Mu Leka Duniyar 'Yan Dandatsa

Matashiya

Na tabbata mai karatu na tare da mu cikin wannan bayani da muke yi na ‘Yan Dandatsa da irin tsarin ayyukan su. Mun ce ‘yan Dandatsa kwararru ne kan harkan kwamfuta da abinda ya shafi ruhinta, masu amfani da kwarewarsu wajen shiga kwamfutocin mutane ba tare da izni ba, a nesa ne ko a kusa ; masu aiko ma kwamfutoci cututtuka da dama, don satan bayanai ko aikin leken asiri. A takaice dai mutane ne masu mummnunan manufa wajen kwarewarsu. A yau, kamar yadda muka yi alkawari a makon da ya gabata, zamu leka duniyar su ne don sanin hakikanin tsarin rayuwar su : irin sunayaye ko lakubban su, gidajen yanar sadarwar su, shahararrun littafai kan aikin su, dabi’un su da addinin su na dandatsanci da kuma shahararru cikin finafinan da aka yi kan sana’arsu. Ga fili ga mai doki.

Tsarin Tunanin su

Su wadannan mutane, ‘yan adam ne kamar sauran mutane, illa dai suna da wani tunani da ya sha banban da na sauran masu sana’ar ginawa da kuma tsara manhajan kwamfuta irin su. A yayin da sauran ‘yan uwansu ke tafiyar da sana’arsu ta hanyar gina manhaja tare da cikakken hakkin mallaka, watau Copyright, su suna ganin bai dace ba a ce don ka kirkiri manhaja, kai za ka mallake shi kai kadai, sai wanda ka sayar masa. Suna ganin duk mai wata fasaha ko wani ilimi ; littafi ne ko finafinan bidiyo, ko kuma masarrafa ne na kwamfuta, dole ne ya sako dabarun da yayi amfani dasu (Source Codes), don kowa ya kwafa, ya canza, ya kuma sarrafa shi yadda yake so. Wannan tsari da suke kira gareshi shi ake kira Open Source. Idan kuwa ka gina masarrafa ka boye, to duk inda ka ajiye shi, muddin yana cikin kwamfuta a duniyan nan, zasu shiga su sato shi, su raba ma jama’a ko duk wani mai bukata. Idan littafi ne ma haka ne, zasu sace, ta hanyar P2P su kuma raba ma duk mai so. Wannan tunani nasu yayi daidai da tunani irin na ‘yan gurguzu, watau Socialists. Shi yasa idan ka samu mujallar su mai suna : 2600 Hackers Quarterly, zaka samu shahararrun kalmomin shugaban ‘yan gurguzu na duniya, watau Karl Max, masu nuna cewa arzikin kasa, ko waye ya samo su, to na kowa da kowa ne.

Tarbiyyar su

Watakil mai karatu yayi mamakin jin cewa wadannan mutane suna da wani abu mai suna tarbiyya. Ai tarbiyyar da ake nufi a nan, ita ce ladubban tafiyar da sana’ar da suke kai na dandatsanci. Da farko dai idan ma suna da addinai nasu (kamar Kiristanci ko Yahudanci ko Musulunci), to suna da wani addini daban mai suna Zen. Ban sani ba, watakil bai kamata a kira shi addini ba. Amma wani tsarin tunani ne mai tattare da amince wa yiwuwar duk wani abinda kwakwalwa bazai yarda da yiwuwar sa ba. Suka ce idan ba ka iya tunani kan yiwuwar komai a duniyan nan, to baka cika dan Dandatsa ba. Dole ka yarda cewa kana iya yin komai da dabarun ka. Kalmar ‘komai’ a nan na nufin duk wani tsari na ta’addanci ne da iya-shege. Har wa yau, mutane ne masu son yin ba daidai ba, masu kaifin hadda, masu iya lissafi da kididdiga, masu yawan sauraron wakoki na wasu mawaka da suka killace, masu kwarewa wajen iya rubutu da karatu, masu sha’awan tsarin dambace-dambace daban daban na duniya, (irin su Tae Kwon Do, Karate, Kung Fu, da Akido). A takaice dai mutane ne marasa tsoro da son kuru da tsaurin ido.

