Marhalar Tsarin Sadarwar Wayar Salula

Matashiya

Yanayin sadarwar wayar salula ya dauki zamunna kashi-kashi har hudu; tun daga farkon samuwar wayar salula zuwa yanzu. Kamar yadda bayanai suka gabata a sashin “Asali da Samuwar Wayar Salula” a duniya, tsarin sadarwar wayar salula a farko ya takaita ne da siginar rediyo da ke samuwa a tsakanin wayoyin biyu; da mai kira da mai karba kira. Kamar yadda masu karatu suka karanta a makon jiya, wannan tsari ya samu inganci daga baya, lokacin da wasu Injiniyoyi biyu ‘yan kasar Rasha (D.G. Shapiro da Zaharchenko) suka zo da bincikensu kan tsarin sadarwar wayar salula ta hanyar jonuwa da tashar sadarwa ta kasa, a shekarar 1946. Wannan shine asalin tsarin sadarwar da wayoyin salula ke amfani dashi a wannan zamani, duk kuwa da cewa ba a dabbaka sakamakon wannan bincike nasu a wancan lokaci ba nan take.

Kasancewar wannan tsari ya takaita ne da iya inda tsarin sadarwar da mai amfani da wayar yake, hakan ya haifar da matsala, inda daga baya aka samu wani bincike da ya samar da tsarin sadarwa gamamme; daga wannan kadadar sadarwa zuwa wancan. Wannan tsari, wanda Mr. Amos Joel Jnr ya kirkira, shine ake kira “Call Handoff”, kuma da wannan tsari ne muke iya amsa kira daga wannan gari zuwa wancan; daga wannan tashar sadarwa zuwa wancan; ba tare da kiran ya yanke ba. A takaice dai, wannan tsari ne aka ta ingantawa har zuwa yau. Kuma wannan tsawon lokaci da aka dauka ana amfani da wadancan tsare-tsare na sadarwa, shi ake kira Cellular Network Generation; watau “Marhalar Tsarin Sadarwar Wayar Salula.” A kan haka zamu yi Magana yau. Sai a kasance tare damu.

Marhalar Asali da Samuwa (Zero Generation ko “0G”)

Wannan ita ce “marhala” ko “zamanin” da aka samar da wayar salula da kuma yanayin sadarwan da take amfani dashi don hada kira a tsakanin mutane ko al’umma. A wannan zamani ne har wa yau, aka samu kamfanoni irinsu Motorola da Ericsson suka kirkiri nau’ukan wayoyin salula masu amfani da siginar rediyo don hada sadarwa a lokuta dabam-daban. Bayan samuwar wadannan wayoyin salula, wani abinda ya dada inganta tsarin sadarwa a zamanin ko marhalar, shine binciken ilimi da aka samu daga masana ko injiniyoyin kasashen Amurka da Rasha da sauran kasashe. A wannan zamani, tsarin sadarwa a tsakanin wayoyin salula ya ta’allaka ne da irin tsarin da kowace kasa ko kamfanin sadarwa ya zaba; babu wani tsari gamamme. Sanannen tsarin da yafi shahara shine tsarin sadarwar da kamfanin AT&T da ke kasar Amurka yayi amfani dashi daga shekarar 1971 har zuwa shekarar 1989, mai suna “Advanced Mobile Phone Service” (AMPS). Sai kuma wanda kasar Finland ta samar mai suna “ARP”, cikin shekarar 1971. Kowanne daga cikin wadannan tsarin sadarwa na wayar salula na amfani ne da tsarin Analog don tantance bayanan da ake aika su daga waya zuwa waya. Har wa yau, wannan tsari ya kumshi aikawa da karban sakonnnin murya ne kadai; babu rubutacciyar sakon tes. Dukkan wannan kuma ya faru ne daga shekarar 1911, zuwa 1946, inda zamanin ya tike a shekarar 1982. Wannan, a taiakce, ita ce marhalar gimshiki da shimfida a tarihin rayuwar wayar salula da tsarin sadarwa ta wayar iska. Wannan tsarin sadarwa, fannin sadarwa ta zamani ana kiran ta: Zero Generation Cellular Network.

Zamanin Farko (1^st Generation ko “1G”)

Bayan zamanin asali da samuwa, wanda ya tike a shekarar 1982 ko sama da haka kadan, sai tsarin sadarwa ta wayar salula ta shiga wani sabon zamani da a yanzu ake kira First Generation (ko “1G”), a fannin sadarwa ta wayar salula. Wannan zamani ya faro ne daga shekarar 1982 zuwa shekarar 1990, lokacin da aka samu canjin tsari. A cikin wannan zamani ko marhala, an yi amfani ne da tsarin tantance bayanai da ake kira “Analog”. Wannan shine tsarin da na’urorin tashar sadarwa ke sarrafa sauti ko muryar mai buga waya zuwa hasken lantarki, daga inda ya buga, ta kuma sadar da wannan haske zuwa tashar da mai amsa kiran yake, don saduwa da wanda ya bugo. Wannan tsari na amfani ne da tashar rediyo (Radio Tower) da ke kadadar sadarwa don sauraron wayar da ke bugo wata lamba, da sadar wa mai kiran ta hanyar tashar sadarwa (Base Station) kai tsaye. Da zarar an sadar da mai kira da wanda yake nema, na’urorin da ke tashar sadarwa zasu rika taskance muryoyinsu ne a yanayin hasken lantarki, suna aika wa juna, kai tsaye.

Wannan tsarin tantance muryar masu kira a yanayin hasken lantarki da ake kira Analog, ya bazu zuwa kasashen duniya da dama, a tsawon wannan zamani. Don haka aka samu tsare-tsaren yanayin sadarwa wajen guda bakwai da wasu kasashe suka yi amfani dasu. Wadannan tsare-tsare dai su ne: tsarin Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT), wanda ya yadu a kasashen Suwizalan, da Holand, da Kasashen Gabashin Turai, da kuma kasar Rasha. Sai tsarin Automatic Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) wanda kasashen Amurka da Ostiraliya suka dabbaka. Haka ma an samu tsarin Total Access Communication System (TACS), wanda kasar Burtaniya tayi amfani dashi. An samu tsarin C-450 a kasashen tsohuwar Jamus ta Yamma, da Potugal, da kuma kasar Afirka ta Kudu. Akwai kuma tsarin Radiocom 2000 da kasar Faransa tayi amfani dashi. Sai kuma kasar Italiya da tayi amfani da tsarin RTMI. Kasar karshe da ta shiga sahun kasahen da suka ci moriyar tsarin sadarwa ta Analog ita ce kasar Jafan, inda aka samu tsare-tsare uku masu asali asali daya. Su ne: TZ-801, da TZ-802, da kuma TZ-803.

Bayan haka, wannan zamani bai ba damar samar da yanayin aikawa da karbar sakonnin tes ba, sai murya kadai. Sannan kuma tsarin na tattare ne da saibi, da kuma mummunar yanayin sadarwa, sanadiyyar rashin iya tace hayaniya da kwaramniyar da ke samuwa a wurin da mai kira ke yin kira ko amsa kira. Wannan tasa masana suka fara neman mafita daga wadannan matsaloli, kuma abinda ya haifar da samuwar Zamani na Biyu kenan, a rayuwar wayar salula.

Zamani na Biyu (2^nd Generation, ko “2G”)

Zamani na Farko, ko 1^st Generation, ya tike ne a shekarar 1990. Da shekara ta zagayo (1991) sai aka samu sauyin tsarin sadarwa; daga tsarin Analog, wanda ke juya murya ko sautin mai kira ko amsa waya zuwa yanayin haske kafin ya isar, zuwa tsarin Digital – watau tsarin sadar da kira na zamani – wanda ke sarrafa murya ko sautin mai kira zuwa lambobin sifiri (“0”) da daya (“1”). Wannan tsari ya sha bamban da wanda ya gabace shi, domin yana dauke ne da ma’adanar taskance bayanai (Memory), wacce ke taskance wadannan lambobi da na’urorin ke sarrafa su daga muryar mutane, kafin aikawa dasu zuwa tashar da mai karban kiran yake, don sadarwa. Da zarar ka kira abokinka kun fara Magana, sai na’urorin da ke tashar sadarwar kamfanin da kake amfani da layinsu su fara aikinsu; ta hanyar sarrafa muryoyinku daga murya ko sauti, zuwa lambar “sifiri” da “daya”, a tsakaninsu. Da haka wannan tsari ke sadar da murya a tsakanin masu kira, kuma ya samo asali ne daga shekarar 1991. Bayan ingancin sarrafawa da sadar da sauti da yake dauke dashi, wannan tsari ya bayar da damar aikawa da kuma karbar sakonnin tes a tsakanin mutane.

Tsarin sarrafa murya zuwa lambobi ko Digital, yana dauke ne shi ma da nasa tsare-tsaren da aka dabbaka su a duniya, fiye da tsarin baya. Kuma ma, kamar yadda mai karatu zai gani nan gaba, da su ake ta amfani har zuwa yau. Tsarin farko dai shine tsarin TDMA, wanda aka fi sani da “Global System of Mobile Communications”, ko GSM, a gajarce. Wannan tsari na GSM ya fara aiki ne a kasar Finland cikin shekarar 1991, inda ya samar da damar aikawa da kuma karbar sakonnin tes. Kuma har zuwa karshen wannan zamani, shine sauran kasashen duniya suka yi amfani dashi, in ka kebe kasar Amurka. Bayan shi kuma sai tsarin CDMA, wanda kasar Amurka ce kadai ta kebanta dashi. Wannan tsari na CDMA asalinsa daga tsarin Advanced Mobile Phone Service ne wanda kamfanin AT&T ya fara amfani dashi a tsarin Analog, amma da aka shiga shekarar 1990, sai ya sauya zuwa tsarin Digital, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata. A takaice dai, wadannan su ne manyan tsare-tsaren da ke karkashin wannan sabon tsarin sadarwa na Digital a wannan zamani. Kafin zamanin ya kare, an dada samun tagomashi wajen yanayin sadarwa gaba daya. Wannan zamani ya tike ne a shekarar 1999. Da shekara ta zagayo kuma, sai aka shiga sabon zamani.

Zamani na Uku (3^rd Generation, ko “3G”)

Bayan gushewar zamani na biyu, wanda ya fara gabatar da sabuwar hanyar sadarwa nau’in Digital mai inganci da kamala, da aka shiga shekarar 2000, sai Hukumar Habaka Harkar Sadarwa ta Duniya, watau International Telecommunication Union (ITU), ta fitar da wasu sababbin hanyoyin sadarwa na wayar salula da ta sanya wa suna “International Mobile Telecommunications-2000”, ko kuma “IMT-2000” a gajarce. Wannan sabuwar hanyar sadarwa ta wayar salula da ITU ta bullo dasu a shekarar 2000, ayarin ka’idojin sadarwa ne da ke sawwake yanayin kira da sadar dashi, da aikawa da sakonnin tes (SMS), tsarin kira ta hanyar bidiyo (Video Call), da kuma tsarin GPRS da dai sauransu. Bayan haka, karkashin wannan tsari, na’urorin sadarwa na iya aikawa da sakonni nau’uka dabam-daban a lokaci daya. Misali, wayar salularka na iya karbar sakon tes, a lokacin da kake amsa kira ko Magana da wani a wayar. A takaice dai an samu nau’ukan hanyoyin sadarwa da dama, da kuma ingancin kayayyakin sadarwar; inda kamfanonin kera wayoyin salula da harkar sadarwa suka yawaita, aka kuma samu na’ukansu da yawa.

Kamar sauran zamunnan baya, wannan zamani shi ma yazo da nashi tsare-tsaren sadarwa, duk da cewa a baya an samu wasu daga ciki. Misali, an samu ingantacciyar tsarin GSM mai suna “GSM EDGE”, da ingantacciyar tsarin CDMA da kasar Amurka ke amfani dashi, mai suna “CDMS 2000”. Sai kuma tsarin DECT, da kuma WiMAX. Dukkan wadannan tsare-tsare ne na hanyar sadarwa a tsarin hanyar sadarwa ta zamani nau’in Digital. Wadannan su ne nau’ukan tsarin sadarwar da ake kira “3^rd Generation Cellular Network”, masu wanzuwa a wannan zamani da ake kira “3^rd Generation”, ko “3G”, a takaice. Ana sa ran tsarin ya canza, ta hanyar inganta shi da ake yi a halin yanzu, don samar da zamani na gaba mai suna: “4^th Generation Cellular Network”, ko “4G” a takaice.

