Tarihi da Nau'ukan Tauraron Dan Adam (2)

Ma’ana da Tarihin Tauraron Dan Adam

Tauraron dan Adam, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata, shine duk wata na’ura mai cin gashin kanta da ake harbawa zuwa sararin samaniya don mikawa da karbo bayanan yanayi ko dauko hotunan wasu wurare da dan Adam baya iya kaiwa garesu ta dadi, ko kuma sinsino irin yanayin da muhalli zai kasance a wasu lokuta na dabam. Ire-iren wadannan taurari suna shawagi ne a cikin falakin wannan duniya tamu, ko duniyar wata da taurarin da Allah Ya halitta, ko kuma cikin falakin wasu duniyoyi makamantan namu. A halin wannan shawagi ne suke gudanar da aiyukansu na nemo bayanai, ko karbowa daga wani bangaren wannan duniya don yada bayanan zuwa wasu bangarorin dabam, ko kuma nemo bayanan da ke da nasaba da falakin da suke shawagi a ciki, don aiko sakon da suka taskance zuwa garemu a wannan duniya, ko kuma, a wasu lokutan, su dauko mana hotunan abinda ke faruwa ga manya-manyan tekunan da ke zagaye da mu a duniya gaba daya.

Shi tauraron dan Adam duk karkonsa, ba ya dawwama a muhallin da aka jefa shi ciki don shawagi; yana da muddar rayuwa da aka deba masa. Da zarar aikinsa ya kare, zai dawo wannan duniya tamu, ko kuma, a wasu lokutan ma, yana kan aikinsa sai ya samu matsala ya wargaje ba tare da masu shi sun iya kaiwa gareshi ba. Idan ma ya gama lafiya, yana iya samun matsala wajen shigowa wannan duniya lafiya garau. A takaice dai, duk wani tauraron dan Adam na da iya kwanaki ko watanni ko shekarun da aka deba masa. Sannan yana da irin aikin da aka harba shi ya yi; tauraron dan Adam da ke gano yanayin muhalli da falakin da ke sararin samaniya yana dauke ne da na’urar daukar hoto, wacce ta dace da tsarin aikinsa. Wanda aka harba don gano yanayin zafi ko sanyi na dauke ne da na’urar da ke taimaka masa sinsino yanayin muhallin. Haka wadanda aka harbawa don yada shirye-shiryen gidajen rediyo da talabijin, duk suna da nasu sifa da ta sha bamban da sauran.

An fara harba ire-iren wadannan taurarin wucin-gadi ne zuwa cikin falaki shekaru kusan hamsin da biyu da suka gabata (1957), kuma ya zuwa yanzu, an harba wajen dubunnai masu zuwa don karbowa da aikawa da bayanai ko sinsino yanayi ko kuma dauko hotunan sararin samaniya, don amfanin dan Adam. A karon farko ana amfani ne da roket, mai dauke da kumbo (space shuttle), don cilla wani tauraro zuwa sararin samaniya. Daga baya aka zo ana amfani da jiragen sama masu masifar gudu, duk da yake shi ma wannan tsari na bukatar roket wanda ke harba jirgin zuwa wani mizanin nisa cikin samaniya, kafin wannan jirgi ya ingiza tauraron cikin falaki. Ana cikin haka sai kuma masana kimiyyar sararin samaniyar Amurka suka bullo da wata hanya wacce ta sha bamban da sauran wajen sauki da inganci. Wannan hanya kuwa ita ta cilla tauraron dan Adam daga babbar kumbon tashar binciken sararin samaniya da ke can sararin samaniya, watau US Space Shuttle. Hakan na faruwa ne domin masana na iya kera tauraron dan Adam a halin zamansu cikin wannan kumbo da ke tashar, har su harba shi. Haka idan ya lalace ko ya gama aikinsa, suna iya sanya shi cikin wani kumbo karami don aikowa dashi wannan duniya tamu don a gyara shi yadda ya kamata. Nan gaba, masana harkar falaki a Amurka na tunanin bullo da wani tsari mai suna Single Stage to Orbit, watau “tsalle daya zuwa falaki”, a misali. Wannan tsari zai rage yawan tashoshin da tauraron dan Adam zai bi kafin kaiwa ga falakin da aka umarce shi da zuwa. Idan har suka dace, wannan tsari zai zo ne da kumbon sararin samaniya guda daya, tafkeke, mai iya daukan taurarin dan Adam da dama, don aikawa dasu zuwa cikin falakin da ya dace dasu, cikin harbawa guda!

Tauraron dan Adam na farko da ya fara shiga cikin falakin wannan duniya tamu shine Sputnik 1, wanda kasar Rasha ta harba a ranar 4 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 1957. Wannan tauraro yayi shawagi cikin falaki yana aiko sakonni har tsawon kwanaki ashirin da daya. Bayan ya kamo hanyarsa ta dawowa duniya, sai ya kone a hanya. Hakan ya faru ne ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1958. Daga nan kasar ta sake cilla wani tauraron mai suna Sputnik 2, a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwanba na shekarar 1957 dai har way au. A ciki suka sanya wata karya don gwaji, wacce a karshe ta mace, sa’o’i biyu da harba ta, sanadiyyar tsananin zafin da ke cikin tauraron da aka sanya ta ciki. Tauraron Sputnik 2 ya dawo wannan duniya tamu ranar 14 ga water Afrailun shekarar 1958, inda ya kone bayan ya shigo shi ma. Da ganin haka sai kasar Amurka ta fara narkewa da kishi. Ana cikin haka sai kawai aka ji ita ma ta harba tauraronta na farko zuwa cikin falakin wannan duniya tamu, mai suna Explorer 1, ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1958. Bayan nan ta sake cilla wani tauraro mai suna Discoverer 13, tauraron dan Adam na farko da ya fara zuwa falaki, ya taskance bayanan da yake bukata ta hanyar wata na’ura, sannan ya cillo wannan na’ura zuwa wannan duniya tamu, masu binciken kasar Amurka suka dauka don tantance sakonnin da kalato musu. Wannan aiki ta gudanar dashi ne cikin shekarar 1960, ranar 10 ga watan Agusta. Daga nan sauran kasashe suka biyo baya.

