Tarihi da Nau'ukan Tauraron Dan Adam (2)

Ma’ana da Tarihin Tauraron Dan Adam

Tauraron dan Adam, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata, shine duk wata na’ura mai cin gashin kanta da ake harbawa zuwa sararin samaniya don mikawa da karbo bayanan yanayi ko dauko hotunan wasu wurare da dan Adam baya iya kaiwa garesu ta dadi, ko kuma sinsino irin yanayin da muhalli zai kasance a wasu lokuta na dabam. Ire-iren wadannan taurari suna shawagi ne a cikin falakin wannan duniya tamu, ko duniyar wata da taurarin da Allah Ya halitta, ko kuma cikin falakin wasu duniyoyi makamantan namu. A halin wannan shawagi ne suke gudanar da aiyukansu na nemo bayanai, ko karbowa daga wani bangaren wannan duniya don yada bayanan zuwa wasu bangarorin dabam, ko kuma nemo bayanan da ke da nasaba da falakin da suke shawagi a ciki, don aiko sakon da suka taskance zuwa garemu a wannan duniya, ko kuma, a wasu lokutan, su dauko mana hotunan abinda ke faruwa ga manya-manyan tekunan da ke zagaye da mu a duniya gaba daya.

Shi tauraron dan Adam duk karkonsa, ba ya dawwama a muhallin da aka jefa shi ciki don shawagi; yana da muddar rayuwa da aka deba masa. Da zarar aikinsa ya kare, zai dawo wannan duniya tamu, ko kuma, a wasu lokutan ma, yana kan aikinsa sai ya samu matsala ya wargaje ba tare da masu shi sun iya kaiwa gareshi ba. Idan ma ya gama lafiya, yana iya samun matsala wajen shigowa wannan duniya lafiya garau. A takaice dai, duk wani tauraron dan Adam na da iya kwanaki ko watanni ko shekarun da aka deba masa. Sannan yana da irin aikin da aka harba shi ya yi; tauraron dan Adam da ke gano yanayin muhalli da falakin da ke sararin samaniya yana dauke ne da na’urar daukar hoto, wacce ta dace da tsarin aikinsa. Wanda aka harba don gano yanayin zafi ko sanyi na dauke ne da na’urar da ke taimaka masa sinsino yanayin muhallin. Haka wadanda aka harbawa don yada shirye-shiryen gidajen rediyo da talabijin, duk suna da nasu sifa da ta sha bamban da sauran.

An fara harba ire-iren wadannan taurarin wucin-gadi ne zuwa cikin falaki shekaru kusan hamsin da biyu da suka gabata (1957), kuma ya zuwa yanzu, an harba wajen dubunnai masu zuwa don karbowa da aikawa da bayanai ko sinsino yanayi ko kuma dauko hotunan sararin samaniya, don amfanin dan Adam. A karon farko ana amfani ne da roket, mai dauke da kumbo (space shuttle), don cilla wani tauraro zuwa sararin samaniya. Daga baya aka zo ana amfani da jiragen sama masu masifar gudu, duk da yake shi ma wannan tsari na bukatar roket wanda ke harba jirgin zuwa wani mizanin nisa cikin samaniya, kafin wannan jirgi ya ingiza tauraron cikin falaki. Ana cikin haka sai kuma masana kimiyyar sararin samaniyar Amurka suka bullo da wata hanya wacce ta sha bamban da sauran wajen sauki da inganci. Wannan hanya kuwa ita ta cilla tauraron dan Adam daga babbar kumbon tashar binciken sararin samaniya da ke can sararin samaniya, watau US Space Shuttle. Hakan na faruwa ne domin masana na iya kera tauraron dan Adam a halin zamansu cikin wannan kumbo da ke tashar, har su harba shi. Haka idan ya lalace ko ya gama aikinsa, suna iya sanya shi cikin wani kumbo karami don aikowa dashi wannan duniya tamu don a gyara shi yadda ya kamata. Nan gaba, masana harkar falaki a Amurka na tunanin bullo da wani tsari mai suna Single Stage to Orbit, watau “tsalle daya zuwa falaki”, a misali. Wannan tsari zai rage yawan tashoshin da tauraron dan Adam zai bi kafin kaiwa ga falakin da aka umarce shi da zuwa. Idan har suka dace, wannan tsari zai zo ne da kumbon sararin samaniya guda daya, tafkeke, mai iya daukan taurarin dan Adam da dama, don aikawa dasu zuwa cikin falakin da ya dace dasu, cikin harbawa guda!