Asali da Samuwar Wayar Salula

Gabatarwa

Saboda samuwa da kuma yaduwar fasahar sadarwa ta wayar salula a yau, an wayi gari, kamar yadda nake sanar da Malam Abubakar AbdurRahman (Dodo), wanda ke lura da wannan shafi na Kimiyya da Fasaha, cewa cikin kashi dari na sakonnin tes da na Imel da nake samu a lokuta dabam-daban daga wajen masu karanta wannan shafi, kashi sittin duk tambayoyi ne a kan ka’ida da kuma yadda ake mu’amala da wayar salula ko kuma hanyoyin sadarwa na zamani da ke jikin wayar; irinsu fasahar Bluetooth da Infra-red da kuma hanyar sadarwa ta Intanet. Wannan ke nuna cewa galibin masu karatu na da kishirwan bayanai kan wannan fasaha har yanzu. Wannan kuwa dole ya faru, domin fasaha ce wacce a kullum ake amfani da ita. Kuma duk da cewa na sanya ka’ida da dokar cewa na rufe karba da kuma buga sakonnin tes da suka shafi wannan fasaha a wannan shafi, har yanzu ba a daina aiko sakonnin tambayoyi da neman Karin bayani a kan wayar salula ba. Duk da barazanar da na yi ta yi kuwa. A karshe dai nayi tunanin cewa, “tunda daman shafin don masu karatu ake gabatar dashi, don kayatar dasu, da ilmantar dasu, da kuma fadakar dasu kan sabbin abubuwa, me zai hana a dauke dokar, a nemo hanyar gamsarwa?” Da wannan dai na yanke shawarar gabatar da doguwar kasida mai dauke da dukkan wani abinda ya shafi wannan fasahar sadarwa ta zamani da ake kira wayar salula ko kuma Mobile Phone ko Cell phone, a turance.

Daga wannan mako in Allah Ya yarda, shafin Kimiyya da Fasaha zai ware wani yanki don kwararo bayanai kan yadda tsari da kimtsin wayar salula yake. Daga ma’ana zuwa asali da samuwar wayar salula, zuwa bayani kan zamunnan wayar salula, da nau’ukan wayar salula; da yanayin sadarwar wayar iska (Wireless Communication), da bangarorin wayar salula, da alakar wayar salula da kwamfuta, da masarrafan da wayar salula ke dauke dasu, da cututtukan wayar salula, da nau’ukan manhajojin wayar salula, da amfanin wayar salula, da cutarwar wayar salula, da tsarin mu’amala ko amfani da wayar salula, da tasirin wayar salula kan rayuwar mai amfani da ita, da aljihunsa, da muhallinsa, da iyalinsa, da kuma al’ummarsa…kai, da duk wani abinda zamu iya tunowa kan abinda ya shafi wannan fasaha a yau. Don haka sai a bi shafin a hankali. Hausawa suka ce “hanyar lafiya, a bi ta da shekara.” Don haka, wadannan kasidu da zasu zo, sakamakon bincike ne mai zurfi, iya gwargwadon hali. Da fatan masu karatu baza su kosa da tsawonsu ba. Zan yi hakan ne don neman kosar da ku, iya gwargwado. Ban ce komai da komai zai samu ba, amma zan zurfafa, zan fadada, zan kuma tsawaita. A babin fadakarwa, kowane kasida zai zo ne da takensa. A yau zamu yi tsokaci ne kan “Ma’ana da Asalin Samuwar Wayar Salula” a duniya. Mu je zuwa, wai mahaukaci ya hau kura.

Ma’anar “Wayar Salula”

Da dama cikinmu idan an tambaye mu ma’anar wayar salula, ba abinda zamu ce illa “wayar da ke hannunmu, wacce muke yin kira ko amsa kira da ita.” Wannan ma’ana ce mai kyau, sai dai kuma a ilmin fasahar sadarwa ta zamani, tana bukatar fadadawa da Karin bayani. A takaice dai me ake nufi da wayar salula, a ilmance? Idan aka ce Wayar Salula, ko Mobile Phone ko Cell Phone a turance, ana nufin “Wayar tafi-da-gidanka ko wayar hannu, mai amfani da siginar rediyo (Radio Signal) don karbar kira ko amsa kira tsakaninta da waya ‘yar uwarta, a iya kadadar tashar sadarwa (Base Station).”

Galibin wayoyin salula na dauke ne da Katin SIM (Subscriber Identification Module), mai kumshe da lambar wayar mai ita, da kuma ma’adanar lambobin mutane (Contacts Memory). Wannan ke nuna mana cewa kafin a kira wayar salula da wannan suna har ta amsa, dole ne a samu abubuwa guda hudu tare da ita. Abu na farko shine ita kanta wayar, watau wayar hannu. Abu na biyu kuma shine Katin SIM, wanda ke dauke da lambar mai wayar. Abu na uku kuma shine samuwar tsarin sadarwa ta wayar iska mai dauke da siginar rediyo a tsakanin wayar salula da wata wayar. Sai abu na hudu, watau tashar sadarwa, ko Base Station kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a sama. Ita kuma tana samuwa ne daga kamfanin sadarwar da ya bayar da Katin SIM din da ke cikin wayar. Sai da wadannan abubuwa guda hudu za a iya amfani da wayar salula don kiran wani ko amsa kiransa.

Da wayar salula mai dauke da wadancan sifofi guda hudu, kana iya kiran wani da ita, ko ya kira ka, ko kayi amfani da fasahar Intanet in har kamfanin na da wannan tsari, ka iya aika sako ta amfani da fasahar Bluetooth ko Infra-red, ko ka iya amfani da wayar a matsayin makalutun sadarwa ta Intanet, watau Modem, don shiga Yanar Sadarwa ta Duniya. Da irin wannan waya har wa yau, kana iya aiwatar da harkokin kasuwanci, ka aika da sakonnin tes, ka yi mu’amala da bankinka, ko likitanka, ko malaminka, ko matarka, ko ‘yar uwarka ko kanenka da dai sauran abubuwan da mai amfani da waya ta hanyar kamfani ke iya yi. Da irin wannan tsari na sadarwa ne aka wayi gari duniya ta rikide da zumunci a tsakanin kayayyaki da hanyoyin sadarwa. Misali, akwai alaka mai karfi na sadarwa a tsakanin wayar salula da kwamfuta – da Intanet ko babu. Akwai alaka mai kwari tsakanin kwamfuta da gidajen talabijin, da gidajen rediyo. Akwai alaka har wa yau a tsakanin gidajen jaridu da fasahar Intanet, da wayar salula, da kuma dukkan sauran kafafen watsa labarai. Sanadiyyar wannan gamayya an samu canjin tsarin kere-keren kayayyakin amfani a gida, inda aka wayi gari ana kera su tare da sinadaran sadarwa mai kulla alaka tsakaninsu da sauran ababen sadarwa da ake amfani da su a gida ko ofis. Sanadiyyar haka kana iya samun na’urar dumama abinci mai amfani da fasahar Bluetooth, ko na’urar buga bayanai (Printer) mai amfani da fasahar Bluetooth ita ma, kuma da haka kana iya basu umarni su karba ta hanyar wayar salula ko kwamfutarka ko na’urar talabijin dinka. Wannan gamayya na zumunci a tsakanin kayayyakin sadarwar zamani shi ake kira Network Convergence a fannin fasahar sadarwa ta zamani. Kuma kashi sittin cikin dari na sanadinsa daga wayar salula ne. In kuwa haka ne, ta yaya aka samo wannan fasaha mai matukar tasiri a duniya?

Asali da Samuwar Wayar Salula

Wayar salula ta samo asali ne shekaru kusan dari da suka gabata, daga kasashe guda shida, musamman. Wadannan kasashe dai su ne: Kasar Amurka, da Ingila (ko kace Burtaniya), da Jamus, da Rasha (ko Rusasshiyar Daular Sobiet), da Suwidin, da kuma kasar Finland. Idan ka cire kasar Amurka, duk sauran kasashen na nahiyar Turai ne. Kuma sabanin yadda muke ganin wayar salula irin ta yau, wannan fasaha ta samo asali ne daga kananan rediyon sadarwa masu amfani da tsarin hanyar sadarwa biyu (Two-way Radio), wadanda ake sanyawa a cikin motocin haya, ko motocin daukan marasa lafiya, ko motocin ‘yan sanda. A wancan lokaci ana kiransu Radio Rigs, kuma basu amfani da babbar tashar sadarwa na tarho ta kasa, saboda rashin lambar waya da suke fama da shi. Ire-iren wadannan wayoyi ko rediyon sadarwa suna amfani ne da hanyoyi biyu kadai, don sadarwa, kuma dole ne ya zama wanda zai kira ka yana da irinta; daga kai sai shi kadai. Kamar yadda bayani ya gabata, suna makale ne a cikin mota. Sai a mota ake iya amfani dasu. Daga baya aka kera wadanda ake iya rikewa a hannu, amma kuma baka iya amfani dasu sai ka jona su da wutar mota, ta hanyar makalutun kunna sigari da ke cikin mota, watau Cigarette Lighter Plug. Dole sai ta haka, domin basu da batir, kuma basu da siginar rediyo da ke jone da tashar sadarwa. Wadannan nau’ukan kuma su aka kira Bag Phones a wancan lokaci. Domin kana iya sanya su a cikin jaka kayi yawo dasu, sai dai kuma basu da bambanci da wadanda ke cikin mota. Wannan fasaha a kasar Amurka aka kirkireta, kuma hakan ya faro ne tun shekarar 1911.

Cikin shekarar 1926 sai wannan fasaha ta yadu zuwa kasar Jamus, inda aka kayatar da ita, aka sanya mata suna Radio Telephony. Tsarinsu duk iri daya ne; ana amfani da su ne a manyan jiragen kasa da ke daukan mutane daga birnin Berlin zuwa birnin Hamburg, duk a kasar Jamus. Har wa yau an yi amfani dasu a jiragen sama, inda matuka jirgi ke amfani dasu don sadarwa tsakaninsu da ma’aikatan tashar jirgi. Sannan a karshe kasar Jamus ta sanya su a cikin manyan tankunan yakinta da tayi amfani da su a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ana shiga shekarar 1940 sai kamfanin Motorola da ke kasar Amurka ya canza wa wannan fasaha tsari, inda ya bullo da wayoyin hannu masu matukar girma da nauyi. Domin kowane daya zai kai kaurin damtsen hannun matashi a yau, kuma suna dauke ne da batir. Wadannan su ne wayoyin da ya sanya musu suna Walkie Talkie, kuma ya kera wa Hukumar Sojin Amurka ne. Da aka haura zuwa 1946 sai aka samu wasu injiniyoyi ‘yan kasar Rasha guda biyu; da D.G. Shapiro da kuma Zaharchenko, wadanda suka yi wani bincike kan tsarin sadarwa, har suka yi gwaji a mota. Wannan tsari ya kumshi tsarin sadarwa ta wayar salula mai cin kilomita 20, kuma sabanin binciken da wasu suka yi a baya, wannan tsari na su Zaharchenko na iya hada alaka tsakanin wadannan wayoyin salula na wancan lokaci da kuma tashar sadarwa da ke kasar. Wannan, a iya bincike na, shine yunkurin da aka fara yi don hada alaka tsakanin wayoyi da kuma tashar sadarwa a tsarin amfani da wayar salula irin ta zamani. Shapiro da Zaharchenko sun yi kokari ta wannan bangare.

Da aka shiga shekarar 1947 sai aka samu wasu injiniyoyi daga kamfanin binciken kimiyya na Bell Labs da ke kasar Amurka, masu suna Douglas H. Ring, da kuma Rae Young, suka gudanar da wani bincike na musamman su ma kan sadarwa a tsarin sadarwar rediyo tsibi-tsibi. Sun gabatar da wannan bincike ne don amfanin wayar salula da ke makale cikin motoci. To amma saboda rashin samuwar fasahar wayar salular da za ta dace da wannan tsari da suka bullo dashi, sai ba a dabbaka ba. Haka wannan bincike mai maiko ya shiga kundin tarihi, ya kama bacci.