Nau’ukan Tauraron Dan Adam

Akwai nau’ukan tauraron dan Adam da dama a cikin falaki, masu shawagi don gudanar da aiyukan da aka aike su gudanarwa. A halin yanzu ga bayanan nan filla-filla kan dukkan nau’ukan da ake dasu:

Taurarin Sadarwa (Communications Satellites)

Wadannan su ne nau’in taurarin da ke taimakawa wajen zukowa da kuma yada bayanai don sadarwa a duniya gaba daya. An fara harba irin wadannan taurari ne tun shekarar 1962, lokacin da Hukumar Binciken Sararin Samaniya (watau NASA) ta kasar Amurka ta harba tauraron Telstar 1, na kamfanin AT&T. Wannan tauraro ne na musamman mai taimakawa wajen harba sigina da yanayin sadarwar tarho da shirye-shiryen talabijin na kamfanin AT&T. Cikin shekarar 1964 kuma Hukumar Tsaron Kasar (US Department of Defense), ta cilla wani tauraron dan Adam mai tabbata a bigire guda cikin falakinsa, watau geostationary orbit. Wannan tauraro, mai suna Syncom 3, shine na farko da aka taba harbawa mai amfani da wannan tsari. A wuri guda yake, daidai saitin duniya a can sararin samaniya, yana aiko da sakonnin da yake taskancewa lokaci-lokaci. A halin yanzu akwai taurari sama da dari uku masu amfani da wannan tsari, suna aikowa da sakonnin sauti da kuma rubutattun sakonni na shirye-shiryen tashoshin rediyo da talabijin da sakonnin tarho daga muhallin da suke gudana a ciki. Dukkan shirye-shiryen da muke gani daga tashoshin tauraron dan Adam irinsu Al-Jazeerah da BBC da CNN da NTA da sauran tashoshin da muke kallo, duk suna amfani ne da irin wannan nau’i na tauraron dan Adam mai tabbata a muhalli guda, watau geostationary orbit.

Taurarin Gano Bigire da Hangen Nesa (Navigation Satellites)

Wadannan su ne nau’in tauraron dan Adam masu taimakawa wajen gano inda wasu abubuwa (irinsu jiragen ruwa da na sama da motoci) ko halittu (kamar mutane da sauran dabbobi) suke a duniya ko sararin samaniya. Su ake kira Navigation Satellites a turance, kuma kamar sauran wadanda suka gabace su, suna amfani ne da siginar yanayi wajen aikawa da sakonni zuwa cibiyar da ke lura da su a doron kasa, ko duk wani wanda ke dauke da na’urar da ke karban sakonni daga garesu. Da su ake amfani wajen gano inda wani jirgin sama yake, musamman idan ya bace an rasa inda ya shiga; da su ake amfani wajen gano inda wani jirgin ruwa yake a cikin teku. Har wa yau, da wannan nau’in tauraron dan Adam ne ake sanin bigiren da wadannan abubuwa suke. Wadannan taurari na amfani ne da siginar rediyo (radio signals) wajen tunkudo sakonnin da yake taskancewa a halin aikinsa, zuwa wata na’ura da ke nan duniya, mai iya fahimta da kuma fassara wannan sako da suka aiko zuwa rubutattun sakonni da za a iya karantawa. Wadannan fassararrun sakonni sun shafi haruffa da lambobin da ke nuna iya jiha ko bigiren da wadannan taurari suka hango. Misali, idan kana dauke da mota mai dauke da na’urar gano abubuwa (navigation receiver), da zarar ta karbi sakonni daga wadannan taurari, sai ta fassara maka su nan take; a ciki za ka bigiren da kake, a kowace kasa kake kuwa a duniya. Ka kwatanta aikin wannan na’ura da aikin da na’urar karbar siginar tashoshin talabijin tauraron dan Adam da ke dakinka ke yi; kasuwa kaje ka sayo na’urar, tare da kwandon tauraron dan Adam (Satellite Dish) mai taimakawa wajen janyo siginar da taurarin sadarwa ke aikowa duniya. Da zarar ka kunna talabijinka, sai wannan na’ura da a turance muke kira Satellite Receiver ko Decoder, ta karbi siginar, ta sarrafa su zuwa hotuna masu motsi da ke bayyana a fuskar talabijinka. Haka wadannan na’urorin gano bigire ke yi su ma. Da zarar sun karbi sakonnin sigina daga wadannan taurari, sai su sarrafa su zuwa bayanai da ke nuna inda mai dauke da su yake, ko bigiren da wani abu ko halitta take.

Tauraron gano bigire da hangen nesa na farko da ya fara zuwa falaki shine Transit 1B, wanda Hukumar Sojan Ruwa na kasar Amurka ta harba a shekarar 1960. Gwamnatin Amurka ta ci gaba da amfani dashi har zuwa shekarar 1996, inda ta canza shi da wani tsari mai suna Global Positioning System (GPS). Tsarin GPS shine tsarin gano bigire da hangen nesa mai amfani da taurarin dan Adam guda ashirin da hudu, masu aiko sakonnin hangen da suke yi, tare da bayar da bayanai kan bigiren da wani abu yake, a lissafce. Wannan tsari shine na farko wajen inganci a duniya wajen kiyasta bigire da hango muhallin da wani abu yake a duniya ne ko a sararin samaniya. Sai tsarin Global Orbiting and Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), wanda kasar Rasha ta kera. Shi ma, kamar tsarin GPS da ya gabace shi, yana amfani ne da taurarin dan Adam guda ashirin da hudu masu shawagi cikin falaki don tunkudo masa bayanai. A cikin shekarar 2005, Tarayyar Kasashen Turai, watau European Union, ta cilla gungun wasu taurarin gano bigire guda talatin da ta kira da suna Galileo, a wani yunkuri da take yi don kera tsari makamancin GPS da GLONASS. Wannan tsari na gano bigire da hangen nesa zai fara aiki ne cikin shekarar 2009 in Allah Ya kai mu. Kuma za a rika kiran tsarin da suna Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). A halin yanzu akwai na’urar karban bayanai daga ire-iren wadannan taurari da dama da aka kera kuma ake makala ta jikin motoci da ababen hawa. Kai hatta wayoyin salula na zamani akwai masu dauke da wannan na’ura; wacce ake kira GPS Receiver.