Nau’ukan su

Sun kasu kashi biyu ne ; akwai kwararru, wadanda asalin su sun kware ne kan harkan kwamfuta da manhajojin ta, kuma da wannan suke ci ko suka ci abinci a farkon rayuwarsu. Amma daga baya sai suka zaban ma kan su wannan hanya mummuna a matsayin sana’a. Wadannan, su ake kira Black Hat Hackers. (Su kuma kwararru makamantan su da suka zabi hanyar cin halal da zaman lafiya da kwarewan su, su ake kira White Hat Hackers). Su Black Hat Hackers sune masu gina manhajojin sata da leken asiri, su ne masu gina manhajojin kai hari ta amfani da tsarin DDoS, da ma dukkan wani manhaja na dandatsanci ga kwamfuta. Sai kuma wadanda suka tsinci sana’ar a rana, masu amfani da tsintattun masarrafan ta’addanci da suka tsinto daga Intanet. Galibin su idan sun kai hari a wata kwamfuta, a kan gane. Su wadannan, su ake kira Script Kiddies. Watau kamar kace ‘yan kananan kwari, masu takaitacciyar barna.

Kwararrun Cikin su

Kada ka raba daya biyu, wadanda suka fi kwarewa wajen iya dandatsanci (Hacking) a duniya su ne ‘yan kasar Rasha, wannan da tabbacin duk wani dan Dandatsa a duniya. Hakan ya faru ne kuwa saboda Allah Ya hore musu kwarewa wajen fannin lissafi (Mathematics) – don kasar Rasha ce ke da makarantar fannin lissafi mafi girma a duniya - su ke ba kamfanonin caca na kasar Ingila tsananin ciwon kai ; su ne ke da kwarewa wajen iya darkake kwamfuta a ko ina take, ta amfani da makamin Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), wanda bayaninsa ya gabata makonni biyu da suka wuce ; su suka fi kowa iya sata ta hanyar kwamfuta ; su suka fi sauran ‘yan dandatsa kwarewa da hazaka wajen aikin. A duniya an yarda kasar Isra’ila na daya cikin masu karfi kan fannin sadarwa ta kwamfuta. Hakan ya faru ne da taimakon ‘yan dandatsan kasar Rasha. Dalili kan dukkan wannan kuwa shine, a duniya kasar Rasha ce tafi kowace kasa yawan kwararru kan sana’ar ginawa da kuma lura da manhajan kwamfuta, watau Computer Programmers. Amma duk da yawan su, galibin su basu da sana’a tsayayye kan harkan, don haka sai suka shiga dandatsanci kawai.

Tsarin Zumunci a Tsakanin su

Mutane ne masu son zumunci a tsakanin su ; abokin biri, kare ; abokin damo, guza. Ko basu taba ganin ka ba, idan suka ga sakon ka na dauke da tsarin lafazin su, zasu so kawance da kai. Suna shirya babban taron su a duk shekara, wanda suke kira Hacker on Planet Earth Conference, watau HOPE, kuma sun fara wannan taro ne tun shekarar 1994. . A wannan rana kusan duk wani dan Dandatsa da ke Amurka da sauran kasashen Turai (wasu ma daga Asiya) sukan taru, a gabatar da kasidu da makaloli kan yadda sana’arsu za ta ci gaba da kasancewa. Suna kuma taruwa ne a daya daga cikin manyan Otal din birnin New York, mai suna Hotel Pennsylvania. Kusan duk shekara sai an kai musu samame a wajen wannan taro, amma sun ki dainawa. A karshe dai, hukumar gwamnatin Amurka karkashin Bush ta yanke shawaran rusa Otal din ma gaba daya, don a cewarta, tsohon gini ne da ya tare hanya, kuma yana haddasa cinkoso a Unguwar Manhattan da ke birnin New York. Babban Magana!

Wuraren Shakatawan su

Kaman kowa, ‘yan Dandatsa na bukatar shakatawa, don samun sararawa daga fitintinun jami’an tsaro da ke bin su sau da kafa a dukkan lokuta. Tabbas sukan je gidan rawa da wuraren shakatawa, amma babu inda suka fi samun sakewa irin Intanet, don a nan ne suke haduwa, su yada ilimin sana’arsu a tsakanin su, su taimaka wa junansu, su tattauna kan matsalar su kafin babban taro, su nemo sabbin hanyoyin warware wasu matsaloli da ke ci musu tuwo a kwarya. Wasu cikin wuraren sun hada da http://.talk.hope.net, da http://www.lifehacker.com, da dai sauran su.

