo su, ba tare da ka sani ba. Haka idan kana amfani da fasahar Bluetooth wajen shigar da bayanai ko mika su, daga kwamfutarka zuwa wata kwamfutar ko kuma wayar salula, dole ne kayi hankali. Don idan akwai wata kwamfuta ko wayar salula mai dauke da kwayoyin cutar kwamfuta a kusa, tana kunne da fasahar Bluetooth dinta, taka na iya kamuwa nan take. Haka idan ta hanyar fasahar Infra-red ne. Bayani kan wadannan sun gabata tuni. Har wa yau, dole kayi hankali idan kana yawan amfani da kwamfutarka wajen shiga Intanet. Wannan ma ita ce hanya mafi sauki wajen kamuwa da wadannan kwayoyin cuta masu hallakarwa. Dole ka zama mai lura wajen shiga wasu gidajen yanar sadarwa, da rariyar likau (Web Link) da zaka rinka matsawa a halin ziyararka cikin gidajen yanar sadarwa. Sannan idan kai mai son sauko (download) da manhajoji ne ko masarrafar kwamfuta zuwa taka kwamfutar ta hanyar Intanet, dole ka tabbata manhajojin da kake saukowa amintattu ne kuma daga amintattun gidajen yanar sadarwa kake saukosu. In ba haka ba kana iya sauko da manhaja mai tattare da kwayoyin cuta masu hallakarwa. Haka idan kana ta’ammali da wasikar hanyar sadarwa, watau Imel, wajen budo sakonninka. Akwai sakonni masu dauke da makalutu, watau Email Attachment. Su ma dole ne ka zama mai kaffa-kaffa wajen budo su, musamman idan baka san wanda ya aiko maka su ba. Galibi suna dauke da kwayoyin cutar kwamfuta da manhajojin leken asiri, watau Spyware. Don haka, idan ka samu sako mai makalutu, kuma baka san wanda ya aiko maka ba, kawai ka goge shi, kada ma ka budo.

Daga cikin hanyoyin kariya har wa yau, akwai yin amfani da manhajojin ganowa da goge kwayoyin cutar kwamfuta da manhajojin leken asiri, watau Antivirus Programs, ko kuma Antispy Programs. Wadannan manhajoji ne masu gano duk wata kwayar cuta da ke iya shiga can kwakwalwar babbar manhajar kwamfutarka ta Windows, wanda ake kira Windows Registry. Shi wannan bigire, shine sashen kwakwalwar babbar manhajarka mai lura da dukkan aikace-aikacen da kwamfutarka ke yi, a dukkan lokuta. Muddin wannan sashe yana lafiya lau, to baka da matsala. Amma da zarar an samu wani bakon lamari ya shige shi, wanda zai canza masa tsari, to yanzu zaka nemi lafiyar kwamfutarka ka rasa. Abin bakin ciki, su wadannan kwayoyin cutar kwamfuta, da zarar sun shigo, can suke zuwa su buya, musamman manhajar leken asiri. Idan suka shige cikin wannan wuri, ba za ka iya goge su ta dadi ba. Domin suna yin tasiri ne wajen canza kwakwalwar, tare da toshe maka hanyoyin goge su ko hana su aikin su, kamar dai yadda bayani ya gabata a baya. Babu mai iya kare wannan bigire, sai ire-iren wadannan manhajoji na goge kwayoyin cutar kwamfuta, watau Antivirus Programs. To dole ne ka mallaki guda daya a kwamfutarka don kare ta daga ire-iren wadannan musibu. Shahararru cikin su sune: McAfee, da Norton Antivirus, da kuma Kerspesky. Idan ka sanya su cikin kwamfutarka, aiki iri uku suke yi: na farko, suna da tsarin da ke lura da kuma gano duk wata bakuwar manhaja ko cutar kwamfuta da ke iya shigowa cikinta. Wannan tsari shi ake kira On-Access Scan. Muddin kwamfutarka a kunne take, to wannan tsari na nan yana gudana. Ba ka bukatar sai ka haddasa samuwarsa, sam. Shi wannan tsari yana nan da’iman; a Intanet kake ko a’a. Idan ma wasu bayanai ka shigar ta hanyar ma’adanai irin su Flash Disk, mai dauke da kwayar cutar kwamfuta, yanzu zai fadakar da kai, ta hanyar cillo maka bayani, bayan ya goge kwayar cutar. Ga sakon da na samu nan kasa, lokacin da na sanya wa kwamfuta ta ma’adanar shigar da bayanai ta Flash, don aiwatar da wasu aiyuka. Ashe ma’adanar na dauke da kwayoyin cutar kwamfuta ban sani ba. Ina amfani da manhajar McAfee ce. A cikin sakon, wannan tsari ya sanar da ni sunan kwayar cutar, da nau’inta (Trojan ce), da kuma ranar da abin ya faru, da muhallin da take. Aiki na biyu da wannan manhaja ke yi shine gano maka dukkan wasu kwayoyin cututtuka da ke makare cikin kwamfutarka, wadanda tsarin farko bai gano su ba. Wannan tsari na biyu kai ne za ka haddasa shi da kanka, duk sanda kake bukatar yin hakan. Idan ya gano maka su, zai baka cikakken bayani kan kowanne, sai ya baka damar gogewa ko share duk wanda kake so. Kai hatta wasu manhajoji ko jakunkunan bayanai masu barazana ga lafiyar kwamfutar (Potentially Harmful Programs/Files), duk zai sanar da kai su. Idan kaga dama, sai kayi abinda kake so dasu. Wannan tsari shi ake kira On-Demand Scan. Sannan, su wadannan manhajoji masu wannan aiki suna tattare ne da wata rumbu mai dauke da sunayen duk wata kwayar cutar kwamfuta da ke zamani a wannan lokaci ko wacce ta wuce. Kuma a duk lokacin da suka samu wata sabuwar cuta, sukan taskance sunanta a gidan yanar sadarwarsu ne, wannan ke nuna dole ka rika nemo bayanai kan sabbin kwayoyin cutar. Yin hakan shi ake kira Update, kuma ta hanyar manhajar zaka rika yin hakan. Da wannan zaka rika samun kariya kusan a dukkan lokuta.