Taurarin Gano Yanayin Muhalli (Weather Satellites)

Wadannan su ne nau’in tauraron dan Adam masu dauko hotunan sararin samaniya da irin kai komon da giragizai ke yi, wanda hakan ke nuna daidaito ko tsanantar yanayi sanadiyyar ambaliya ko iska da guguwa mai tsanani. Tauraron dan Adam mai wannan aiki yana dauke ne da na’urar daukar hoto, watau kemara, wacce ke fuskantar sararin samaniyar wannan duniya a kullum. Yana kuma dauke da na’urar sinsino yanayi wajen dumama ko tsanantar sanyi da ruwan sama. Da zarar ya tara bayanai, sai ya tunkudo su zuwa cibiyar da ke lura da shi a nan duniya. Da ire-iren wadannan bayanai ne ake amfani wajen yin hasashen yanayi a kullum (Weather Reports). Ba dole bane sai abinda bayanan suka tabbatar yake tabbata, a a, kamar sauran ilimi, kiyasi kawai suke bayarwa. A iya dacewa, a wasu lokuta kuma Allah Yayi nasa ikon, wanda ke shi ke tabbata a kullum. Ba daskararrun hotuna kadai suke dauka ba, hard a hotuna masu motsi, wadanda ke nuna halin da tekunan duniya suke ciki wajen ambaliya ko natsuwa.

Tauraron dan Adam na farko da aka cillawa zuwa cikin falaki don gudanar wannan aiki shine Television Infrared Observation Satellite, ko TIROS 1, a takaice. Hukumar NASA c eta harba shi cikin shekarar 1960, kuma ya hankado mata hotunan yanayin sararin samaniya samada dubu ashirin da uku. Har way au, ta sake harba wani gungun taurari a wani tsari mai suna Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES), wanda gungun taurari ne masu tabbata a muhalli guda cikin falaki don nazarin muhalli da yanayin tekuna da hazo. Da wannan tsari take samun bayanai kan yanayi a dukkan shekara, ta hadin kai da wani tauraron lura da yanayi mai suna Meteosat 3, wanda Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta harba.

Taurari kan Harkar Soji (Military Satellites)

Su kuma taurari kan harkar soji aikinsu shine tunkudo bayanai da hotuna masu inganci kan irin halin da duniya ke ciki na zaman lafiya ko rashinsa. Ma’ana, duk kasar da cilla tauraron dan Adam don amfanin hukumar sojinta, tayi kan-da-garki ne don samun bayanai kan kowane irin hari ne da wata kasa ko al’umma zasu iya kawo mata. Don haka tauraron dan Adam mai wannan aiki yana dauke da na’urar daukar hoto ne, masu inganci, masu kuma dauko hotunan teku da dukkan sasannin duniya don sanin halin da ake ciki. Hukumar Sojin Amurka na da gungun taurarin dan Adam masu wannan aiki da dama a cikin falaki, masu mika sakonnin Hukumar tsaron kasar da duk inda kasar take da sansani na soji a duniya. Akwai Defense Support Program, wanda ke aiki da wasu taurarin dan Adam a cikin falaki wajen gano duk wani makami da wata kasa ka iya jefo wa kasar Amurka. Kasar Amurka tayi amfani da wadannan taurarin don lura da Gwamnatin marigayi Saddam Hussein a lokacin yakin Gulf, don kauce wa rafkana daga makaman da take tunanin ya mallaka. Har way au, Hukumar Amurka na amfani da wadannan taurari masu kawo rahoton hari, don yada bayanai kan bigire da gano inda wasu abubuwa suke, a tsarin Global Positioning System (GPS). Sai dai kuma, sakonnin da wadannan taurari ke aikowa duniya, ba kowace na’urar sarrafa bayanai ke iya amfani da su ba sai na Hukumar tsaro.

Taurarin Binciken Kimiyya (Scientific Satellites)

Nau’in tauraron dan Adam na karshe shine wanda masana kuma masu bincike kan ilimi kimiyya a jami’o’i ke amfani dashi don samun bayanai kan yadda duniya take da sauran duniyoyin da ke makwabtaka da wannan duniya tamu. Ire-iren wadannan taurarin mafi girman aikinsu shine daukan hotunan duniya da sasanninta, da daukan hotunan tekun da ke zagaye da mu, da daukan taswirar da duniya take kai. Bayan haka, sabanin sauran taurarin da suka gabata masu yin shawagi a cikin falakin wannan duniya tamu kadai, taurarin binciken kimiyya na yin shawagi hatta cikin falakin wata da rana da taurari da kuma sauran duniya makamantar namu. Cikin shekarar 1990 aka harba na’urar hangen nesa mai suna The Hubble Space Telescope, mai shawagi don dauko hotuna na musamman don binciken kimiyya. Bayan wannan duniya da muke ciki, duniyar da wadannan taurari suka fi kai ziyara cikinta ita ce duniyar Mirrik, watau Mars. Wadannan, a takaice, su ne nau’ukan tauraron dan Adam da ake dasu a yanzu.