Tsarin Lakubban su

Mutane ne masu bad-da-kama, ba su son a san ko su waye ne. Idan ba sana’arsu kake ba, baka isa ka san halin da suke ciki ba. Wannan tasa suke amfani da lakabi ko lakubba, watau Handles, wajen sadarwa a tsakanin su da sauran mutane. Su daman galibi a duniyar karkashin kasa suke, inda suke cin kasuwansu da tsinke. Don haka bai sayi wuri ba ka ga sunaye irinsu: Major Lump, ko Cliff, ko Cadet Crusher, ko Xyzzy, ko BillSF, ko EvilBrak, ko Natas, ko dNight, ko Local Luminary, ko Comfreak da dai sauran lakubba marasa ma’ana ga makaranci. Amma su a garesu, hatta harafin 0 na da ma’ana a garesu.

Shahararrun Littafai kan su

Akwai littafai da dama da aka rubuta kan tsarin sana’arsu da kuma yadda suke haukatar da kwamfuta da sauran dabarun da suke amfani dasu. Wasu littafan tsoffin ‘yan Dandatsa ne suka rubuta, wadanda suka tuba daga sana’arsu. Wasu kuma masana ne kan harkan tsaron lafiyar kwamfuta da bayanai, watau Computer Security Analysts. Akwai littafi mai suna Botnets: The Killer Web App, wanda Craig A. Schiller da wasu marubuta suka rubuta shekarar da ta gabata. Littafi ne musamman kan tsarin ROBOT NETWORK da ‘yan Dandatsa ke amfani dashi wajen sojantar da kwamfutocin mutane, suna basu umarni daga nesa. Sai kuma ga Internet Denial of Service: Attack and Defense Mechanisms, wanda Jeleena Mirkovic, Seven Dietrich, David Dittrick da kuma Peter Reiher, suka rubuta cikin shekarar 2004. Wannan littafi ne na musamman kan yadda ‘yan dandatsa ke amfani da makamin DDoS, wajen darkake kwamfutocin kamfanoni ko mutane, don cin ma burinsu. A shekarar 2005 kuma sai ga littafin Rootkits: Subverting the Windows Kernel. Wannan littafi ne da ke nuna yadda ake shigar da manhajan leken asiri cikin kwamfuta mai dauke da babban manhajan Windows, ya yi iya adadin shekaru ko tsawon lokacin da mai shi ke so, ba tare da sanin mai kwamfutar ba. Greg Hoglund da James Butler ne suka rubuta shi. Sai kuma wani littafi mai suna: Hacking: The Art of Exploitation, na John Erikson, wanda ya rubuta cikin shekarar 2003. Akwai kuma The Art of Intrusion: Real Stories Behind the Exploit of Hackers, Intruders, & Deceivers, wanda tsohon dan Dandatsa Kevin Mitnick da abokinsa Williams Simon, suka rubuta a shekarar 2005. Idan ba a manta ba, Kevin Mitnick shine wanda ya watsa gamammiyar kwayar cutar kwamfuta da satan bayanai a shekarar 1995, wacce ta sato masa lambobin katin adashin bankin mutane har dubu ashirin. An kama shi, akai ta shari’a, daga karshe dai lauyansa yaci nasara aka sake shi. Bayan nan shine ya tuba da Dandatsanci, ya zauna ya rubuta wannan littafi mai dauke da labaru tabbatattu na ‘yan Dandatsa; hira yake zuwa yayi dasu, yana taskance hiran, daga karshe ya tsara littafin. Amma ya boye dukkan sunayen su don tsaro. Sai kuma littafin Maximun Security: A Hacker’s Guide to Protecting Your Internet Site and Network, na wani tsohon dan Dandatsa, wanda shima ya taba shiga hannun hukuma sanadiyyar dandatsancin da yayi ma wasu bankuna kan injin katin adashin bankin su, watau ATM Card Machine. Bai bayyana sunan sa ba a littafin, balle shekarar da ya rubuta. Idan ka samu wannan littafi, dandatsanci kuma sai dai ka koya ma wani. Amma fa sai kana da kayayyakin aikin da kuma mummunar manufar. Sai littafi mai saukin karatu ga masu karatu, watau Hacking for Dummies, na Kevin Beaver, ya fito cikin shekarar 2004. Littafi ne da aka rubuta da kyakkyawan manufa, don baiwa masu karatu daman sanin yadda zasu kare kan su daga ‘yan Dandatsa. Sai kuma Hacker Disassembling Uncovered, na Kris Kaspersky. Wannan littafin ba na karatun kowa da kowa bane, sai kwararru. Cikin shekarar 2003 aka fitar dashi. Sai littafi na karshe, wanda kirkirarren labari ne (Fiction), kan tsarin da ‘yan Dandatsa ke bi wajen sana’ar su, a aikace. Wannan littafin shine: Stealing the Network: How to Own a Shadow, wanda Johnny Long da abokan sa suka rubuta. A kan asalin ‘yan Dandatsa, watau Black Hat Hackers, aka rubuta shi.