Ana cikin haka, sai ga kamfanin Ericsson (ko Sony Ericsson) a shekarar 1956 da wata sabuwar fasaha mai suna Mobile Telephone system A, ko MTA a gajarce. Ta bullo da wannan sabuwar waya ce a kasar Suwidin. Sai dai, kamar nau’in Walkie Talkie, su ma suna da dan karen nauyi. Kowanne daga cikinsu ya kai nauyin kilogram arba’in (40kg). Amma daga baya sai kamfanin ya dada kayatar dashi, inda ya mayar dashi mai nauyin kilogiram tara (9kg). Hakan ya faru ne a shekarar 1965. Ya zuwa shekarar 1983, kamfanin ya samu kwastomomi har dari shida, wadanda suka saya, kuma suke amfani da wannan nau’in waya. Abin dai bai dore ba, domin cikin shekarar aka dakatar da sayar da wannan waya nau’in MTA.

Daga nan kuma sai guguwar bincike ta sake komawa kasar Rasha, cikin shekarar 1957, lokacin da wani matashi injiniya mai suna Injiniya Leonid Kupriyonovich ya kirkiri wata sabuwar wayar salula da ya sa mata suna ta amfani da haruffan sunayensa, watau LK-1. Daga baya aka sake wa wayar suna zuwa “Radiophone”. Wannan nau’in waya dai waya ce ta salula, mai dauke da kunnuwan sadarwa (Antenna), kuma kai tsaye take amfani da tashar sadarwar kasar Rasha. Nauyinta duk bai shige Kilogiram uku ba (3kg), tana kama tashar sadarwa a tazarar kilomita ashirin zuwa talatin (20 – 30km), kuma kasancewarta mai amfani da batir, kana iya yin kira har na tsawon sa’o’i ashirin zuwa talatin shi ma, batirin bai dauke ba. Wannan ci gaba ne sosai, idan muka yi la’akari da yanayin binciken da aka yi a baya. A shekarar 1958 sai wannan matashi ya kara kayatar da wannan waya tasa, inda nauyinta ya gangaro zuwa giram dari biyar kacal (500gm).

Har zuwa zamanin da injiniya Leonid ya gudanar da bincike ya kuma samar da wayarsa ta LK-1, ana amfani wayoyin salula ne a wuri guda. Inda kake, nan kadai zaka iya kira. Duk kuwa da cewa wayoyin na yin hakan ne ta hanyar jonuwa da tashar sadarwa ta kasashen da suke ciki. Amma tsarin sadarwar a waje daya kawai take. Da zarar ka fice daga unguwa ko garinku, to shikenan. Baka iya buga waya ko amsa kira. Sai cikin shekarar 1970, lokacin da wani kwararren injiniya mai suna Amos Joel Jnr da ke aiki a Cibiyar Bincike ta Bell Labs a kasar Amurka ya bullo da wani “tsarin sadar da yanayin sadarwa daga zango zuwa zango” da ya sanya wa suna “Call Handoff”. Wannan tsari ne ke bayar da damar yin kira ko amsa kira ta amfani da gamammiyar tsarin sadarwa tsakanin zangunan sadarwa. Misali, kana iya kiran wani alhalin kana tuki ko tafiya a kasa, daga unguwa ko garinku inda tashar sadarwarku take, har ka fice zuwa wata tashar ba tare da sadarwar ta yanke ba. Wannan sabon tsari ya taimaka gaya, inda a karshe aka samu kamfanin sadarwar tarho mai suna AT&T da ke kasar Amurka ta ci gaba da amfani dashi, har ta samar da tsarin sadarwa mai suna Advance Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) a tsarin sadarwa nau’in Analog. Hakan ya faru ne a shekarar 1971. Daga nan kuma Hukumar Kasar Finland ita ma ta samar da nata tsarin mai suna ART, duk a shekarar. Wannan dai a karshe, shi ya ci gaba da haifar da samuwar kamfanonin sadarwar wayar salula a duniya, tare da kayatar da tsarin sadarwa mai inganci, daga wani zamani zuwa wani, har zuwa wannan zamani da muke ciki.

Kasuwar Fatawa a Duniyar Intanet

Neman Afuwa

Kafin muyi nisa zan nemi gafarar masu karatu, saboda saba alkawari da zan yi a yau. Kamata yayi ace mun ci gaba da kwararo bayanai kan tsarin Fasahar Faifan DVD, kamar yadda nayi alkawari a kasidar karshe da ta gabata kan Fasahar Faifan CD. Dalili kuwa shine, saboda samun kai na da nayi cikin halin rashin natsuwa saboda aiki da kuma halin rayuwa ta yau da kullum. Wadannan dalilai biyu ne suka hana ni zama don gabatar da bincike kamar yadda na saba, kafin ci gaba da wancan silsila da na faro kan Faya-fayan CD da DVD. Domin kasidu ire-irensu na bukatar bincike ne na musamman, mai daukan lokaci da kuma bukatar natsuwa ta musamman, wanda ban kasance a ciki ba, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a sama. A min afuwa zuwa, wani lokaci zan karkato don karasa su in Allah Ya yarda.

A yau, kamar yadda mai karatu zai gani daga taken wannan kasida a sama, zamu karkata ne zuwa bangaren Fasahar Intanet, don kawo bayanai kan tsarin “Fatawa”, ko kuma “neman bayanai ta hanyar tambaya da amsawa, a wasu tsare-tsaren da suka sha bamban da wanda mai neman bayanai ta hanyar manhajar Matambayi-ba-ya-bata ke yi a kullum.” Wannan hanya ce boyayya ga galibin Hausawa masu amfani da fasahar Intanet a yau, kuma ganin hakan ne tasa na karkato zuwa wannan fanni don kosar da masu karatu kishirwan da suke fama da ita. Kasida ce kwaya daya. Don haka sai a daidata sahu, don fahimtar karatun da kyau.

Kasuwar Fatawa a Intanet

Tun bayyanar wannan fasaha ta Intanet ake da wannan kasuwa, amma saboda rashin siffatuwarta da irin tsarin yau, bata shahara sosai ba. A halin yanzu akwai nau’ukan kasuwar fatawa a Intanet kashi biyu; da tsohuwar hanya da kuma sabuwar hanya. An kirkiri sabuwar hanyar fatawa a Intanet ne sanadiyyar rashin biyan bukatar masu neman bayanai da ke tattare da tsohuwar hanya. A bayyane yake cewa babban dalilin kirkirar wannan fasaha ta Intanet dai shine don aikawa da sakonni da karbansu, da kuma hanyar nemansu mafi sauki, tsakanin mai nema da mai bayarwa. Da wannan manufa aka ta kirkirar manhajoji da masarrafan kwamfuta bila-adadin, don sawwake wannan tsari. Zuwa yau, an samu ci gaba sosai, inda har masu neman bayanai suka wayi gari da tsare-tsaren da ke sawwake musu hakan ba tare da wata matsala ba. Kafin mu kawo bayani kan nau’ukan wadannan hanyoyi, ga ‘yar gajeriyar gabatarwa nan kan ma’anar Kasuwar Fatawa a Intanet.

Kalmar Fatawa dai kamar yadda kowa ya sani, Kalma ce ta Larabci da Hausawa suka aro kuma suke amfani da ita da nufin ”neman bayani kan al’amuran addini ta hanyar tambaya. Ko kuma gamsar da mai neman bayanai kan al’amuran addini ta hanyar bayar da amsa. Ko kuma tsarin tambaya da bayar da amsa kan al’amuran addini.” Amma mu a yau mun yi amfani da ita ne da ma’anar “tsarin neman bayani ta hanyar tambaya, kan kowane fanni na rayuwa, ba addini kadai ba.” A daya bangaren kuma, idan muka ce Kasuwar Fatawa, muna nufin “wani tsari ne da ya kumshi gidajen yanar sadarwa masu amsa tambayoyin masu ziyara a fannonin ilimi da harkokin yau da kullum, ta hanyar yin tambaya da samun amsa.” Wannan tsari shine ake kira Knowledge Market a turancin fasahar sadarwa ta zamani. Wadannan gidajen yanar sadarwa sun kumshi Majalisun Tattaunawa (Online Forums/Groups), da Zauren Hira (Chat Rooms), da kuma gidajen yanar sadarwa gama-gari, masu bayar da damar yin hakan.

Nau’uka

Akwai nau’in hanyoyin neman fatawa kala biyu a Intanet. Nau’in farko ya kumshi tsohuwar hanyar neman bayanai da samunsu a Intanet. Watau gidajen yanar sadarwa masu dauke da Majalisun Tattaunawa, watau Online Forums/Groups, da kuma Zauren Hira, ko Chat Rooms inda zaka je kayi rajista, ka aika tambayarka, ka jira amsa daga wajen sauran mambobin da ke ciki. Wannan hanya ita ce tafi sauki, kuma har yanzu ana amfani da ita wajen neman bayanai da samunsu a Intanet. Kusan dukkan manyan gidajen yanar sadarwar shahararrun kamfanonin sadarwa da ke Intanet na dauke da ire-iren wadannan Majalisu da Zauruka; daga Yahoo!, zuwa Google, duk zaka samu. Tsarin neman bayanai da samunsu a wannan hanya duk kyauta ne; baka bukatar biyan kudi. Misali, kana iya shiga Majalisun Tattaunawa na harshen Hausa da ke Intanet, irinsu Majalisar Marubuta (http://groups.yahoo.com/group/marubuta), da na Finafinan Hausa (http://groups.yahoo.com/group/finafinan_hausa), ka yi rajista, sannan ka nemi dukkan bayanan da kake so, cikin sauki. Sannan kana iya tattanauwa da duk wanda kake son samun wasu bayanai daga gareshi ta hanyar fatawa a Zauren Hira, watau Chat Room. Amfanin wannan tsari shine, yana baka damar aikawa ne da tambaya da kuma samun amsa nan take, saboda kusancin yanayi da ke tsakaninka da wanda kake tambaya. Amma a Majalisun Tattaunawa kuwa, zaka jefa tambaya ne, sai ka saurari amsa. Duk wanda ya shiga akwatin Imel dinsa ya ga tambayarka, muddin ya sani, to nan take zai aiko da amsa. Idan akwai mai Karin bayani, nan take wani ma zai jefo. A wannan tsari kana da damar samun amsa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kuma hakan zai baka damar zaban wanda yafi dacewa da abinda kake so.

Nau’i na biyu kuma ya kumshi hanyar neman fatawa ne a gidajen yanar sadarwa na musamman da aka tanada don karban tambayoyi da bayar da amsa. Ire-iren wadannann gidajen yanar sadarwa dai sun kasu kashi biyu; akwai na kyauta, inda zaka jefa tambaya bayan kayi rajista, sannan ka jira amsa. Idan ana bukatar Karin bayani za a sake tambayarka. Da zarar ka gamsar da wanda ke bukatar Karin bayani, nan take za a aiko maka da amsar tambayarka. Daga cikin shahararrun gidajen yanar sadarwa masu amsa fatawa kyauta a Intanet, akwai Yahoo Answers (http://answers.yahoo.com). Idan ka yi rajista, kana aikawa da tambaya, kuma a baka amsa. Wadanda ke wannan gidan yanar sadarwa duk mambobi ne, ba wai ma’aikatan kamfanin Yahoo! bane. Bayan haka, kana iya bincike cikin tambayoyin baya da aka amsa su, duk wanda ya dace da tambayarka, sai ka dauka. An kuma samu na kamfanin Microsoft mai suna MSN QnA (MSN Question and Answers – http://answers.msn.com). Amma an rufe gidan yanar bayan wasu lokuta da fara gudanar dashi. A bangaren addini kuma, akwai gidan yanar sadarwa ta fatawar Musulunci zalla, mai suna Islam Question and Answer (http://www.islam-qa.com), inda zaka je ka mika tambayarka, manyan malamai sub aka amsa nan take. Wannan ma wata kafa ce ta samun bayanai kan matsalolin da suka bijiro maka, ka rasa yadda zaka iya warware su a addinance.

A daya bangaren kuma, akwai gidajen yanar sadarwa masu bayar da damar aika tambaya da samun amsa ta hanyar biyan kudi. Shahararren gidan yanar sadarwan da ya taba yin gwaji kan haka kuwa shine gidan yanar sadarwan Google, mai suna Google Answers (http://answers.google.com). Wannan gidan yanar sadarwa an kafa shi ne a shekarar 2004, kuma ya rayu har zuwa shekarar 2008, lokacin da kamfanin Google ya rufe shi sanadiyyar wasu matsaloli da suka taso ta bayan fage. Amma duk da haka, akwai dukkan amsoshin da aka amsa su a tare a gidan yanar, kuma kowa na iya zuwa ya bincika, don kwasan garabasa kyauta.