Tarihi da Nau'ukan Tauraron Dan Adam (1)

Gabatarwa

Watakil mai karatu bai taba damuwa da sanin abinda ke dauko masa hotunan da ke bayyana a fuskar talabijin din gidansa ba, har yake gani, musamman ma shirye-shiryen da ake nuna masa a halin da ake gudanar dasu, watau live programs. Na kuma tabbata, galibi bamu damu da sanin ta ina gidajen talabijin din gida da na kasashen waje ke samun bayanai kan yanayin wannan duniya tamu ba, dangane da zafi ko dumi ko sanyi; a wasu lokuta mukan yi tsammanin zuwan ruwan sama, a wasu lokuta na yini ko dare. Daga ina hukumomin tsaron kasashen duniya (musamman soji) ke samun bayanai kan bigiren da wasu abokan gaba suke, ko irin shirin da suke yi na kawo hari ko makamancin haka? Tsarin sadarwa ta wayar-iska (wireless communication) na tarho da kuma wanda ke hada alaka tsakanin kwamfuta da wata kwamfutar ‘yar uwanta a tsarin Intanet, abubuwa ne masu ban mamaki idan akai wa mai karatu bayani irin wacce kwakwalwarsa za ta iya dauka, kan yadda abin yake. To amma a hakikanin gaskiya, idan aka fito fili don bayyana masa tsarin, yana iya jayayya da labarin, don irin abin ta’ajjabin da ke dauke cikin tsarin. Daga ina na’urorin ke samun abinda ke hada alaka a tsakaninsu, har ma da na’urar wayar salula da mai amfani da ita ke rike da ita. Daga ina muke samun abinda ke sadar da akwatin rediyo ko talabijin din mu da sinadaran sadarwar da muke ji ko gani? Daga ina kwamfutarmu ke janyo sindaran bayanan da muke ta’ammali dasu a gidajen yanar sadarwar da ke dauke cikin wasu kwamfutocin da ke wata duniyar dabam? Duk wannan, idan mai karatu bai sani ba, bai kuma damu da ya tambaya ba, suna samuwa ne ta wasu taurarin wucin-gadi da dan Adam ya cilla ko harba su zuwa sararin samaniyar wannan duniya tamu, masu shawagi na wasu takaitattun lokuta ko zamunna, don haskowa, ko dauko hotuna ko janyo sinadaran sadarwa da cillo su wannan duniya tamu, don amfaninmu. Allah Buwayi gagara-misali!

A takaice, wannan duniya tamu na rayuwa ne ta yin makwabtaka da wasu duniyoyin, na taurari ne rana ko wata ko kuma wasu duniyoyi ne irin wacce muke ciki. Kowanne daga cikin wadannan duniyoyi na gudanuwa ne a wani falaki nasa da ya takaitu dashi. Abinda ake ce wa falaki shine wata hanya abin bi, wacce halittun da ke gudanuwa a sararin samaniya ke bi a halin rayuwarsu. Allah Ya bamu labarin a cikin Kur’ani, cikin Suratu Yasin, cewa: “kuma rana tana tafiya ne zuwa ga wata matabbata nata. Wannan kaddarawar Mabuwayi ne, Masani (watau Allah). Kuma da wata, mun kaddara masa manziloli (masaukai da yake rayuwa cikinsu), har ya koma kamar tsumagiyar murlin dabino. Rana ba ya kamata a gareta ta riski wata. Haka kuma dare ba ya kamata a gareshi ya tsere wa yini; kuma dukkansu cikin wani falaki suke sulmuya.” Kowane daga cikinsu, kamar yadda ayar karshe ta nuna, yana sulmuya (watau iwo ko gudana) ne a cikin wata hanya ko tafarki da ke sama. Wannan tafarki ko hanya ita ce ake kira “falaki” a Hausar kimiyyar sararin samaniya, ko kuma Orbit, a Turance. Yadda gidajenmu ke makwabtaka da juna a wannan duniya tamu, haka su ma wadannan halittu ke makwabtaka da juna. Sai dai su a can, duk da makwabtakan da ke tsakaninsu, kowa da hanyarsa. A wannan duniya da wadannan halittu manya ke rayuwa, akwai iska nau’i iri-iri, akwai sanyi da zafin rana, akwai haske da duhu, sannan akwai nau’ukan sidanarai irin na haske (radiation), da sinadaran maganadisu (magnetic waves), da sinadaran iska (waves) masu kadawa suna janyowa ko aikawa da sakonni daga bigire zuwa bigire, akwai kuma sinadaran maganadisun lantarki (electromagnetic waves), masu barbaran juna don samar da hasken lantarki da muke amfani dashi a wannan duniya tamu.

Sannan a cikin wannan duniya na manyan halittu da bayaninsu ya gabata, akan samu wasu buraguzai na sassan jikin taurarin da muddar rayuwarsu tazo karshe, masu yankewa suna fadowa zuwa wannan duniya da muke ciki, lokaci-lokaci. Wadannan abubuwa masu fadowa wadanda a turance ake kiransu meteorite, asalinsu jiki ne na wasu taurari. Kamar kowace halitta ta Ubangiji, taurari da wata da rana da wannan duniya tamu da ma sauran duniyoyin da ke rayuwa a gurabunsu, na da iya shekaru ko zamanin da Allah Ya ajiye ko yanke musu. Su taurari da zarar sun kare zamaninsu, sai haskensu ya bice, su tsattsage, sai buraguzansu su tarwatse su keto cikin wannan duniya tamu ko wasu wurare dabam, a yanayi irin na duwatsu. Wadannan su ake kira meteoroid, idan sun fado duniyarmu. Amma asalin sunansu kafin fadowarsu wannan duniya tamu shine meteorite, watau buraguzan taurari masu haske. Amma da zarar sun balgace sun keto cikin wannan duniya tamu, sai su sauya launi da yanayi, su zama balgacen dutse mai karfi. A wannan yanayi sunansu meteoroid. Irin wadannan buraguzai ne suka fado cikin jihar Sakkwato a nan Nijeriya shekarun baya. Duk tauraron da kwanakinsa suka kare a muhallinsa, haka yake zama. Daga nan Allah Ya kara hallitan wasu taurarin, su ci gaba da rayuwa, kamar dai yadda muke. Wannan tasa har yanzu malaman kimiyyar sararin samaniya suka kasa gano adadin taurarin da ke sama. Domin a kullum Allah kan halicci wasu ne, bayan wasu sun kwanta dama.