Shahararrun Fina-finai kan su

Akwai fina-finai da dama da aka yi kan sana’ar dandatsanci (Hacking), kuma sun yi tasiri wajen kara yawan masu sha’awan wannan sana’a, hatta cikin wadanda basu da manufa irin tasu. Fim na farko da aka fara yi shine Tron, wanda aka shirya shi cikin shekarar 1982. Jarumin fim din, Jeff Bridges, masani ne kan kwamfuta da manhajojin ta a wani kamfani, wanda ya rubuta manhajan wasan kwamfuta (Video Game), uban gidan sa ya karbe, ya kuma kore shi, shi kuma ya kai farmaki cikin zangon kwamfutocin ma’aikatan, don daukan fansa. Sai War Games, wanda shi kuma a shekarar 1983 aka shirya shi. Jarumin fim din shine David Lightman, wanda dan dandatsa ne da ke amfani da kwamfutarsa wajen kai farmaki cikin kwamfutocin hukumar tsaro na Amurka. Ana shiga shekarar 1985 kuma sai ga Real Genuis, wanda ke nuna wasu yara ‘yan jami’a, masana harkan kwamfuta da manhajojin ta, inda suka haura da wani farfesan makarantar, kan wata fasaha da suka kirkira don amfanin makarantar, amma ya dauke ya sayar wa hukumar sojin Amurka, inda suka fara amfani dashi wajen habbaka makamashin nokiliya (Nuclear Power Plant). Suna ganin haka sai suka yi maza wajen kai hari ga kwamfutar da ke dauke da asalin dabarun fasahar, suka bata tsarin aiki da fasahar, don ramuwar gayya. Sai fim din Sneakers, shiri na farko da ke dauke da tsarin yadda ake yaudaran mai amfani da kwamfuta wajen satar kalmomin iznin shigan sa (Passwords). Wannan tsari ko fanni shi ake kira Reverse Engineering, a ilimin harkan tsaron kwamfuta, kuma da shi ne galibin ‘yan dandatsa ke amfani wajen satan bayanan sirrin mutane a Intanet. Wannan fim ya fito ne cikin shekarar 1992. Cikin shekarar 1995 kuma sai ga shirin Goldeneye, wanda ya fitar da James Bond, shahararren dan fim kan harkan kuru da sai da rai, a matsayin Jarumi. A ciki, wasu shahararrun ‘yan dandatsan kasar Rasha ne suka sace wata jirgin saman shawagi (Helicopter) mai dauke da komatsen sadarwa na zamani tare da tauraron dan adam, wanda kuma ke da karfin tarwatsa kowace irin kwamfuta ce daga nisan mil sama da dari, cikin dakika guda. Wannan shine fim na farko da ke nuna yadda ake hayan ‘yan Dandatsa wajen ta’addanci, kuma shagube ne ga wani sa-in-sa da aka taba yi tsakanin kasar Amurka da kasar Jamus, lokacin da hukumar gwamnatin Jamus tayi amfani da ‘yan dandatsa wajen sato mata wasu sirrika cikin kwamfutocin tsaron kasar Amurka a shekarar 1986. A wannan shekara ne dai har wa yau, wani fim mai suna Hackers, ya fito, wanda musamman aka shirya shi don nuna hakikanin dandatsanci. Wani masanin kwamfuta ne ya samar da kwayoyin cutar kwamfuta (Computer Virus) masu tarin yawa, yake neman aika su cikin kwamfutocin wasu kamfanoni don samun kudade masu dimbin yawa, amma yaran sa da yake koyarwa suka ki, aka ta hayaniya. A bangare daya kuma ga jami’an tsaro na neman su, don labarin ya fito fili, su kuma suna can suna ta hayaniya da mai gidan su. A karshe dai sun yi nasara wajen hana shi watso wadannan kwayoyin cuta, tare da kare kansu daga jami’an tsaro. Wannan shine shiri na farko da ya nuna ‘yar dandatsa mace, wanda shahararriyar ‘yar fim mai suna Angelina Jolie ta fito a madadi. Kafin shekarar ta kare kuma, sai ga fim din The Net, wanda shahararriyar ‘yar wasa Sandra Bullock ta fito a matsayin jaruma. Tana da kawa wacce suka hadu ta Intanet, rannan ta aiko mata da wani sako ta hanyar Imel. Kafin ta karanta sakon, sai ta samu labarin an hallaka wannan kawa nata. Sai tai maza ta bude wannan