Tsari

Yadda ake gudanar da hanyoyin gabatar da fatawa a Intanet ya danganci tsarin da kamfanin ko kuma masu Zauren ko Majalisar ke bi. Dangane da abinda ya shafi Majalisun Tattaunawa, abinda kake bukata kawai shine ya zama kana da adireshin Imel, sai ka yi rajista a Zauren majalisar, sannan ka natsu don karantar yadda tsarin majalisar yake. Domin akwai tsarin shugabanci a kowace majalisa; akwai Madugu (ko Shugaba), da Sakatare, da dai sauran mukamai da suka dace da irin muhallin majalasar. Bayan nan, kana iya yin tambaya a duk lokacin da ka ga dama. Amma ka tabbata kayi tambaya mai ma’ana, kuma kada ka maimata tambayar da aka ta yi a majalisar. Kana iya gane cewa tambaya ta maimaitu a majalisa, idan ka yi binciken sakonnin baya. Haka kana iya samun wanda ka san kwararre ne kan abinda kake son tambaya, kuyi hira na musamman ta hanyar Imel ko ta hanyar Zauren Hira, watau Chat.

A bangare daya kuma, tsarin fatawa a gidajen yanar sadarwa na musamman ya sha bamban da na Majalisun Tattaunawa. A ire-iren wadannan gidajen yanar sadarwa idan ka je, kana bukatar yin rajista ta musamman, ko da kuwa kana da akwatin Imel. A hanyar rajista ne zaka zabi sunan (username) da kake son a rika shaida ka dashi, duk sadda ka jefo tambaya. Sannan sai ka aika da tambayarka. Kowa na iya bayar da amsa ko jefo Karin bayani kan amsar da wani ya aiko maka. A haka za ka tara bayanan da kake bukata iya gwargwado. Idan kuma a gidajen yanar sadarwan da ake biyan kudi ne kafin karban amsar fatawa, bayan rajista da za ka yi, da kuma zaban sunan da za a sheida ka dashi da zarar kazo tambaya, da kanka zaka sa yawan kudin da zaka biya idan har ka gamsu da amsar da aka baka. Wannan shine tsarin da gidan yanar sadarwan Google Answers yayi amfani dashi. Duk wanda ke son amsa mai inganci, to ya rage gareshi ya sanya kudi mai tsoka, don kwadaitar da mai amsa masa tambayarsa.

A tsarin Google Answers ba kowa bane ke amsa tambayar masu tambaya. Idan ka aiko da tambaya, ka kuma sanya farashin fatawanka, to akwai manhajar da ke “kulle” tambayar don kada wani ya ce komai a kai, sai malaman da aka tanada kadai. Akwai malamai masu bincike na kololuwa a kowane fanni da gidan yanar sadarwan ya tanada don yin wannan aiki. Idan aka turo maka amsa a karon farko, to kowa na iya yin tsokacin Karin bayani ko sharhi kan abinda aka turo maka. Wannan shi ake kira “comments”, kuma kowa na iya tofa albarkacin bakinsa. Idan ka gamsu da amsar da malamin da ke bincike kan tambayarka ya bayar, to shikenan, sai ka biya (da dalar Amurka), kafin a miko maka amsar. Idan kuma baka gamsu ba, haka zaka ta aiko da bayani, don fahimtar da malamin abinda kake bukata. Har sai ka gamsu tukun za a saki amsar kowa ya gani. A wannan tsari Google Answers yayi ta gudana tsawon shekaru hudu. Kuma kamar yadda bayanai suka gabata, duk da cewa an rufe gidan yanar, akwai dukkan amsar tambayoyin da aka amsa su, kana iya zuwa ka nemi wanda ya dace da abinda kake nema, kyauta!

Amfani da Tasiri

Da farko dai samuwar ire-iren wadannan gidajen yanar sadarwa; na kyauta da na kudi, ya sawwake samuwar samfurin bayanai kan nau’ukan ilmi da dama. Domin da dama cikin mutane, musamman ma dalibai da ke makarantun sakandare da jami’o’i sunyi amfani da wannan hanya wajen yin aikin gida (assignment) da ake basu. Duk da cewa kamfanin Google yayi kokarin ganin cewa ya tace samfurin tambayoyi masu kama da na aikin gida da ake ba dalibai, don kauce wa taimakawa wajen kasalar karatu da hakan zai iya jawowa. Har wa yau, hakan ya taimaka wa gama-garin mutane samun hanyoyin warware matsalolinsu. Misali, a gidan yanar sadarwa ta Google Answers akwai tambayoyi kan hanyoyin warware matsalolin rayuwa da dama; irinsu matsalolin zamantakewa tsakanin jama’a, da matsalolin kayan lantarki, da matsalolin hanya da fasahar sadarwa, da matsalolin karatu da shawarwari kan yadda ake tsara rayuwa da dai sauransu. Wani abin sha’awa har wa yau shine, wannan tsari ya taimaka wa jama’a wajen sanin hanyoyi da hikimomin bincike a Intanet. Domin duk sadda mai bincike ya aiko maka amsar tambayarka, zai hada ne da kalmomin da yayi amfani dasu (watau Search Query Terms), don baka damar yin hakan nan gaba, ba tare da matsala ba.

Alal hakika wannan tsari da ya samar da Kasuwar Fatawa a Intanet yayi matukar tasiri wajen samar da bayanai a yadda ake sonsu, a lokacin da ake sonsu, a kuma tsarin da ake sonsu. Har wa yau, tsarin ya taimaka wajen samar da wata kafar haduwa tsakanin mai amsa maka tambayarka, da kuma kai da ke tambayar. Sabanin wasu tsare-tsare masu amfani da manhajar kwamfuta, irinsu manhajar Matambayi-ba-ya-bata, watau Search Engine Program, wadanda ba mutane bane, kuma ba lale bane su fahimci abinda kake nufi kai tsaye. Abu na karshe da wannan tsari ya tabbatar shine tatattun dalilai da masu bincike a ire-iren wadannan gidajen yanar sadarwa ke tacowa daga littattafai da sauran hanyoyin tara bayanai na bayyane, zuwa Intanet. Ma’ana, da dama cikin amsoshin da ake bayarwa, sakamakon bincike ne da aka yi a wajen Intanet, wasu ma alkaluman bayanai ne da ke makare a dakunan karatu a kasashen duniya.

Kammalawa

A karshe, samuwar Kasuwar Fatawa a Intanet dai tayi tasiri matuka wajen habaka samuwar nau’ukan bayanai masu dangantaka da abinda masu neman bayanan ke nema, cikin yanayin da suke so, a kuma lokacin da ake sonsu. Kuma duk da cewa wani banganren wannan tsari ya shafi biyan kudi, a bayyane yake cewa amsoshin tambayoyin da aka bayar suna kan taimaka wa masu neman bayanai a Intanet yanzu, musamman ganin cewa a kyauta ake samunsu. Ga duk mai son ganin yadda wannan tsari na kasuwanci ke gudanuwa ko suka gudanu, a ziyarci gidajen yanar sadarwa irinsu: Yahoo Answers da ke http://answers.yahoo.com, ko kuma Google Answers da ke http://answers.google.com. Idan kuma kana bukatar bayanai masu nasaba da abinda kake so ne ta hanyar taimakon masu amfani da harshen Hausa, kana iya ziyartar wasu daga cikin Majalisun Tattaunawa da ke Yahoo!, irinsu http://groups.yahoo.com/group/finafinan_hausa (Majalisar Fina-finan Hausa), ko kuma http://groups.yahoo.com/group/marubuta (Majalisar Marubuta Littattafan Hausa).

Tsarin Fasahar Faifan CD (3)

Tsarin Taskance Bayanai

Tsarin taskance bayanai a Faifan CD ya sha bamban da tsarin taskancewa ko adana bayanai a kwamfuta, a kimiyyance da fasahance. A fasahar taskance bayanai a kwamfuta, na’urar kwamfuta na karba tare da adana bayanan da ake shigar mata ne a tsarin lambobin “sifiri” da “daya”, watau Zeros and Ones (0s and 1s). Duk abinda aka shigar mata na bayanai, kowane iri ne, a irin wannan tsarin take taskance su. Hatta allon shigar da bayanai (Keyboard) da mai mu’amala da kwamfuta ke sarrafawa wajen shigar mata da bayanai, duk harafin da ya matasa, kwamfutar bata ganinsu, sai dai ta ga lambar sifiri (watau “0”) ko kuma daya (watau “1”). Haka duk sa’adda ka tashi nemo wadannan bayanan a cikin kwamfuta, da wadannan lambobi na “sifiri” da “daya” take gano inda ta ajiye maka su. To amma a tsarin Fasahar Faifan CD, ba haka abin yake ba.

Duk bayanan da aka shigar wa Faifan CD ta hanyar kwamfuta ne ko ta hanyar na’urar shigar da bayanai da kamfanoni ke amfani da ita wajen yin hakan, bayanan na shiga ne tare da zama cikin Faifan a wani tsari da ake kira Non-Return-to-Zero Inverterd (NRZI) format. Wannan tsari ne na shigar da bayanai da kuma sarrafa su ta hanyar kai-komo tsakanin “ramuka” da kuma “tuddan” da ke jikin Faifan CD, masu taskance bayanan. Yadda tsarin yake kuwa shine, kowane Faifan CD na rike bayanai ko adana su ne a cikin wasu kananan “ramuka” da a turancin Fasaha ake kira Pits, da kuma tuddai (jam’in “tudu”) da ake kira Lands. Dukkan bayanan da ake shigarwa na cikin wadannan ramuka ne. A yayin da kuma tuddan ke tsayawa a matsayin kariya ga wadannan bayanai da ke cikin ramukan. Wadannan ramuka da ke jikin kowane Faifan CD ido ba ya riskansu kai-tsaye, sai da taimakon na’urar fadada hoto, watau Magnifying Glass. Amma haka kawai, baza ka iya ganin abinda ke jikin shafin faifan ba na ramuka ko tudu. Kowane rami na da zurfin nanomita dari ne (100nm), da fadin nanomita dari biyar (500nm) tsakanin kowane tudu da tudu kenan.

Tsarin Sarrafa Bayanai

Bayan tsarin shigarwa ko taskance bayanai a Faifan CD, na san mai karatu zai so jin ta yaya na’urar CD ke sarrafa irin wadannan bayanai har ake iya ji ko gani ko kuma amfana da rubuce-rubucen da ke cikin kowane Faifan CD, idan mai dauke da kasidu ne ko makaloli? Wanann tambaya ce mai muhimmanci, kuma amsarta ba a nesa take ba. Mai karatu na iya sarrafa bayanan da ke cikin kowane Faifan CD ne ta hanyar shigar wa na’urar CD (CD Player) faifan, a kifa shi a saman idon na’urar (watau CD Lens). Da zarar ka sanya, ka kunna na’urar, akwai haske da ke bayyana, wanda ke haskaka wannan faifan, don karanto nau’in bayanan da ke ciki; idan na hoto ne, ta nuna su a matsayin hotuna – da launinsu, da girmansu, da ingancinsu, da fadinsu, da kuma yanayinsu. Idan na sauti ne, ta jiyar nan take, ta hanyar kididdige yawan wakokin da ke ciki, da kuma jiyar dasu daya-bayan-daya. Idan kuma hoto mai motsi ne (video), ta nuna nan take, ta hanyar farawa daga farko, zuwa karshe.

Hakan kuwa na faruwa ne ta hanyar alakar da ke samuwa a tsakanin Faifan CD din, da kuma na’urar da ke sarrafa shi, wanda wata haske mai kama da ta sinadarin hasken Infra-red nau’in Laser ke hadawa a tsakaninsu. Tazarar da ke tsakanin wannan idon lantarki na haske da kuma Faifan ya kai nanomita dari bakwai da tamanin (780nm); watau kasa da mita daya kenan. Wannan hasken ne ke kwaso bayanan da ke cikin faifan, ta hanyar jele tsakanin “ramuka” da kuma “tuddan” da ke jikin faifan, tare da sarrafa shi, don jiyarwa ko nunawa ko kuma bayar da damar amfana da kasidu ko makalolin da ke cikin faifan, idan mai dauke da bayanai ne irin wannan. Har wa yau, daga cikin hikimar da ta sa kowane Faifan CD ya mallaki wadannan ramuka shine, don baiwa bayanan da ke cikinsa damar kauce wa datti ko kura da ka iya shafar fuskar faifan, a yayin da na’urar ke sarrafa shi.