Wadannan, a takaice, su ne abubuwan da ke makare a sararin samaniya, da zarar ka bar wannan duniya tamu. Kuma kamar yadda bayanai suka gabata, kowannensu na makwabtaka ne dan uwansa, amma duk da haka, kowa da tafarkin da yake bi, wanda yake a siffar da’ira ko kuri; ma’ana kewayawa suke a cikin hanyoyinsu. Wadannan hanyoyi kuma su ne falaki. Rana na da nata falakin. Wata na da nasa falakin. Taurari na da nasu falakin. Sauran duniyoyi irin wanda muke ciki suna da nasu falakin. Akwai kuma yanayi na tsananin haske da tsananin duhu, da tsananin sanyi da tsananin zafi, da tsananin iska mai kadawa wacce dan Adam ba ya iya jure wa bugawanta ko kadan; sannan akwai wadannan buraguzai da ke kai-komo a yanayin da ya dace da tarwatsewarsu. Wannan, shine irin yanayin da ke can sararin samaniya. Allah na iya sarrafa wadannan halittu kuma iya sonsa, a lokacin da ya so, a kuma irin yanayin da ya so. A kuma cikin wannan duniya ne dukkan abubuwan da dan Adam ke kerawa ya cilla su don samo masa bayanai, suke kewaya don gudanar da rayuwarsu a yayin da suke shawagi a cikin falakin duniya ko halittar da aka harba su zuwa gareta. Zamu karanta bayanai kan wadannan taurari na wucin-gadi da muke kira Tauraron Dan Adam ko Artificial Satellite, a turance. Me ye su? Nau’i nawa ake dasu? Ta yaya ake harba su zuwa wancan duniya da muka yi bayaninsa a sama? Wani irin rayuwa suke yi a can? A ina suke shawagi idan sun isa can inda aka harba su? Ta yaya suke aiko sakonnin da suka taskance a halin shawaginsu? Ta yaya ake iya sarrafa su daga wannan duniya tamu a halin shawaginsu a can? Wasu irin matsaloli suke fuskanta a wannan duniya da suke rayuwa ciki? A karshe, idan rayuwarsu ta kare, ta yaya suke shigowa wannan duniya tamu; a raye ko a mace? Sai dai fa kada mai karatu ya rudu; duk bayanan da suka gabata da wadanda ke zuwa nan gaba kan wadannan halittu, ba ya nuna cewa wadannan halittu sun kai sama na daya ne, a a, a saman duniya suke, kamar yadda Allah Ya fada a cikin Kur’ani. Basu ma kai sama ta daya ba. A dakace mu!

Wasu Cikin Labarun Mako

INTEL Ya Fitar da Karamar Na’urar Sarrafa Kwamfuta Nau’in Atom 330 (www.informationweek.com): Kamfanin INTEL, mai kera massarafar da ke tafiyar da gangar-jikin kwamfuta, watau Microprocessor Chips ko CPU a turance, ya fitar da wata sabuwar nau’in masarrafa mai suna Atom 330. Wannan sabuwar nau’in masarrafa ‘yar karama ce, wacce kamfanin ya kera don amfanin kananan kwamfutocin tafi-da-gidanka, watau mini-notebooks. Tun wajajen watan Maris din wannan shekara kamfanin ya so fitar da na’urar masarrafar, amma hakan bai yiwu ba, sai watan Satumba. Wannan na’urar masarrafa nau’in A330 na cikin jerin kananan masarrafan gangar-jikin kwamfuta da kamfanin ya saba kerawa don amfanin kananan kwamfutocin tafi-da-gidanka. Biyun farko da kamfanin ya kera su ne nau’in A100, da kuma A110, wadanda musamman aka kera su don amfanin kwamfutocin hannu, watau Smartphones ko kuma Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs).

Sai dai kuma, sabanin nau’ukan da suka gabata, nau’ukan A330 za a sanya su ne cikin kwamfutocin tafi-da-gidanka kanana, wadanda galibi ake amfani da su don duba sakonnin Imel da yin shawagi cikin Intanet. Ire-iren wadannan kwamfutoci fadin fuskarsu bai wuce inci goma ko kasa da haka, suna dauke ne da dan karamin allon shigar da rubutu, watau Keyboard, don aiwatar da aiyuka na musannan a cikinsu. Kuma a halin yanzu sun fara yaduwa sosai cikin duniya. An sayar da cewa an sayar da a kalla miliyan biyar da dubu dari biyu cikin wannan shekara, kuma ana sa ran sayar da miliyan takwas cikin shekara mai zuwa, in ji kamfanin Gartner, mai gabatar da bincike kan yaduwa da tsarin amfanin da kayayyakin kwamfuta da lantarki. Shahararrun kafanoni masu kera ire-iren wadannan kwamfutoci kanana sun hada da kamfanin Acer, da Asustek, da Dell, da HP, da Microstar International, da kuma kamfanin Samsung.

Google Inc. Ya Samar da Manhajar Loda Littafai Cikin Shafukan Mudawwanai (http://latimesblog.latimes.com): Gidan yanar sadarwa ta matambayi-ba-ya-bata na Google Inc. ya samar da wata manhaja mai zaman kanta, wacce masu gadajen yanar sadarwa ko mudawwanar Intanet (Blog) za su yi amfani da ita wajen shigar da rariyar likau da ke kai mai ziyara zuwa shafin da zai gani, ya kuma karanta littafai dabam-daban. Wannan manhaja da mai karatu zai iya karanta littafai dabam-daban a kanta mai suna Google Book Search, na bayar da damar lika gidan yanarsa ko mudawwanarsa ce da shafin wani littafi cikin sauki. Idan ka shiga shafin, wanda ke http://books.google.com, za ka samu littafai da dama, sai ka matsa wanda kake son karantawa, har ka dauki rariyar likau dinsa, don likawa a gidan yanar sadarwa ko mudawwanarka. Sai dai kuma, galibin littafan da ke shafin suna da hakkin mallaka (watau Copyright), wannan tasa baza ka iya adana kowane littafi cikin tumbin kwamfutarka ba, ko kuma bugawa don karanta shi a wani lokaci.