Bayan manhajojin ganowa da goge kwayoyin cutar kwamfuta, akwai kuma masarrafar ganowa da goge manhajar leken asiri, watau Antispy Software. Su ma duk tsarin aikin su iri daya ne da wadanda suka gabace su. Akwai Windows Defender, ta kamfanin Microsoft, wadda kuma ke zuwa cikin babbar manhajar Windows. Duk sabbin kwamfutoci masu babbar manhajar Windows na zuwa da ita. Idan baka da wannan manhaja, ka iya zuwa gidan yanar sadarwar Microsoft (www.microsoft.com), don ka samu taka. Bayan wannan kuma akwai Spyware Doctor. Wadannan su ne shahararrun masarrafar ganowa da goge manhajar leken asiri ko kuma manhajojin da ‘yan Dandatsa ke amfani dasu wajen yada sakonnin bogi, watau Spamware. Har wa yau, cikin kariyar da zaka iya baiwa kwamfutarka kafin kamuwa da kwayoyin cutar kwamfuta ko manhajar leken asiri, akwai manhajar garkuwar wuta, watau Firewall Program. Ita wannan manhaja aikinta shine lura da dukkan koguna da kwamfutarka ke amfani dasu wajen karba ko aikawa da sakonni, watau System Ports. Muddin kwamfutarka a jone take da Intanet ko wani gajeren zango na kwamfutoci (Local Area Network), to fa dole ne ka samu wasu sojoji masu lura da dukkan hanyoyin da bayanai ke iya bi don isowa gareta. Aikin garkuwar wuta shine toshe duk wani sako ko manhaja ko wata jakar bayanai da ke kokarin shigowa kwamfutarka ba tare da izini ba, sai wadanda ka wanke kace ba matsala, su kadai za a bari. Akwai Windows Firewall, wadda ke zuwa cikin dukkan babbar manhajar kwamfuta ta Windows. Galibin masana harkar tsaron bayanai basu cika yarda da wannan manhaja ba don sakacinta yayi yawa, a cewarsu. Amma duk da haka tana aiki iya gwargwado. Sai kuma shahararriyar manhajar garkuwar wuta mai suna Zone Alarm. Duk wadda ka tanada ta yi. Bayan duk wannan, yana da kyau ka rika taskance bayananka a wani wuri dabam, don kauce wa asarar gaba-daya idan matsala ta faru. Sai ka samu wasu ma’adanar da zaka rika tara dukkan bayananka ciki (Backup) duk sanda kayi aiki. Ko dai ma’adanar Flash, ko CD/DVD Rewritable/Recordable, ko kuma ma’adanar kwamfuta ta tafi-da-gidanka, watau External Hard Drive. Abu na karshe a wannan mataki shine, ka rika tace kwamfutarka a duk mako ko duk wata, tare da nemo sabbin manhajojin kara kuzari daga Microsoft, watau Windows Update, don tabbatar da cewa bata kamu ba.