Tagomashi da Tsawon Rayuwa

A ka’idar da masu littafin Red Book suka bayar a farkon lamari, sun nuna cewa kowane faifan CD na iya tsawon rayuwa, muddin ya samu wajen ajiya mai kyau, aka kuma kera shi da gasasshen roba mai inganci, tare da yin amfani da na’urar shigar da bayanai mai inganci. To amma da aka fara amfani da Faya-fayan CD musamman masu dauke da bayanai da wakoki, bincike ya nuna cewa mafi tsawon rayuwar da Faya-fayan CD ke yi basu wuce watanni goma shatakwas, watau shekara daya da rabi kenan. Babban dalilin da ke haddasa wannan gajeren ajali da Faya-fayan CD ke yi shine dayan abubuwa uku. Na farko shine yawan amfani da shi akai-akai, babu kakkautawa. Muddin ana yawaita amfani dashi a kullum, to dole inganci da kuma tagomashinsa zai ragu. Wannan ke sa ya kasa rayuwa tsawon lokaci. Abu na biyu kuma shine samuwar datti musamman sanadiyyar wajen ajiya mara tsabta da aka ajiye shi a ciki. Wannan shi ma yana tasiri wajen rage masa inganci da tsawon rayuwa. Sai abu na uku, watau samuwar kwarzane ko karta ko kuma guga a fuskar faifan da ke dauke da bayanan. Wannan kwarzane ko karta na iya yin tasiri matuka wajen toshe wadannan “ramuka” da “tuddai” da ke dauke da bayanan, masu taimaka wa na’urar CD kaiwa garesu don sarrafa su. Samuwar sannan kwarzane ko karta shi ake kira CD Rot ko Laser Rot a turancin fasaha. Kuma wannan ke sa ka rika ganin Faifan CD na karairaya (Cracking) a yayin da na’urar ke sarrafa shi; baya nuna hoto ko jiyar da mai sauraro abinda ke ciki yadda ya kamata ko yake a lokacin da yake sabo.

Nau’ukan Faifan CD

Kamar yadda bayanai suka gabata a farko, akwai nau’ukan Faya-fayan CD da dama, wadanda mai karatu ya sani, da ma wadanda bai sansu ba. shahararru daga cikinsu su ne nau’in Audio CDs, wadanda ke dauke da wakoki zalla, daga kamfanonin da suka kirkiresu. Kuma su ne asali dangane da abinda ya shafi Faifan CD a duniya. Ma’ana su aka fara kirkira, tare da yadawa a duniya. Su ne har wa yau suka kashe wa Faya-fayan Garmaho kasuwa, saboda tasiri da kuma saukin mu’amalarsu. Amma, kamar yadda mai karatu yake gani a yau, bayyanar na’urar sauraron waka mai suna Ipod, ko MP3 ya fara kashe wa wannan nau’in Faifan CD kasuwa shi ma. Hakan kuwa yafi bayyana a kasashen Turai da sauran kasashen Yammacin duniya, inda sauraren waka ya zama ruwan dare; kamar cin abinci. Nau’i na gaba shine nau’in Video CD, wanda ke dauke da hotuna masu motsi, ko fina-finai ko kuma laccoci da dai sauransu. Wannan nau’i yayi tasiri sosai shima wajen kashe wa kaset-kaset na bidiyo (watau VHS) kasuwa a duniya, musamman kan abinda ya shafi fina-finai da wasannin kwaikwayo. Daga nan kuma sai nau’in CD-ROM, wanda ake amfani dashi wajen taskance manhajojin kwamfuta don sarrafa su a cikin kwamfutar; ko dai don sanya masarrafai ko kuma babbar manhajar kwamfuta ta Windows. Su ma musamman ake kero su tare da bayanan da suke dauke dasu. Wannan nau’i ya samo asali ne daidai lokacin da harkar fasahar kwamfuta da sarrafa bayanai ke habaka a duniya. Idan aka shigar da bayanai cikinsu shikenan, ba a iya sauyawa ko goge abinda ke ciki don kari ko ragi. Wannan tasa ake kiransu CD-ROM. Ma’anar ROM a lafazance shine: Read Only Memory.

Akwai kuma nau’in Photo CD, wanda kamar albom ne; kumshe da hotuna a ciki. Akwai kanana da kuma matsakaita. Sai kuma nau’in CD-R, ko kuma CD Recordable, wanda asali yana zuwa holokonsa ne; babu komai a ciki. Ire-iren wadannan nau’in faya-fayan an kera su ne don taskance bayanai ko manhajojin kwamfuta a cikinsu, ta yadda idan aka shigar a karon farko, to ba a iya sauyawa ko kara wani abu kan abinda aka sa. CD-R nau’i ne na musamman da masana suka kiyasta cewa idan har aka adana su da kyau, ta hanyar da ta dace, suna iya yin shekara ashirin zuwa dari ana amfani dasu. Amma idan basu samu wannan gata ba, watanni goma shatakwas galibinsu ke yi ana amfani dasu, sai su lalace sanadiyyar karta ko kwarzane da suke samu ko kuma kwayar cutar kwamfuta da ka iya bata nau’in bayanan da ke dauke cikinsu. Nau’i na karshe kuma sune nau’in da ake iya sanya bayanai cikinsu, a goge don sake sanyawa. Ma’ana, kana iya sanya bayanai iya gwargwadon hali, ka goge ko kuma kara wani abu a kai. Wannan nau’i shi ake kira CD-RW (CD Rewritable); akasin CD Rcordable kenan. Bincike ya nuna akwai bambancin tsari da kuma sinadaran da ake lullube kowanne daga cikinsu dashi. Wannan kuwa a fili yake, musamman idan muka yi la’akari da irin bambancin da ke tsakanin faya-fayan biyu na abinda ya shafi tsarin shigar da bayanai ko fitarwa ko karawa. Faya-fayan CD nau’ukan CD-R da CD-RW sun yi tasiri sosai wajen kashe wa ma’adanar bayanai nau’in Floppy Disk da Zip Diskette kasuwa a duniya. Domin an wayi gari kusan kashi tamanin cikin dari na masu amfani da kwamfuta sun koma amfani da su wajen taskance bayanai da manhajojin kwamfuta a cikinsu, saboda girman mizani da saukin farashi da suke dasu. Duk da yake su ma kasuwarsu ta fara yin kwantai saboda samuwar ma’adanar bayanai nau’in Flash Disk da kuma External Hard Drive da suka dara su inganci da amanar rike bayanai ba tare da matsala ba, su ma a farashi mai sauki.

Kammalawa

Wannan, a takaice, shine dan abinda ya samu kan abinda ya shafi Fasahar Faifan CD, wadda ita ce turba, kamar yadda za a gani nan gaba, wajen samar da muhalli ingantacce na adanawa da kuma sarrafa bayanai cikin sauki da inganci, a farashi mai sauki. Sauran makamantanta irin su DVD, da Blu-Ray Disc, duk da bazarta suke rawa. Idan Allah Ya kai mu mako mai zuwa, zamu shiga bayani kan abinda ya shafi nau’in Faifan DVD. A ci gaba da kasancewa tare da mu.

Tsarin Fasahar Faifan CD (2)

Mabudin Kunnuwa

A cikin kashi na farko da muka gabatar mai taken: “Fasahar Ma’adanar Bayanai a Tarihin Dan Adam (1)” watanni biyu da suka gabata, mai karatu ya samu mukaddima kan yadda dan Adam ya fara wayar da kansa sanadiyyar kalu-balen rayuwa da yake samu yau da gobe, cikin abinda ya shafi tsarin adanawa da kuma taskance bayanai; daga taskance su a kwakwalwansa, zuwa taskance su cikin ababen da ke muhallinsa. A karshe dai, sabanin lokutan baya, a wannan zamani dan Adam ya nemo wasu hanyoyi masu sauki da ban mamaki da yake bi wajen taskance bayanai, da kuma nemo su cikin sauki ba tare da matsala ba. Dangane da haka muka ce zamu yi nazari na musamman kan ire-iren wadannan hanyoyi ko kayayyakin adanawa da kuma taskance bayanai da dan Adam ya kirkira, inda za mu fara da dubi kan tsari da kuma kimtsin da ke cikin Fasahar Faifan CD, watau Compact Disc Technology kenan a Turance. Amma kafin mu dulmiya kan tsarin Fasahar Faifan CD, zai dace mu yi waiwaye, abinda Malam Bahaushe ke kira “adon tafiya”.

Faya-fayan Garmaho (Gramophone Records)

A tabbace yake cewa kafin bayyanar wani abu mai suna “Faifan CD”, da dama cikinmu mun san cewa fasahar da ta shahara ita ce Fasahar Faifan Garmaho, ko kuma Gramophone Records, kamar yadda take a turance. Wannan fasaha ce da ke amfani da faifai mai kama da Faifan CD da muka sani a yau, amma sai dai shi Faifan Garmaho yafi fadi, da nauyi, da kuma inganci. Na san wadanda suka taba amfani da dukkan biyun zasu sheda haka. Faifan Garmaho yafi tsawo da fadi da kauri da nauyi da kuma inganci. Bayan haka, na’urar da ke sarrafa faifan don jiyar da mai sauraro ma ta sha bamban da irin wacce muke amfani da ita a yau wajen sauraron Faya-Fayan CD. Abinda Faifan Garmaho ya rasa shine, baya iya taskance hotuna masu motsi (bidiyo), sai dai sauti kadai. Sannan kasancewar ilimin fasahar da ke wancan zamani bai fadada irin na yau ba, yawan wakokin da Faifan Garmaho ke taskancewa bai kai irin na Faya-fayan CD ba a yau. Amma duk da haka, zamanin da Faifan Garmaho ya dauka a duniya yana cin duniyarsa da tsinke, ko kadan Faifan CD bai yi ba. Domin wannan fasaha ta kwashe shekaru kusan dari tana yayi ba tare da abokiyar hamayya ba.

Wannan tsawon zamani da ta kwashe bai rasa nasaba da rashin wata fasaha da zata iya kalubalantarta wajen inganci da kuma tsari da kimtsi. Fasahar ma’adanar bayanai da tayi kusan zamani daya da Faifan Garmaho ita ce Fasahar VHS, watau kaset din Bidiyo, mai amfani da na’urar Video Machine wajen nuna abinda ke taskance ciki. Kuma kasancewar mahanga da kuma tsarin kowanne ya sha bamban, sai dukkan fasahohin biyu suka ci gaba da rayuwa gefe-da-gefe ba tare da wata hamayya ba. Sai wajen shekarun 1970 zuwa 1980 ne aka fara samun sauyin tunani daga kamfanoni irin su Sony da Philips da ke kasar Jamus da Jafan, lokacin da suka kafa kwamitoci a lokutan dabam-daban, don nemo hanyar samar da wata sabuwar fasaha da ta sha bamban da Faifan Garmaho. Cikin shekarar 1982 aka samar da Fasahar Faifan CD ta farko, wacce kamfanonin biyu suka kirkira a lokuta dabam-daban, inda kuma kowanne daga cikinsu yayi amfani da irin tasa kwarewar, ba tare da la’akari da tsarin da dan uwansa ke amfani da shi ba. Kasancewar kowanne daga cikin kamfanonin biyu yana kera na’urorin da ake amfani dasu wajen sauraro ko kallo ko kuma amfana da bayanan da ke cikin ma’adanan, sai kowanne yayi amfani da tsarin da sai na’urar da ya kirkira kadai za ta iya jiyarwa ko nuna hotunan da ke cikin faifan da ya kera. Wannan tasa aka samu matsala, inda a karshe dai dole suka zauna suka kafa kwamiti na hadin-gwiwa da ya tsara ingantacciyar hanyar warware wannan matsala. Wannan kwamiti ne ya fitar da wasu tsare-tsare cikin wani littafi ko rahoto da ya kira “The Red Book”, wanda kuma tsare-tsaren ne suka samar da irin Faya-fayan CD da muke amfani da su a yau. Ko shakka babu, bayyanar Fasahar Faifan CD ne ya kashe wa Faifan Garmaho kasuwa gaba daya. To yaya tsarin Faifan CD yake? Kuma me ya bashi irin wannan tasiri kan Faifan Garmaho?