Amma duk da wannan kaidi, galibin kamfanonin sayar da littafai da ke Intanet sun samu hanya mafi sauki wajen baiwa masu sayen hajojinsu damar gani da ma karanta kadan cikin abinda littafan suka kunsa. Abinda a lokutan baya duk ba ya yiwuwa, saboda tsoron cewa masu saye na iya diro da littafan ba tare da sun saya ba, tun da ga shi nan araha. Ga masu Mudawwana kuma suna iya tsakuro wa masu karatun shafukansu kadan cikin abinda ke cikin littafin, su rubuta sharhin da bai wuce kalmomi dari biyu ba, sannan su sanya rariyar likau da zai kai masu karatun ga shafukan da wadannan littafai suke ajiye. Idan kuma gidan yanar sadarwa kake ginawa, har wa yau akwai dabarun da za ka iya amfani dasu don shigar da shafin da wannan manhaja take. Idan ka samu kanka a shafin, kana iya gudanar da “tambaya” ta hanyar shigar da sunan wani littafi da kake nema, don karantawa kai tsaye.

Wayar Salular Google Inc. na Gab Da Fitowa (http://www.nytimes.com): Idan ba a manta ba dai shekaru biyu da suka shige ne shahararren kamfanin gidan yanar sadarwar matambayi-ba-ya-bata na Google (http://www.google.com), ta hadin gwuiwa da kamfanin kera wayoyin salula mai suna T-Mobile da ke kasar Amurka suka sanar da cewa sun yanke shawarar kera wata wayar salula ta musamman nau’in Smartphone (irin su iPhone da Blackberry), wacce ke dauke da babbar manhajar Google mai suna “Androide”, da dukkan masarrafar da kamfanin zai kera don sanyawa cikin wayar. A halin yanzu dai bayanai sun bayyana cewa aski yazo gaban goshi kan abinda ya shafi kera wannan waya ta musamman. Kamfanin da aka baiwa aikin kera gangar-jikin wayar, tare da shigar da dukkan manhajoji da masarrafai, watau HTC da ke kasar Taiwan, ya sanar da cewa nan ba da dadewa ba wayar za ta fito kasuwa. Wannan wayar salula da aka dade ana jiran fitowarta, zata fito da babban manhajar gidan yanar sadarwar Google ne, tare da dukkan masarrafan da suka shafi lodawa da mika bayanai, irin su sakonnin Imel, da shiga gidajen yanar sadarwa da taskance bayanai ta amfani da manhajar allon sarrafa bayanan gidan yanar (watau Google Doc da Spreadsheet da makamantansu). Bayan haka, dukkan wayoyin zasu zo ne da layukan kamfanin sadarwar wayar salula ta T-Moblie, abokiyar kawancen Google kenan cikin wannan shiri. Har wa yau, kamar sauran wayoyin salula da ke cin zamani a yau, wannan waya zata fito ne da tsarin sadarwa ta GSM, da GPRS, kuma mai shafaffen fuska, wacce ke dauke da allon shigar da bayanai (keyboard) karami, mai sahu biyar gajeru. Ana sa ran sunan wayar ya zama “Google Androide”, ko “T-Mobile G1”, ko ma duk biyun. Injiniyoyin fasahar kwamfuta da sadarwa ma’aikatan kamfanin Google, wajen su talatin ne suke aiki hannu-da-hannu da kamfanin HTC mai kera wayar, wajen shigar da wannan babban manhaja ta Google, don tabbatar da cewa ba a samu wata matsala ba.

Kamfanin HTC dai na cikin kamfanonin da ba sanannu bane sosai a kasashen yamma, amma kowa ya tabbatar da cewa hajojinsa suna da inganci sosai. A halin yanzu kusan kashi daya bisa shida na wayoyin salular da ke Amurka kirar kamfanin HTC ne, duk da yake sunayen kamfanonin da ke dillancin hajojin ne ke jiki, irinsu Compaq da Palm. Cikin shekarar 1999 aka kafa kamfanin kuma shahararru cikin wayoyin salularsa nau’in Smartphone da suka shahara, masu dauke da babban manhajar Windows na kamfanin Microsoft sun hada da Orange SPV Smartphone, wacce galibin mutane suka yaba da ingancinta.

Shafin "Kimiyya da Fasaha" Ya Cika Shekara Biyu!

Tuna Baya Shine Roko

A yayin da kamfanin Media Trust, mai buga jaridar AMINIYA ke bukin cika shekaru biyu da fara wannan jarida mai matukar farin jini, mu ma a wannan shafi na Kimiyya da Fasaha, bayan taya AMINIYA murnar kaiwa wannan lokaci, na farin cikin sheda wa masu karatu cewa a cikin mako mai zuwa, shafin Kimiyya da Fasaha zai cika shakaru biyu cur! Ga wadanda suka fara bibiyan wannan shafi daga lokacin da ya fara bayyana zuwa yanzu, watakil suna iya tuna kasidar farko da ta fara bayyana a wannan shafi, mai taken Fasahar Intanet a Saukake (1). Hakan ya faro ne cikin watan Okotobar shekarar 2006. A yau, cikin yardan Allah, sai ga mu gab da Oktoba ta shekarar 2008. Shekara kwana, in ji Bahaushe! Wannan tasa muka ga dacewar zama na musamman, kamar yadda muka yi a lokutan baya, don yin waiwaye; abinda Malam Bahaushe ke kira adon tafiya.