Bayan Kamuwa

Idan kuma bayan duk wannan kokari da kayi, ba a tsira ba sai da kwamfutar ta kamu, to sai mataki na biyu. Da farko dai, ba abin mamaki bane bayan duk wannan kariya da kake dasu a kwamfutarka, kuma ta kamu da kwayoyin cuta; ya danganta da irin amfanin da kake da ita, da wuraren da kake shiga, da kuma irin nau’in kwayar cutar da ta kamu dashi. Bayanan da muka gabatar cikin makonnin baya kadai sun isa dalili. Idan ka gane ta kamu ko ta hanyar tacewa (scanning) ko kuma ta sakonnin da suke bayyana don sanar da kai hakan, to in zai yiwu, sai ka cire kwamfutar daga giza-gizan sadarwa ta Intanet, idan a jone take. Domin galibin kwayoyin cutar kwamfuta kan samu tasiri ne idan kwamfutar na jone da Intanet (musamman manhajar leken asiri). Bayan haka sai ka rufe dukkan wasu ayyuka da kake yi, ka kwafe dukkan bayanan ka in har zaka iya isa garesu. Idan ka gama wannan, sai kayi kokarin ganowa da goge su ta hanyar manhajar Antivirus/Antispy. In kananan kwari ne, zaka ci nasara wajen goge su, kwamfutarka ta koma yadda take. To amma idan sun yi nisa wajen tasiri kan kwakwalwar kwamfutar fa? Ma’ana sun shige can cikin Windows Registry? A nan sai kayi abinda ake kira Windows Repair. Sai ka nemo faifan CD da kwamfutar tazo dashi, ka sanya mata, sai ka kashe kwamfutar ka sake kunna ta. Idan ta taso, zata kalli wannan faifai da ka sanya mata, sai ta tambayeka: “shin, goge babbar manhajar kake son yi don sanya sabo, ko kuma gyara wadda ke ciki ?” Sai ka matsa zabin gyara (repair). Kana matsawa, da kanta zata gyara kanta, sai kwamfutar ta koma yadda take kafin kamuwa, ba tare da ta goge maka dukkan bayanai ko tsare-tsaren da ka mata a baya ba. Sai dai a wasu lokuta kana iya haduwa da miyagun kwayoyin cuta, masu taurin rai. Ko ka gyara babbar manhajar, baza su mutu ba. A yanayi irin wannan, baka da zabi sai dai ka goge ruhin da ke cikinta, don sanya mata sabo. In sun iya ruwa, ai basu iya tabo ba!

Kammalawa

Wannan a takaice shine bayani kan yadda ake magance kwayoyin cutar kwamfuta ko kuma manhajar leken asiri, masu yin ta’addanci da zalunci ga ruhi da kwakwalwar kwamfutarka. Wannan kasida, har wa yau, ita ta kawo mu karshen dogon bayanin da muka ta kwararowa makonni goma da suka gabata kan kwayoyin cutar kwamfuta da ‘yan Dandatsa da tsarin aikinsu. Idan Allah Ya kaimu mako mai zuwa zamu dubi wani fannin kuma, don ci gaba da ilmantuwa kan wannan fanni na fasahar sadarwa ta zamani. A ci gaba da kasancewa tare da mu.