Ma’anar “Faifan CD”

Da farko dai, Faifan CD, ko Compact Disc a harshen Turanci, faifai ne mai amfani da kyallin idon lantarki (Optical Light) don taskance bayanai a tsarin sarrafa bayanai na zamani (digital format). Bayan ya taskance, akan yi da amfani da na’urar CD Player wajen kallo ko sauraron bayanan da ya taskance a wannan tsari. Faya-fayan CD na asali an kera su ne don taskancewa da kuma jiyar da sauti ko murya na wakoki ko laccoci kadai (audio CDs), kuma sun samo asali ne tun shekarar 1982, kamar yadda bayanai suka gabata a baya. Girman Faifan CD duk bai wuce milimita dari da ashirin (120mm) ba, kuma kana iya sauraran wakoki ko kallon bidiyo na tsawon minti tamanin (80mins), ko zuba tsantsar bayanai (kamar kasidu ko makaloli) da mizaninsu ya kai miliyan dari bakwai, watau 700MB kenan a mizani ko ma’aunin adana bayanai na kwamfuta.

Da tafiya tayi nisa an sauya girma da tsarinsu, inda aka kera kanana masu daukan wakokin tsawon mintina ashirin da hudu (24mins), masu girman milimita tamanin (80mm). Wadannan su ake kira Mini CDs. Na farkon kuma su ake kira Standard CDs. Da zamani ya kara nisa, ilmin fasahar sadarwa ya kara fadi, harkar kade-kade da wake-wake ya bunkasa, harkar fina-finai ta tumbatsa, sai kamfanonin kera Faya-fayan CD suka fara yawaita. Wannan ya haifar da samuwar nau’ukan Faya-fayan CD masu tsari dabam-daban. Kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a baya, Faifan CD na farko an yi shi ne don taskancewa da kuma sauraron wakoki kadai. Amma bunkasar ilimin sadarwa da kere-kere ya sa an samu wasu nau’uka irin su: Faya-fayan CD masu dauke da manhajar kwamfuta, watau CD-ROM, wadanda kuma sai a kwamfuta kadai ake iya amfani dasu. Akwai kuma nau’in CD-R, wanda ake iya taskance bayanai a ciki sau daya. Su kuma ana iya sanya kowane nau’in bayanai ne a cikinsu. Abinda aka zuba a ciki na bayani, shi ke iya bayar da damar sanin irin na’urar da za a yi amfani da ita wajen nunawa ko sauraro ko kuma amfani da nau’in abinda aka zuba a ciki. Akwai kuma CD-RW, watau CD Re-writable, wadanda kana iya zuba bayanai a ciki sama da sau daya, ka goge, ka sake zubawa. Amma tsarin CD-R da zarar ka sanya a karo na farko shikenan. Sai kuma tsarin VCD, watau Video CD kenan, wadanda ke dauke da hotuna masu motsi, watau bidiyo. Nau’i na karshe da zamu kawo shine nau’in CD da ke taskance hotuna. Su wadannan musamman wasu kamfanoni ke kera su don zuba hotuna a ciki; kamar dai albom kenan. Wadannan nau’in su ake kira Photo CD. Samuwar wadannan nau’uka ko shakka babu ya kara wa Fasahar Faifan CD shahara nesa ba kusa ba, inda a shekarar 2004 aka kiyasta cewa an sayar da Faya-fayan CD masu dauke da wakoki, har sama da biliyan talatin. A shekarar 2007 kuma wannan adadi ya karu, inda kamfanonin da ke wannan sina’a suka ce an sayar da a kalla Faya-fayan har guda bilyan dari biyu.

Duk da cewa Faya-fayan CD sun shahara a hannun mutane a duniya baki daya, kuma ma har wasu na ganin cewa lokacinsu ya fara wucewa, saboda Faifan DVD da Blue-Ray Disc da aka samu yanzu, ba dukkan masu amfani da wannan fasaha suka san hakikaninsa ba. Da me aka kera Faifan CD? Ba kowa zai baka wannan amsa ba. Muna dai amfani dashi ne a tsarin nan na Black Box kawai; watau a ci baure, amma ban da tona cikinsa. Amma kuma duk da cewa lokaci ko zamanin Faifan CD ya kusan wucewa, sanin tsari da kimtsin wannan fasaha zai kayatar da mai karatu sosai. Akwai abin al’ajabi sosai, musamman kan abinda ya shafi ilimin da aka yi amfani dashi wajen kerawa da kuma tsara wannan fasaha shahararriya. Har wa yau, sanin tsari da kimtsin wannan fasaha na Faifan CD zai rage wa mai karatu zangon karatu idan muka zo yin bayani kan tsarin Faya-fayan DVD nan gaba in Allah Yaso. A yanzu ga takaitattun bayanai kan yadda tsari da kuma kimtsin Faifan CD yake.

Tsari da Kimtsin Faya-fayan CD

Kowanne daga cikin nau’ukan Faifan CD da bayaninsu ya gabata a sama, ana kera su ne daga gasasshen roba nau’in Polycarbonate, kuma nauyin kowanne daga cikinsu giram goma shashida ne (16g), mai kuma kaurin milimita daya da digo biyu (1.2mm). Idan kayi rigingine da Faifan CD daidai fuskar da ke kyalli, za ka samu bangarori guda shida da yake takama da su. Wadannan bangarori sun faro ne daga ramin da ke tsakiyansa, zuwa bangaren karshe mai kyalli da ke gefen kowane CD. Bangaren farko shine ramin da ke tsakiyansa, wanda a harshen turanci ake kira Spindle. Wannan rami shine ke rike sandar na’urar da ke sarrafa Faifan a lokacin da ake kallo ko sauraron abinda Faifan ke watsawa na sauti ko kallon hotuna masu motsi da yake nunawa. Sai kuma bangare na biyu da ke farfajiyar ramin, mai kama da gilashi. Wannan shi ake kira Clamping Ring. Kamar yadda mai karatu ya sani kuma ya gani, wannan gilashi na gewaye ne da ramin da ke rike sandar na’urar CD Player. Sai bangare na uku da ke biye da shi, watau Stacking Ring, wanda shi ma a gewaye yake. Sai kuma bangare na hudu mai suna Mirror Band, watau da’irar da ke biye da bangare na uku kenan, mai kama da madubi, mai daukan ido. Daga shi kuma sai bangare na biyar, watau bangare mafi fadi kenan, watau bangaren da ke taskance bayanan da ake zubawa a cikin Faifan. Wannan bangare kuwa shi ake kira Data, kuma shine ya faro daga jikin Mirror Band, har zuwa gab da karshe ko gefen Faifan. A karshe kuma sai bangaren karshe, wanda shine layin da mai karatu ke gani a gefen Faifan CD mai kyalli, siriri, mai kaifi. Wannan shi ake kira Rim a turance.

Wadannan su ne bangarori guda shida da kowane Faifan CD ke dauke dasu, kuma su ne kayan aikinsa. Bayan haka, idan ka juya Faifan kowane CD, zaka samu tambari ko na alamu ko rubutu da ke dauke da suna ko tambarin kamfanin da ya sana’anta ko kera shi. Kafin a buga wannan tambari ko rubuta duk abinda aka rubuta a bangon kowane CD, sai an zuba ruwan tagulla (aluminium) mai kyalli, da kuma sinadaran kimiyya nau’in Lacquer, mai daukan ido, sannan a maka tambarin a samansa. Wannan bai tsaya kan Faya-fayan CD da ke zuwa dauke da bayanai kai tsaye daga kamfanonin da suka kera kadai ba, a a, hatta sababbi wadanda babu komai a cikinsu. Duk suna dauke ne da wadannan sinadarai da bayaninsu ya gabata.

Fallayen Faifan CD

Mai karatu zai yi mamakin jin cewa kowane Faifan CD guda daya hadaka ne na fallaye guda biyar, wani a kan wani. Kowanne daga cikin biyar din nan yana da aikinsa, da siffarsa da kuma tsarinsa, wanda ya sha bamban da wanda yake sama ko kasa dashi. Kamar yadda mai karatu zai gani daga hoton da ke dauke da wadannan fallaye guda biyar, da zarar ka fede kowane Faifan CD, abinda za ka samu kenan. Mu fara daga kasa zuwa sama mu gani. Bangaren farko (harafin “A”) shine bangaren da ke fuskantar idon lantarkin da ke sarrafa shi a jikin na’urar CD Player. A takaice dai shine cikin Faifan CD, wanda idan ya samu kwarzane ko datti ya cika shi, to sai an samu matsalar kallo ko sauraron abinda ke cikinsa. Wannan bangare na farko dai gasasshen roba ne nau’in Polycarbon, kuma shine ke taskance dukkan bayanan haruffa ko wakoki ko hotunan da ke ciki, tsibi-tsibi (ko bumps, kamar yadda Malam Kimiyyar Sadarwa suke kiransa). Sai bangare na biyu (harafin “B”), wanda a siffar gilashi ko rariya yake. Aikinsa shine hasko dukkan bayanan da ke tare a cikin bangaren farko da bayaninsa ya gabata. Sai bangare na uku (harafin “C”), wanda faifai ne mai dauke da sinadaran kimiyya nau’in Lacquer. Aikin wannan falle kuwa shine taimaka wa bangare na biyu yin aikinsa yadda ya kamata, ta hanyar tabbatar masa da tagomashin sinadaran da ke haskaka wadannan bayanai da ke fallen farko, kamar yadda bayanai suka gabata. Idan muka kara sama kadan zamu ci karo da bangare na hudu (harafin “D”), watau bangon da ke dauke da tambari ko sunan Faifan kenan daga saman faifan. Aikinsa shine daukan tsarin rubutu ko alamu da za a iya mannawa don sanya suna ko sheida. Har wa yau idan mai karatu bai mance ba, wannan bangare ne ke dauke da sinadaran ruwan tagulla da na nau’in Lacquer, don bayar da damar sanya tambarin.

Sai kuma bangare na karshe (harafin “E”), watau gurun karshe da ke gefen kowane Faifan CD, mai kyalli, mai kuma kaifi. Mai karatu ya lura a duk sa’adda ya dauki Faifan CD, zai ga tambarin da aka manna a bayansa bai lullube wannan bangare ko gargare siriri ba. Wannan bangare, idan ba a mance ba, shine wanda a baya muka kira Rim a turance, kuma yana dauke ne da sinadaran kimiyya na haske nau’in Laser. Har wa yau, yana damfare ne da falle na biyu (harafin “B”). Aikinsa shine yin amfani da wannan sinadaran haske na Laser don yafuto hasken da ke samuwa a falle na biyu da muka yi bayani, wanda shi kuma ke hasko bayanan da ke cikin fallen farko (harafin “A”). Ma’ana, idan ka sanya Faifan CD a cikin na’urar da ke sarrafa shi, watau CD Player, da zarar ya fara juyawa, idon hasken lantarki da ke cikin na’urar zai haskaka Faifan, sai wannan bangare na biyar (da ke harafin “E”) ya yafuto hasken, don cilla wannan haske zuwa falle na biyu, wanda kamar madubi ne ga fallen da ke dauke da bayanan da ke cikin Faifan. Da wannan mai karatu zai fahimci cewa kowane Faifan CD na amfani ne da haske wajen fahimtar sakon da ke cikinsa, da kuma jiyarwa ko nuna bayanan da ke ciki. Wadannan fallaye biyar da bayaninsu ya gabata, su ne aka hade su waje daya a matsayin Faifan CD guda daya. Kuma shi yasa a turance ake kiran kowane Faifai da suna: Compact Disc, ma’ana Faifai mai dauke da wasu faya-fayan a cikinsa.

An Kaddamar da Jami’ar “Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Sarki Abdullah”

“Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Sarki Abdullah”

Kamar yadda watakila masu karatu suka ji ko gani a kafafen watsa labaru na gida da ketare, ranar Laraba, 24 ga watan Satunba ne aka kaddamar da “Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Sarki Abdullah” (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology – KAUST) da ke kasar Saudiyya. Wannan biki da aka gudanar ya samu halartar baki daga kusan dukkan kasashen da ake ji dasu a duniya, ciki har da Shugaba Umaru Musa ‘Yar Adua na Nijeriya, sanadiyyar gayyatarsa da aka yi. Wannan Jami’a, kamar yadda masu karatu suka ji a labaru, na daya cikin Jami’o’in da ake ji dasu wajen kayayyakin aiki, da kyawawan tsari, da kuma muhallin karantarwa mai kayatarwa. Hukumar Saudiyya ta dauki tsawon lokaci tana tanadi wajen kafa wannan jami’a, inda aka dauki nauyin masana suka yi ta jele tsakanin manyan kasashen duniya da suka ci gaba a fannin Kimiyya da Fasaha; irinsu Amurka da Nahiyar Turai da Malesiya da Singafo da sauran kasashen da suka ci gaba, don dauko samfurin tsarin da ake ake amfani dasu a jami’o’in wadannan kasashe. An kuma kashe a kalla dalar Amurka biliyan goma ne wajen gina makarantar, wajen naira biliyan dubu daya da dari biyar da arba’in kenan kudin Najeriya.