Tauraron dan Adam na farko da ya fara shiga cikin falakin wannan duniya tamu shine Sputnik 1, wanda kasar Rasha ta harba a ranar 4 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 1957. Wannan tauraro yayi shawagi cikin falaki yana aiko sakonni har tsawon kwanaki ashirin da daya. Bayan ya kamo hanyarsa ta dawowa duniya, sai ya kone a hanya. Hakan ya faru ne ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1958. Daga nan kasar ta sake cilla wani tauraron mai suna Sputnik 2, a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwanba na shekarar 1957 dai har way au. A ciki suka sanya wata karya don gwaji, wacce a karshe ta mace, sa’o’i biyu da harba ta, sanadiyyar tsananin zafin da ke cikin tauraron da aka sanya ta ciki. Tauraron Sputnik 2 ya dawo wannan duniya tamu ranar 14 ga water Afrailun shekarar 1958, inda ya kone bayan ya shigo shi ma. Da ganin haka sai kasar Amurka ta fara narkewa da kishi. Ana cikin haka sai kawai aka ji ita ma ta harba tauraronta na farko zuwa cikin falakin wannan duniya tamu, mai suna Explorer 1, ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1958. Bayan nan ta sake cilla wani tauraro mai suna Discoverer 13, tauraron dan Adam na farko da ya fara zuwa falaki, ya taskance bayanan da yake bukata ta hanyar wata na’ura, sannan ya cillo wannan na’ura zuwa wannan duniya tamu, masu binciken kasar Amurka suka dauka don tantance sakonnin da kalato musu. Wannan aiki ta gudanar dashi ne cikin shekarar 1960, ranar 10 ga watan Agusta. Daga nan sauran kasashe suka biyo baya.

Nau’ukan Tauraron Dan Adam

Akwai nau’ukan tauraron dan Adam da dama a cikin falaki, masu shawagi don gudanar da aiyukan da aka aike su gudanarwa. A halin yanzu ga bayanan nan filla-filla kan dukkan nau’ukan da ake dasu:

Taurarin Sadarwa (Communications Satellites)

Wadannan su ne nau’in taurarin da ke taimakawa wajen zukowa da kuma yada bayanai don sadarwa a duniya gaba daya. An fara harba irin wadannan taurari ne tun shekarar 1962, lokacin da Hukumar Binciken Sararin Samaniya (watau NASA) ta kasar Amurka ta harba tauraron Telstar 1, na kamfanin AT&T. Wannan tauraro ne na musamman mai taimakawa wajen harba sigina da yanayin sadarwar tarho da shirye-shiryen talabijin na kamfanin AT&T. Cikin shekarar 1964 kuma Hukumar Tsaron Kasar (US Department of Defense), ta cilla wani tauraron dan Adam mai tabbata a bigire guda cikin falakinsa, watau geostationary orbit. Wannan tauraro, mai suna Syncom 3, shine na farko da aka taba harbawa mai amfani da wannan tsari. A wuri guda yake, daidai saitin duniya a can sararin samaniya, yana aiko da sakonnin da yake taskancewa lokaci-lokaci. A halin yanzu akwai taurari sama da dari uku masu amfani da wannan tsari, suna aikowa da sakonnin sauti da kuma rubutattun sakonni na shirye-shiryen tashoshin rediyo da talabijin da sakonnin tarho daga muhallin da suke gudana a ciki. Dukkan shirye-shiryen da muke gani daga tashoshin tauraron dan Adam irinsu Al-Jazeerah da BBC da CNN da NTA da sauran tashoshin da muke kallo, duk suna amfani ne da irin wannan nau’i na tauraron dan Adam mai tabbata a muhalli guda, watau geostationary orbit.