Darussan Baya

Wannan shafi na Kimiyya da Fasaha ya faro ne da kasidu kan Fasahar Intanet da yadda ake mu’amala da ita. Mun kuma kasa kasidun da ke bayyana a wannan shafi ne zuwa marhala-marhala, don saita masu karatu a kan hanya; su fahimci tsarin da hanyoyi da kimiyyar sadarwa da ta maddar rayuwa da muhalli ke gudanuwa da samuwa. A yanzu mun zo karshen marhala ta biyar kenan. A marhalar farko, mun gabatar da kasidu ne kan hanyoyin mu’amala da fasahar Intanet zalla. Kasidun sun gudanu ne a tsarin karantarwa da ke kumshe da kwatance da misalai. Daga abinda ya shafi tarihi da bunkasar Intanet, zuwa yadda ake shiga shafukan yanar sadarwa, da yadda ake gina gidan yanar sadarwa da kuma amfanin da ke tattare da fasahar Intanet din gaba daya. A marhala ta biyu, sai tsarin kasidun ya canza, zuwa sanayya kan masu hakkin lura da kuma gyarta fasahar Intanet, da alakar Intanet da harkokin rayuwa, da zuwan Intanet kasar Hausa, da masarrafar lilo da tsallake-tsallake, da manhajar Imel da kuma yadda ake ginawa da lura da Mudawwanar Intanet, watau Weblog ko Blog. Kasidar da tafi kowacce shahara a wannan marhala, ita ce wacce na rubuta kan Fasahar Intanet a Wayar Salula. A wannan marhala ne masu karatu suka fara rubuto sakonnin text da bugo waya, saboda tasirin abinda suke karantawa da karuwa dashi. Mun gama wannan marhala ne, kamar wanda ya gabace shi, da yin zama don waiwaye. A marhala na uku, sai muka tunkudo kasidu kan Dunkulallun Ka’idojin Mu’amala da Fasahar Intanet, da kuma Tasirin Fasahar Intanet ga Kwakwalwar dan Adam. Sai kuma kasidu kan Nau’ukan Fasahar Sadarwa a Intanet. Muka kuma kawo kasidu kan tsarin sadarwa a tsakanin kwamfutoci, da nau’in sadarwa a tsakanin wayar salula da kwamfuta. Wadannan kasidu ne masu tsawo da muka guggutsira su zuwa makonni. Kafin mu karkare wannan marhala da waiwaye adon tafiya, idan masu karatu basu mance ba, mun gabatar da kasidu da suka yi tasiri sosai kan Tsarin Sadarwa na Wayar Salula, watau Wireless Communication. Daga nan muka tsallaka zuwa marhala ta hudu, wacce ke dauke da kasidu masu kayatarwa su ma, kan Tsarin Sadarwa ta Bluetooth, da Tsarin Sadarwa ta Infrared, da kuma kasidu guda goma, kan yadda mai karatu zai iya kwarewa a fannin fasahar sadarwa ta zamani. Wadannan kasidu na kwarewa a fannin fasahar sadarwa, su ma sunyi tasiri sosai, inda masu karatu suka ta bugo waya ko aiko sakonnin neman karin bayani kan wadannan fannoni. Kafin mu karkare wannan marhala, mun tunkudo kasidu wajen bakwai, kan Kwayar Cutar Kwamfuta (Computer Virus), da kuma ‘Yan Dandatsa, watau Hackers, masu fasowa cikin kwamfutocin mutane a ko ina take a duniya, don aiwatar da ta’addanci na sata ko zalunci ko makamantansu. Wannan ita ce marhala mafi tsawo kuma wacce tafi yawan kasidu, cikin dukkan marhalolin da suka gabata. A karshe sai muka shiga marhala ta biyar, wacce tsarin darussan shafin ya sauya daga wadanda suka bayyana lokutan baya. A wannan marhala ne muka shiga bayanai kan sauran fannonin kimiyya sosai ; daga kimiyyar sararin samaniya zuwa kimiyyar maddar sinadarai da kuma muhalli. Saboda halin zaman dar-dar da duniya ke ciki da farfaganda da ake ta yadawa kan kasashe irinsu Iran da Koriya ta Arewa musamman, na ga dacewar gabatar da kasidu kan Asali da Tarihi da kuma Bunkasar Makamin Nukiliya a Duniya. Mun samu bayanai kan asali da tarihi, da kuma nau’ukan makamin, da mummunan tasirinsa da kuma kasashen da suka mallaki wannan makami. A karshe muka kawo bayanai kan dokar hana yaduwar makamin, da kuma hukumar da ke lura da wannan hani. A cikin marhalar dai har wa yau, mun kawo kasidu kan makamashin hasken rana, wanda bamu gama ba. Da kuma bayanai kan Fasahar Sadarwa ta GPRS, da Tsarin Sadarwa ta Rediyo a Intanet, sai kuma tsokaci da muka yi kan bambancin da ke tsakanin manhajar Windows XP da Windows Vista. Mun kawo labarai kan kimiyyar sararin samaniya da kuma alakar Wayar Salula da cutar sankara (Cancer). A karshe muka jefo kasida ta karshe kan na’urar Beran Kwamfuta da kuma yadda ake mu’amala da ita. Dukkan wadannan kasidu, suna nan a taskance cikin Mudawwanar wannan shafi da ke: http://fasahar-intanet.blogspot.com.

Me Muka Koya?

A dukkan marhalolin da suka gabata muna samun sakonnin masu karatu, na neman karin bayani ko na sambarka. Ta haka na fahimci himma da kuma tsananin sha’awar da galibin masu karatu ke da ita kan harkar kimiyya da fasahar sadarwa. Wanda har wa yau ke nuna cewa, galibin masu karatu na da sha’awar ci gaba da karatu ko kwatanta abinda suka karanta ko koya, amma babban matsalar wasu daga cikin su ita ce harshen Turanci. Sau tari na kan sanar da su cewa ko basu ji ko iya turanci ba, zasu iya koyan wannan ilimi, har su kware a kai. Har wa yau, galibin masu karatu hankalinsu yafi komawa kan koyan ilimin kwamfuta da Intanet, ko gina gidan yanar sadarwa, ko koyon gyarar kwamfuta da wayar salula, ko kuma karantar da ilimin don dacewa da zamani. Na fahimci hakan ne ta hanyar sakonnin text da nake samu ko masu bugo waya suna sanar dani ko neman karin bayani kan abinda suke son yi. Da dama sun shiga makaranta don koyon sabon ilimin kimiyyar sadarwa sanadiyyar kasidun da suke karantawa a wannan shafi. A halin yanzu akwai kungiyoyin makaranta jaridar AMINIYA (‘yan makarantar shafin Kimiyya da Fasaha) a jihohi dabam-daban a Arewacin Nijeriya. Akwai makarantar Malam Sani Na ‘Yan katsare da ke Jas, tare da abokansa. Akwai makarantar su Malam Hasan Al-Banna da ke garin Zariya, tare da abokansa irin su Malam Ishak AbdulHadi, tare da Muntaka Abdul-Hadi da ke Jami’ar ABU. Kwanakin baya da na je ziyarar aiki a Kano ina dawowa na sauka a Zariya, mun zanta da su Malam Hassan har na tsawon awa guda kan harkar kimiyyar sadarwa ta zamani. Haka akwai makarantar Malam Shazali Lawal da ke Zaburan Quarters a Gumel. Akwai kuma masu karatu na hakika a Kano da dama; daya daga cikinsu shine Malam Rabi’u Isa Ayagi. Akwai irinsu Malam Abdulsalam da ke Jas. Haka a nan Abuja akwai masu karatu da dama ke Wuse Zone 2, da Hukumar Kudi ta Tarayya (Ministry of Finance) irinsu Malam Mahmoud Muhammad, da kuma Makarantar Horar da Malamai da ke Zuba. Akwai wasu a Maiduguri, da Legas, da Katsina da Malumfashi da Gombe da Zamfara da Birnin Kebbi da Nassarawa, da Bauchi da Kaduna garin Gwamna, da Sokoto, da Yola da Jimeta da sauran wurare.