Wannan Jami’a ce ta Kimiyya da Fasaha tsantsa, kuma tana dauke ne da kwasa-kwasai guda tara rak, wadanda ake iya yin Digirin farko (BSc), da Digirin Digirgir (Masters), sai kuma Digirin Digirgir da Dingirewa (Doctorate Degree) a kansu. Wadannan kwasa-kwasai dai sune: Fannin Kimiyyar Lissafi ta Kololuwa (Applied Mathematics and Computational Science), da Fannin Kimiyyar Halittu (Bioscience), da Fannin Kimiyyar Sinadarai (Chemical and Biological Engineering), da Fannin Kimiyyar Kwamfuta da Sadarwa (Computer Science), da Fannin Kimiyyar Karkashin Kasa (Earth Science and Engineering). Sauran fannonin sun hada da Fannin Kimiyyar Lantarki (Electrical Engineering), da Fannin Kimiyyar Muhalli (Environmental Science and Engineering), da Fannin Kimiyyar Makamashi (Material Science and Engineering), sai kuma Fannin Fasahar Kere-kere (Mechanical Engineering). An tsara wadannan kwasa-kwasai ne don baiwa dalibai ilimi mai amfani da gamsarwa, wadanda zasu iya ciyar da al’umma gaba a ko ina suka samu kansu a duniya. Kuma kamar yadda bayani ya gabata, shahararrun malaman jami’a da ke kasashe dabam-daban ne suka tsara manhajar karantar wadannan kwasa-kwasai.

Jami’ar bata tsaya wajen samar da muhallin karatu mai gamsarwa da inganci kadai ba, hatta tallafin karatu tana baiwa dalibai. Ga dukkan alamu, idan bai zo na daya a duniya ba, tallafin da wannan makaranta ke baiwa dalibi na sahun na gaba-gaba a duniya, inda ta sha alwashin bayar da tallafin dalar Amurkar dubu talatin ($30,000) a kalla, ga dalibi. Idan muka juya wannan kudi zuwa nairan Nijeriya, zamu samu a kalla naira miliyan hudu da dubu dari shida da ashirin kenan (=N=4,620,000). Bayan haka, akwai kuma tallafin kayan karatu da take bayarwa, har da kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, watau Laptop, ga dalibai. Wannan ba wani abin mamaki bane ga kasar Saudiyya, domin tana da makarantu na Jami’a da dama inda take daukar dawainiyar dalibai daga kasashen waje suyi karatu kyauta. A wasu lokutan ma idan kana son aikin karantarwa suna iya baka tun kafin ka bar kasar. Misali, a Jami’ar Binciken Kimiyyar Fetur da Injiniyanci ta Sarki Fahad da ke birnin Dhahran, gwamnati na baiwa dalibai tallafin karatu – daga kudi, zuwa muhalli, da kayan karatu, da kuma shawarwari daga kwararrun malamai da ke tare da dalibai a unguwanninsu. Idan ka gama, kayi kokari, kuma kana da sha’awar zama a makarantar, suna iya baka aikin karantarwa ko malanta. Wannan haka yake a Jami’o’in Madina da Makka (Muhammad bn Sa’ood) da Riyad, da Jidda da sauran wurare. Har wa yau kasar na da manyan cibiyoyin binciken kimiyya da fasaha, musamman ta hanyar sadarwar kwamfuta bila-adadin. Kamar yadda masu karatu ne suka sani, kasar na samun kudin shiganta ne galibi daga kudin danyen man fetur da take sayarwa, kamar kasarmu, duk kuwa da cewa Nijeriya ta riga Saudiyyar samun man fetur da shigar dashi kasuwannin duniya a matsayin hajar kasuwanci.

Daga karshe, ga wasikar da wani masoyin shafin Kimiyya da Fasaha ya aiko mana nan, kan batun kaddamar da wannan babban Jami’a ta Kimiyya da Fasaha na Sarki Abdullah. Malam Umar Albasheer mutum ne mai sha’awar fannin Kimiyya da Fasaha, musamman a ce da harshen Hausa ake karantar dashi ko koyonsa. Kuma yana daga cikin masu begen ganin watarana mun samu Jami’a ta musamman mai karantar da wannan fanni a harshen Hausa, kuma a kasar Hausa. Allah nuna mana wannan rana ko zamani, amin. Duk wanda ke bukatar Karin bayani dangane da wannan kamaranta, yana iya ziyartar shafin yanarta da ke karshen wasikar Malam Albasheer. A yanzu dai ga wasikar Malam Umar Albasheer din nan kasa. A sha karatu lafiya:

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An bude Sabuwar Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Sarki Abdullah,

Salam, Baban Sadiq, ya iyali ya kuma ayyuka? Na rubuto ne, domin ganin cewa ya dace mutanenmu su san tasiri da mahimmancin bude Sabuwar Jami'ar Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Sarki Abdullah da aka yi yau a Saudi Arabia, (24th September, 2009), wacce ina ganin har Shugaban Kasa Alhaji Umaru Musa Yar'adua ya samu halarta. A gaskiya na dade ina bin bayanan kafa Jami'ar tun wajen 2008, sa'ilin da manazarta daga Saudi da kuma Kasashen Asiya, suka fara gewaya Jami'oin Fasaha na Kasashen Yammacin Turai, Malaysia, Singapore da dai sauransu. To Alhamdulillah, yanzu dai jami'a ta kammalu, domin har an yi taron bude ta a yau. Saura dame, kalubalen dake gaba shine, da farko dai, jami'ar na bada gurbin karo ilmi mai zurfi (M.Sc) da kuma gurbin karatu na digrin digir-gir wato (Ph.D)  (Schoolarship)  karo karatu na musamman, wanda zai daukewa dalibi kudin makaranta, kudin littafai, kudin magani, in takaita zance har da kudin kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka wato laptop.  Bugu da kari, suna bada tallafin kudin aljihu na dalar Amurka $30,000.00 Saboda haka, yana da kyau ayi wa jama'a bayani cewa ga wata dama ta samu, wadanda ke karatu a jami'oi ko suke shirin kammala karatunsu a jami'oi, dake karatun fannoni irinsu;     *  Applied Mathematics and Computational Science (AMCS)     * Bioscience (B)     * Chemical and Biological Engineering (CBE)     * Computer Science (CS)     * Earth Science and Engineering (ErSE)     * Electrical Engineering (EE)     * Environmental Science and Engineering (EnSE)     * Materials Science and Engineering (MSE)     * Mechanical Engineering (ME) Na samu wadannan labaru ne daga shafin yanar gizon jami'ar wato : http://www.kaust.edu.sa, da kuma daga labarun sha biyun rana na gidan talabijin  Aljazeera. Daga Mai begen ganin kafuwar Jami'ar Kimiyya Da Fasaha Ta Hausa A Nijeriya. Umar Albasheer CEO : My NextGeneration Hosting http://www.mynextgenerationhosting.com

Mu Leka Taskar Wasikun Masu Karatu

Bayan dawowa daga hutun Sallah na lura muna da kwantai na wasikun masu karatu wadanda bamu amsa su ba, wadanda kuma suna dauke ne da tambayoyi masu ma’ana. Don haka wannan mako zamu dulmuya hannunmu ne cikin taskar wasikunku, don amsa tambayoyi masu ma’ana, masu kuma saukin amsawa. Wadanda suka ta bugo waya daga birnin Ikko da sauran biranen Arewa kuma muna mika godiyarmu da zumunci; Allah biya ku, amin. A mako mai zuwa kuma sai mu shiga wani fannin. A yanzu ga wasikun naku nan:

Na’urar “UPS”

Salamu Alaikum Baban Sadik, tambayata ita ce: shin ko na’urar adana wutar lantarki na wucin-gadi (UPS) tana da ka’idar rike wuta a lokacin da ake amfani dashi ga na’ura mai kwakwalwa? Kuma ana iya amfani da ita ga wasu nau’ukan kayan wuta don ta taimaka masu? - Aliyu Mukhtar Sa’idu (IT), Kano: 08034332200

Dangane da abinda ya shafi na’urar adana wutar lantarki na wucin-gadi, watau Uninterrupted Power Supply, ko UPS a takaice, na’ura ce wadda ke aikin tara wutar lantarki da kuma sadar dashi iya gwargwado ga na’urar da take makale a jikinta. Da zarar an dauke wuta, sai wannan na’ura ta taimaka maka wajen rike na’urar da kake aiki a kanta, don ka samu karasa abinda kake yi, ka kashe cikin natsuwa ba tare da ka yi hasarar aikin da kake yi ko ka samu cikas ba. Wannan na’ura na aiki ne da wani irin batir mai iya taskance sinadaran lantarki, ya kuma isar dashi cikin sauki kuma a hankali, nau’in Lithium-ion Phosphate. Kuma shine nau’in sinadarin da ke dauke cikin batiran wayoyin salularmu. Tsawon lokacin da wannan na’ura ke rike wutar lantarki bayan an dauke wuta, ya danganci girma ko mizanin wannan na’ura, da kuma lodin kayan lantarkin da take dauke dasu. Akwai kanana masu cin gajeren zango, wadanda ke iya rike wutar lantarki na tsawon mintuna goma zuwa shabiyar, idan kwamfutar guda daya ce. Akwai kuma matsakaita, da kuma manya, wadanda manyan ma’aikatu ke amfani dasu a ofisoshi ko ma’aikatunsu. Manyan kan dauki tsawon sa’a guda ko fiye da haka; ya danganci yawan kayan lantarki da ke makale a jikinsu. A karshe kuma, ba kwamfuta kadai ba, kana iya amfani da wannan na’ura ga na’urar talabijin da rediyo, da CD ko DVD, da dai kayayyakin lantarki wadanda basu cin sinadaran lantarki mai dimbin yawa a yayin da suke aiki. Kada kayi amfani da ita ga dutsen guga (electric iron), ko na’urar dafa ruwan zafi (electric heater/burner), domin suna da hadari, kuma suna iya kona na’urar ma gaba daya. Domin mizanin wutar da suke bukata ya shallake wanda na’urar ke kiyascewa. Da fatar ka gamsu.

Batir Nau’in “CMOS”

Me ye aikin “CMOS Battery” a jikin na’ura mai kwakwalwa (computer) da kuma wayar hannu (handset)? - Aliyu Mukhtar Sa’idu (IT), Kano: 08034332200

Da farko dai, abinda gungun haruffan “CMOS” ke nufi shine: “Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor”, watau “tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai dauke da gurabun samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu; na farko shine nau’in “N” (watau “N-type”), na biyun kuma nau’in “P” (watau “P-type”), wadanda aka gwama su cikin buraguzan sinadarin “Silicon” don samar da wutar lantarki tare da sarrafa shi”. Idan aka ce “CMOS Battery” kuma, ana nufin batir mai dauke da wannan tashar samar da wutar lantarki na “CMOS”. Ana amfani da irin wannan batir ne a kwamfuta, da kuma wayoyin salula da wasu kayayyakin fasaha. Babban aikinsa shine taimaka wa kwamfuta wajen sarrafa bayanai (watau taskance su, da sarrafasu da kuma samar da su a lokacin da ake bukata) a lokacin da mai amfani da kwamfutar ke yi. Kuma batirin na aiki ne kai tsaye da ma’adanar wucin-gadi na kwamfuta da ake kira Random Access Memory, watau RAM; wadda farfajiya ce ta wucin-gadi da kowace kwamfuta ko wayar salula ke amfani da ita don ajiye manhaja ko masarrafar da ta janyo daga asalin ma’adanar kwamfutar, watau Hard Disk Drive a lokacin da ake amfani da manhaja ko masarrafar. Duk sa’adda ka kunna kwamfuta, da zarar ka kira wata masarrafa za ka fara amfani da ita, kwamfutar za ta je cikin HDD ne ta dauko maka, sai ta ajiye maka ita a wannan farfajiya ta wucin-gadi da ake kira RAM, ka yi ta aikinka. Da zarar ka gama, ka rufe, sai manhajar ta koma inda aka dauko ta. Yin hakan kuwa aiki ne da ya kunshi janyo bayanai masu dimbin yawa cikin dan kankanin lokaci, tare da sarrafa su nan take. Don haka aka tanadar wa kwamfuta ko wayar salula irin wannan nau’in batir a cikin injinta, wanda ke gudanar da wannan aiki cikin gaugawa, ba tare da ya zuge wa kwamfutar wutar lantarkin da take amfani da shi ba. Domin a cikinsa akwai tashar da ke samar masa da abinda yake bukata na wuta, ba sai ya dogara dari-bisa-dari ga wutar kwamfutar ba. Wannan, a takaice, shine ma’ana da amfanin “CMOS Battery” a kwamfuta ko wayar salula. Da fatar an gamsu.