sako. Tana budewa sai ta ci karo da wasu kuramen bakake da aka rikidar dasu ta amfani da tsarin Encryption. Daga nan tayi ta hakilon neman wanda zai gano mata bakin zare kan wannan sako mai cike da hatsari. Wannan fim din bai samu darakta kwararre kan harkan kwamfuta da manhajojin ta ba, don galibin jaruman da ke ciki sun yi ta cakuda ma’anar Internet Protocol (IP) ; a wasu lokuta su ce ‘IP’, wasu lokuta kuma su ce ‘PI’. Har wa yau, akwai rashin tunani da sanayya kan tsarin ma’adanan kwamfuta, inda wani yayi kokarin shigar da bayanai da mizanin su ya kai biliyan daya (1 gigabyte), cikin ma’adar Floppy Disk, wacce duk mizanin ta bai shige miliyan daya da rabi ba. Duk da haka fim dim ya kayatar ta wasu bangarorin, musamman wajen nuna cewa dan dandatsa na iya sato bayanai daga kowace irin kwamfuta ce, a kusa take ko nesa dashi. Ana shiga shekarar 1999 kuma sai ga shahararren fim din nan mai suna The Matrix. Shine fim na farko da ke nuna gamammen tasirin kwamfuta a rayuwar al’umma a duniya gaba daya. Jarumi Keanu Reeves, masanin kwamfuta ne mai lura da kwamfutocin wani babban kamfani , amma idan dare yayi, sai ya hadu da wani abokin sa mai suna Neo, wanda shahararren dan dandatsa ne, su yi ta dandatsanci cikin kwamfutocin jama’a. Wannan fim na nuna cewa galibin masana manhajan kwamfuta (Computer Programmers) kan taba dandatsanci lokaci-lokaci. Wannan fim har yau ya dada nuna irin yadda duniya ta kusa gamewa wajen dogaro da fasahar kwamfuta da sauran nau’ukan hanyoyi ko kayayyakin sadarwa. Fim na karshe kan ‘yan Dandatsa kuma shine AntiTrust, wanda ya fito cikin shekarar 2001. Jarumi Ryan Phillippe na gama karatun sa kan kwamfuta da manhajojin ta, sai ya samu aiki a kamfanin Tim Robbins, shugaban wani kamfani mai kera fasahar sadarwa da leken asiri ta hanyar tauraron dan adam. Yana kan kera wani babban na’ura kan wannan fasaha, wanda kuma Ryan ne ke lura da dukkan shirin da ma kwamfutocin kamfanin gaba daya, sai ya lura cewa Tim na amfani da wannan fasaha ne wajen aikin leken asiri kan abokan hamayyansa masu irin wannan sana’a, wanda kuma wannan ya saba ma doka. Ana cikin haka ne, sai shugaban wannan kamfani ya kashe wani cikin abokan Ryan, wanda a ganin sa yana kawo masa cikas ne. Ana cikin haka sai Ryan yayi amfani da kwarewarsa na gina manhajan kwamfuta (Programming), don bata wannan tsari ma gaba daya. A karshe ya kuma fallasa wannan mugun ta’ada da Tim ke yi a kamfanin sa, inda ya aika ma kafafen watsa labaru bayanai, su kuma suka yada ta kowa yaji. Wannan fim, kamar fim din Goldeneye da ya gabace shi, shagube ne ga kamfanin Microsoft, inda galibin kamfanoni da ma hukumomi ke kuka da ita wajen gaje kasuwannin hanyoyi da kayayyakin fasahar sadarwa a kasar Amurka da ma Turai. Taken fim dim ma kadai ya isa sheda kan haka.

Kammalawa

A halin yanzu na tabbata mai karatu ya gamsu iya gwargwado da takaitattun bayanan da muka ta korowa kan wannan sana’a na dandatsanci da masu yinsa. Idan Allah Ya kai mu mako na gaba, zamu karkare bayani kan hanyoyin da mai karatu zai iya bi wajen tsare kwamfutar sa daga wannan mutane da ma ayyukan su gaba daya. Idan da akwai tambayoyi sai a rubuto ta Imel ko text ko kuma a bugo kamar yadda aka saba. Lambar wayar mu ita ce 08034592444; adireshin Imel kuma kamar yadda aka sani, shine fasaha2007@yahoo.com. Idan an samu shiga giza-gizan sadarwa ta Intanet, sai a ziyarci mudawwanar wannan shafi, a http://fasahar-intanet.blogspot.com. A ci gaba da kasancewa tare da mu.