Taurarin Gano Bigire da Hangen Nesa (Navigation Satellites)

Wadannan su ne nau’in tauraron dan Adam masu taimakawa wajen gano inda wasu abubuwa (irinsu jiragen ruwa da na sama da motoci) ko halittu (kamar mutane da sauran dabbobi) suke a duniya ko sararin samaniya. Su ake kira Navigation Satellites a turance, kuma kamar sauran wadanda suka gabace su, suna amfani ne da siginar yanayi wajen aikawa da sakonni zuwa cibiyar da ke lura da su a doron kasa, ko duk wani wanda ke dauke da na’urar da ke karban sakonni daga garesu. Da su ake amfani wajen gano inda wani jirgin sama yake, musamman idan ya bace an rasa inda ya shiga; da su ake amfani wajen gano inda wani jirgin ruwa yake a cikin teku. Har wa yau, da wannan nau’in tauraron dan Adam ne ake sanin bigiren da wadannan abubuwa suke. Wadannan taurari na amfani ne da siginar rediyo (radio signals) wajen tunkudo sakonnin da yake taskancewa a halin aikinsa, zuwa wata na’ura da ke nan duniya, mai iya fahimta da kuma fassara wannan sako da suka aiko zuwa rubutattun sakonni da za a iya karantawa. Wadannan fassararrun sakonni sun shafi haruffa da lambobin da ke nuna iya jiha ko bigiren da wadannan taurari suka hango. Misali, idan kana dauke da mota mai dauke da na’urar gano abubuwa (navigation receiver), da zarar ta karbi sakonni daga wadannan taurari, sai ta fassara maka su nan take; a ciki za ka bigiren da kake, a kowace kasa kake kuwa a duniya. Ka kwatanta aikin wannan na’ura da aikin da na’urar karbar siginar tashoshin talabijin tauraron dan Adam da ke dakinka ke yi; kasuwa kaje ka sayo na’urar, tare da kwandon tauraron dan Adam (Satellite Dish) mai taimakawa wajen janyo siginar da taurarin sadarwa ke aikowa duniya. Da zarar ka kunna talabijinka, sai wannan na’ura da a turance muke kira Satellite Receiver ko Decoder, ta karbi siginar, ta sarrafa su zuwa hotuna masu motsi da ke bayyana a fuskar talabijinka. Haka wadannan na’urorin gano bigire ke yi su ma. Da zarar sun karbi sakonnin sigina daga wadannan taurari, sai su sarrafa su zuwa bayanai da ke nuna inda mai dauke da su yake, ko bigiren da wani abu ko halitta take.

Tauraron gano bigire da hangen nesa na farko da ya fara zuwa falaki shine Transit 1B, wanda Hukumar Sojan Ruwa na kasar Amurka ta harba a shekarar 1960. Gwamnatin Amurka ta ci gaba da amfani dashi har zuwa shekarar 1996, inda ta canza shi da wani tsari mai suna Global Positioning System (GPS). Tsarin GPS shine tsarin gano bigire da hangen nesa mai amfani da taurarin dan Adam guda ashirin da hudu, masu aiko sakonnin hangen da suke yi, tare da bayar da bayanai kan bigiren da wani abu yake, a lissafce. Wannan tsari shine na farko wajen inganci a duniya wajen kiyasta bigire da hango muhallin da wani abu yake a duniya ne ko a sararin samaniya. Sai tsarin Global Orbiting and Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), wanda kasar Rasha ta kera. Shi ma, kamar tsarin GPS da ya gabace shi, yana amfani ne da taurarin dan Adam guda ashirin da hudu masu shawagi cikin falaki don tunkudo masa bayanai. A cikin shekarar 2005, Tarayyar Kasashen Turai, watau European Union, ta cilla gungun wasu taurarin gano bigire guda talatin da ta kira da suna Galileo, a wani yunkuri da take yi don kera tsari makamancin GPS da GLONASS. Wannan tsari na gano bigire da hangen nesa zai fara aiki ne cikin shekarar 2009 in Allah Ya kai mu. Kuma za a rika kiran tsarin da suna Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). A halin yanzu akwai na’urar karban bayanai daga ire-iren wadannan taurari da dama da aka kera kuma ake makala ta jikin motoci da ababen hawa. Kai hatta wayoyin salula na zamani akwai masu dauke da wannan na’ura; wacce ake kira GPS Receiver.