Kasidun da suka fi tasiri wajen masu karatu su ne wadanda suka shafi fasahar Intanet, musamman kan Mudawwana (Blog); da dama cikin masu karatu sun bude nasu, inda suke zuba bayanai da yada ra’ayoyinsu. Sai kuma kasida kan Fasahar Intanet a Wayar Salula, da kuma tsarin sadarwa ta wayar-iska. Hakika masu karatu sun tasirantu da wadannan kasidu. Don har yanzu akwai masu bugowa suna neman karin bayani kan haka. Ni kaina na san kasidun sun rubutu sosai, saboda kwakkwafi da na bi wajen rubuta su. Sai kuma kasida kan Fasahar Bluetooth da Infrared da kuma GPRS. Na sha tambaya kansu kam. Cikin kasidun baya-bayan nan, akwai kasidu kan Makamin Nukiliya, su ma sunyi tasiri sosai wajen masu karatu. Ni kaina na jigatu wajen rubuta su; don lokaci da aka kashe wajen bincike da kuma juya kalmomin zuwa harshen Hausa. Muna mika godiya zuwa ga Allah kan haka.

Daga Nan Sai Ina?

Hakika dukkan tafiyar da ke neman samun nasara, dole ta kasance da mahanga. Da zarar mun gama bikin cika shekara biyu da kafuwa, zamu ci gaba da koro kasidu da labarai kan kimiyya da fasahar sadarwa, da kuma kimiyyar sararin samaniya, da kimiyyar madda da kuma sinadaran da ke muhallin da muke rayuwa a ciki. Wannan zai shafi ilimi kan kwamfuta da Intanet, da kumbon sararin samaniya, da kimiyyar lissafi da kimiyyar madda, da kuma bincike ko ci gaba da ake samu a wadannan fannoni na rayuwa da ilimi. Hakika, idan akwai wani nau’in ilimi da galibin mutanenmu suka rasa, shine samuwar ire-iren wadannan fannoni a rubuce cikin harshen Hausa. A bayyane yake cewa kashi saba’in ko tamanin na littafan da ke kai-komo a tsakanin al’ummar Hausawa kan fannin kirkirarrun labarai ne, watau Fiction. Littafai ko bayanai kan fannonin ilimi tabbatattu basu yadu ba, sam ko kadan. Wanda kuma duk al’ummar da ke bukatar ci gaba, dole ne ya zama ilimin kimiyya da fasahar kere-kere ya zauna da kafafunsa; za a neme shi, a kuma same shi cikin sauki. Wanda hakan baya yiyuwa a yanzu, in ba ta hanyoyi irin wadannan ba. Don haka a ci gaba da kasancewa tare damu a wannan shafi. Akwai mudawwana ta musamman da muka tanada don taskance dukkan wadannan kasidu, wacce za a iya samun ta a wannan adireshin da ke sama. A iya rubuto sakonnin text (08034592444), da na Imel (fasaha2007@yahoo.com) don neman karin bayani. Kuma kamar yadda na sanar kwanakin baya, akwai littafai na nan tafe kan fannoni da dama cikin ilimin fasahar sadarwa cikin harshen Hausa.

Kammalawa

A karshe, muna mika dimbin gaisuwarmu ga dukkan masu karatu a ko ina suke. Ba za mu iya ambaton sunan kowa da kowa ba. Sai dai, kamar yadda muka saba, zamu ci gaba da sanya sakonnin da kuke aiko mana lokaci-lokaci. Kamar kullum, duk wanda ya rubuto don neman karin bayani amma bai samu jawabi ba, yayi hakuri. Ina nan tafe in Allah Ya so. Ina kuma mika godiyata ga sauran ma’aikatan AMINIYA da Media Trust gaba dayansu, musamman Malam Balarabe, da Malama Lubabatu I. Garba (Gwaggo Lubabatu), da Malam “Liman”, da Malam Abubakar AbdurRahman (Dodorido), mai kula da wannan shafi a kullum, da Malam Bashir Yahuza Malumfashi (Gizago). A karshe, godiya ta musamman zuwa ga Editar AMINIYA, watau Malam Bello Muhammad Zaki. Allah saka da alheri da irin gudummuwar da ake bani a kullum. A ci gaba da kasancewa tare da mu.

BARKA DA SALLAH GA DUKKAN MASU KARATU

AS SALAAMU ALAIKUM

MUNA TAYA DAUKACIN MASU KARATUN WANNAN SHAFI MURNAR SALLAH; ALLAH KARBI AYYUKANMU, YA KUMA GAFARTA MANA ZUNUBBANMU, AMIN.

KAMAR YADDA AKA SABA, ZA A CI GABA DA KWARARO KASIDU KAN DUKKAN ABINDA YA SHAFI KIMIYYAR SADARWA A WANNAN SHAFI MAI ALBARKA, IDAN AKWAI TAMBAYOYI NA NEMAN KARIN BAYANI, A IYA RUBOTWA TA 08034592444, KO A AIKO SAKON IMEL TA: fasaha2007@yahoo.com.

ALLAH TABBATAR MANA DA ALHERI, AMIN.

ABDALLAH