Taurarin Gano Yanayin Muhalli (Weather Satellites)

Wadannan su ne nau’in tauraron dan Adam masu dauko hotunan sararin samaniya da irin kai komon da giragizai ke yi, wanda hakan ke nuna daidaito ko tsanantar yanayi sanadiyyar ambaliya ko iska da guguwa mai tsanani. Tauraron dan Adam mai wannan aiki yana dauke ne da na’urar daukar hoto, watau kemara, wacce ke fuskantar sararin samaniyar wannan duniya a kullum. Yana kuma dauke da na’urar sinsino yanayi wajen dumama ko tsanantar sanyi da ruwan sama. Da zarar ya tara bayanai, sai ya tunkudo su zuwa cibiyar da ke lura da shi a nan duniya. Da ire-iren wadannan bayanai ne ake amfani wajen yin hasashen yanayi a kullum (Weather Reports). Ba dole bane sai abinda bayanan suka tabbatar yake tabbata, a a, kamar sauran ilimi, kiyasi kawai suke bayarwa. A iya dacewa, a wasu lokuta kuma Allah Yayi nasa ikon, wanda ke shi ke tabbata a kullum. Ba daskararrun hotuna kadai suke dauka ba, hard a hotuna masu motsi, wadanda ke nuna halin da tekunan duniya suke ciki wajen ambaliya ko natsuwa.

Tauraron dan Adam na farko da aka cillawa zuwa cikin falaki don gudanar wannan aiki shine Television Infrared Observation Satellite, ko TIROS 1, a takaice. Hukumar NASA c eta harba shi cikin shekarar 1960, kuma ya hankado mata hotunan yanayin sararin samaniya samada dubu ashirin da uku. Har way au, ta sake harba wani gungun taurari a wani tsari mai suna Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES), wanda gungun taurari ne masu tabbata a muhalli guda cikin falaki don nazarin muhalli da yanayin tekuna da hazo. Da wannan tsari take samun bayanai kan yanayi a dukkan shekara, ta hadin kai da wani tauraron lura da yanayi mai suna Meteosat 3, wanda Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta harba.

Taurari kan Harkar Soji (Military Satellites)

Su kuma taurari kan harkar soji aikinsu shine tunkudo bayanai da hotuna masu inganci kan irin halin da duniya ke ciki na zaman lafiya ko rashinsa. Ma’ana, duk kasar da cilla tauraron dan Adam don amfanin hukumar sojinta, tayi kan-da-garki ne don samun bayanai kan kowane irin hari ne da wata kasa ko al’umma zasu iya kawo mata. Don haka tauraron dan Adam mai wannan aiki yana dauke da na’urar daukar hoto ne, masu inganci, masu kuma dauko hotunan teku da dukkan sasannin duniya don sanin halin da ake ciki. Hukumar Sojin Amurka na da gungun taurarin dan Adam masu wannan aiki da dama a cikin falaki, masu mika sakonnin Hukumar tsaron kasar da duk inda kasar take da sansani na soji a duniya. Akwai Defense Support Program, wanda ke aiki da wasu taurarin dan Adam a cikin falaki wajen gano duk wani makami da wata kasa ka iya jefo wa kasar Amurka. Kasar Amurka tayi amfani da wadannan taurarin don lura da Gwamnatin marigayi Saddam Hussein a lokacin yakin Gulf, don kauce wa rafkana daga makaman da take tunanin ya mallaka. Har way au, Hukumar Amurka na amfani da wadannan taurari masu kawo rahoton hari, don yada bayanai kan bigire da gano inda wasu abubuwa suke, a tsarin Global Positioning System (GPS). Sai dai kuma, sakonnin da wadannan taurari ke aikowa duniya, ba kowace na’urar sarrafa bayanai ke iya amfani da su ba sai na Hukumar tsaro.

Taurarin Binciken Kimiyya (Scientific Satellites)

Nau’in tauraron dan Adam na karshe shine wanda masana kuma masu bincike kan ilimi kimiyya a jami’o’i ke amfani dashi don samun bayanai kan yadda duniya take da sauran duniyoyin da ke makwabtaka da wannan duniya tamu. Ire-iren wadannan taurarin mafi girman aikinsu shine daukan hotunan duniya da sasanninta, da daukan hotunan tekun da ke zagaye da mu, da daukan taswirar da duniya take kai. Bayan haka, sabanin sauran taurarin da suka gabata masu yin shawagi a cikin falakin wannan duniya tamu kadai, taurarin binciken kimiyya na yin shawagi hatta cikin falakin wata da rana da taurari da kuma sauran duniya makamantar namu. Cikin shekarar 1990 aka harba na’urar hangen nesa mai suna The Hubble Space Telescope, mai shawagi don dauko hotuna na musamman don binciken kimiyya. Bayan wannan duniya da muke ciki, duniyar da wadannan taurari suka fi kai ziyara cikinta ita ce duniyar Mirrik, watau Mars. Wadannan, a takaice, su ne nau’ukan tauraron dan Adam da ake dasu a yanzu.