Kwamfutar Tafi-da-Gidanka

Salamu Alaikum Baban Sadik, ko rufe kwamfuta nau’in tafi-da-gidanka ba tare da an kashe ta ba yana haifar mata da wasu matsaloli? - Aliyu Mukhtar Sa’id (IT), Kano: 08034332200

Eh to, idan har aka ci gaba da haka, hakan na iya haifar mata da matsala, musamman idan ya zama sanya ta ake yi cikin jaka ko wani killataccen wuri inda iska baya shiga, ba tare da an kashe ta ba. Babbar matsalar da ka iya samuwa ita ce, raguwar inganci tare da karfin na’urar da ke sarrafa ta gaba daya, watau Processor. Hakan zai rika sa ta rika yin zafi, a karshe kuma masarrafar ta gaza, ya zama sai an canza sabuwa. Amma duk da haka akwai inda za a iya saita kwamfutar, ta zama duk sadda ka rufe marfinta, za ta kashe kanta nan take. In haka aka saita ta, to ba wata matsala. Ko da kuwa da zarar an rufe ana sanya ta cikin jaka ne. Domin nan take za ta kashe kanta. Da fatan an gamsu.

Tsakanin Fasahar “Bluetooth” da “Infra-red”

Salamu Alaikum Baban Sadik, tambaya ta ita ce: tsakanin Infared da Bluetooth ya tsarinsu yake ne wajen karbar sakonni da aikawa? - Aliyu Mukhtar Sa’idu (IT), Kano: 08034332200

A fasahance, idan aka ce “Bluetooth”, musamman ma a wannan zamani namu, ana nufin wani tsari ne ko hanyar sadarwa da ke kumshe cikin kayayyakin sadarwa na zamani irin su wayar salula, wanda ake iya aikawa ko karban jakunkunan bayanai da suka shafi haruffa da sauti ko murya (irin na wakoki da karatuttuka da laccoci) ko hotuna; masu motsi (Video) ko marasa motsi, a tsakanin wadannan kayayyakin sadarwa. Wannan ita ce ma’anar “Bluetooth” a takaice. Sadarwa a tsarin Bluetooth na yiwuwa ne ta hanyar neman wayar salular wanda kake son aika masa, a iya tazarar da bata wuce taku talatin ba (30ft), ko kuma nisan mita goma (10 meters). A iya wannan tazara, idan ka kunna na’urar Bluetooth din ka, to duk wanda wayarsa ke kunne a iya kadadar wannan tazara ko zango, za ka same shi da zarar ka nemo, har ma ka iya aika masa da sako. Idan wayar ka ta nemo sunan wannan waya da take son saduwa da ita, za ta bata suna na musamman, sannan sai ta nemo kogo (Port) mafi sauki da zata iya aikawa da sakon, ba tare da mishkila ba. Da zarar ta nemo, sai ta fara barbara, don sheida wa wancan wayar salular cewa ‘gani nan tafe’. Idan aka amsa mata, sai ta fara aikawa kai tsaye. Tana gama aikawa sai ta rufe wannan hanya, tare da yanayin sadarwar. Ita kuma wacce ake barbara da zarar sakon neman alfarma ya zo mata, sai ta nemo ka’idar da za ta yi wannan aiki na karban sako. In ta nemo, sai ita ma ta zabi kogon (Port) da zai karbi wannan sako, don shigar mata. Da zarar ta gama wannan aiki, sai ta fara sauraron sakon. Idan aka turo, sai ta karba kai tsaye. Idan sakon ya shigo kogon da aka tanada masa sai ita wannan waya da ta karba, ta rufe kofofin da ta bude da farko, don cika sadarwa. Duk wannan na faruwa ne cikin lokacin da bai wuce dakiku ashirin ba. Illa kawai aikawa da sakon ne ya danganta da yawan mizanin sakon; idan mai yawa ne, zai dan dauki lokaci. Idan kuma kadan ne, nan da nan sai a gama. Wannan tsari na aikawa, a yayin da ake aikawa din, shi ake kira Pairing, ko kuma Point to Point Communication (watau P2P, a harshen ilimin aikawa da sako ta zamani).

Wannan fasahar sadarwa ta samo asali ne shekaru goma da suka gabata, lokacin da wasu kamfanonin kayayyakin fasahar sadarwa guda biyar suka kafa wata kungiya ta masu sha’awan ci gaban yadawa da kuma sawwake hanyar sadarwa a tsakanin kayayyakin sadarwa, watau Special Interest Group, ko SIG a takaice. Sun yi haka ne cikin shekarar 1998, kuma a karshen shekarar 1999 ne suka cin ma matsaya kan wannan fasahar sadarwa, inda suka zabi sunan wani sarki da yayi zamani a karni na goma a turai mai suna Harold Bluetooth, suka ba wannan sabuwar hanyar sadarwa da suka kirkira.

A daya bangaren kuma, abinda kalmar Infra-red ke nufi shine: kasa da launi ja! Wannan fassara ce ta la’akari da ma’anar daidaikun kalmomin – watau “infra”, da kuma “red”. Amma a fasahance idan aka ce Infra-red, ana nufin hanyar sadarwa ta zamani wacce ke amfani da makamashin harske kasa da launin ja, mai dumi, da ke taimakawa wajen sadarwa a tsakanin kayayyakin fasahar sadarwa na zamani. An kuma siffata wannan nau’in haske ne da kalmar “Infra”, saboda kwayan ido ba ya iya tsinkayarsa. Ba kamar sauran nau’in haske irin na rana da muke tsinkaya har mu ji ya ishe mu ba. An gano tasirin wannan yanayi ko makamashin haske ne shekaru dari biyu da suka gabata, inda aka lura da cewa akwai wani tasiri mai amfani da ke taimakawa wajen gano abubuwa da dama ; daga aikawa da sauti zuwa gano darajar yanayi ; daga gano cututtuka zuwa aikawa da sakonni ; daga daukan hoto zuwa magance cututtuka, duk ta amfani da haske da ke samuwa a wannan sararin samaniya da Allah Ya hore mana!

Sabanin fasahar Bluetooth, sadarwa a tsakanin kayayyakin fasahar sadarwa masu dauke da makamashin Infra-red ya sha banban. Ba a bukatar doguwar tazarar da ta gota taku uku, ko kuma mita guda, Watau digiri talatin (30 Degrees) kenan. Har wa yau, fasahar Infra-red na iya aiwatar da sadarwa ne idan ya zama babu wani shamaki komai kankantarsa tsakanin kayayyakin sadarwa biyu. Idan akwai shamaki, ko da na kaurin yadin riga ne, sadarwa bata yiwuwa. Amma sabanin yadda muka dauka, cewa sai an hada wayar salula jiki-da-jiki kafin a iya aikawa da sako ta Infra-red, ba haka abin yake ba. Idan an yi haka ba komai, amma ba ka’ida bace cewa dole sai ta haka za a iya sadarwa. Har wa yau, fasahar sadarwa ta Infra-red ta dara fasahar Bluetooth a wurare da dama. Misali, ba ka bukatar sai ka nemi abokin huldan ka ta hanyar barbaran wayar salularsa. Da zarar ya kunna tasa shikenan. Amma Bluetooth dole ne ka bata lokaci wajen neman abokin hulda da kuma barbaro wayarsa. Haka na’urar Infra-red, ta fi gaugawa wajen sadar da bayanai. Wannan tasa zaka iya aikawa da bayanai masu mizani mai yawa cikin kankanin lokaci, sabanin Bluetooth uwar saibi da nawa; duk kuwa da kwaskwariman da ake ta mata shekara-shekara. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ka’idar da ke taimaka wa Infra-red sadarwa, watau Very Fast Infra-red Protocol (VIFR Protocol) ta shallake wacce ke isar ma Bluetooth, nesa ba kusa ba. A daya bangaren kuma, wannan bai sa Bluetoth ta gaza ba kwata-kwata. Misali, a tsarin sadarwa ta Bluetooth ba a bukatar dole sai masu sadarwa na tsaye cif, ba motsi, sai kace gumaka. A a, kana iya kunna Bluetooth dinka, ka sanya na’urarka cikin aljihu, ka ci gaba da harkokin ka alhali wani na karban sako daga gareka. Haka fasahar Bluetooth ba ta saurara wa wani shamaki; ko da shamaki ko babu, kana iya aiwatar da sadarwa kai tsaye. Ka ga kowa da nashi maziyyar kenan. A cewan masana ci gaban fasahar sadarwa ta zamani, zai yi wahala wani ya doke wani daga kasuwa. Domin kowanne cikin su na da nashi siffa wacce abokin mukabalar sa ba shi da ita. A takaice dai kowanne na da fagensa, kuma zasu ci gaba da habaka lokaci-lokaci, iya gwargwadon yadda bincike ko mu’amala da su ya kama. Da fatan ka gamsu.

Yadda Kasashe ke Sanya wa Fasahar Intanet Takunkumi (4)

Masu Baiwa Fasahar Intanet Kariya

Tsawon shekaru ashirin da fasahar Intanet ta dauka tana da habaka, tare da dasa tasirinta a fagen kayayyaki da hanyoyin sadarwa na zamani, bata tsira da duka da sukan da wasu kasashe ke mata kadai ba, sai da ta samu masoya wadanda suka sha alwashin bata kariya. Kamar yadda muka sani ne a al’adar rayuwa; kowa da kiwon da ya karbe shi – wai makwabcin mai akuya ya sayi kura. Ba kuwa inda zaka ga wannan a aikace irin kasashen da suka ci gaba ta fannin tattalin arziki, musamman kasashen yamma. In har ana samun masu tutiyar kare hakkin dabbobi (irinsu mage, da tumakai, da karnuka, kai hatta ciyayi akwai masu tutiyar nema musu ‘yanci), kenan don an samu masu baiwa fasahar Intanet kariya ba wani abin mamaki bane.

Daga cikin kungiyoyi masu baiwa fasahar Intanet kariya a duniya akwai kungiyar Reporters Without Border, watau kungiyar ‘yan jarida masu kishin yada labarai da bayanai da kuma bayar da kariya ga dukkan hanyoyin samunsa a duniya. Wannan kungiya, cikin rahotanta na shekarar 2006 ta bayyana cewa akwai kasashe goma sha uku da ta kira da “Masu Adawa da Fasahar Intanet” a duniya, saboda irin tsarin da suke bi wajen sanya wa fasahar Intanet takunkumi. Galibin wadannan kasashe, kamar yadda zamu gani nan kadan, tsoffin daulolin tsarin kwaminisanci ne, ko kuma kasashe masu tsarin mulkin sarauta.

“Kasashe Masu Adawa da Fasahar Intanet”

Kungiyar Reporters Without Border tace ta kira wadannan kasashe da “Masu Adawa da Fasahar Intanet” ne saboda kakkausan harshensu da zafafan bulalolin da suke amfani da su wajen dakushe kaifin wannan fasaha da abinda ta kunsa na amfani ga al’ummarsu da kuma duniya baki daya. Bayan wadannan kasahe guda goma sha uku, akwai wasu kasashe kuma da ta kira “Masu Sassaucin Hali” wajen hanyoyin da su ma suke bi wajen wannan aiki na sanya takunkumi. Hanyoyin da suke bi wajen yin hakan bai kai na farkon ba, amma duk da haka an bayyana su da cewa suna kawo wa wannan fasaha cikas wajen ci gaba da habaka.

Wadannan kasashe sha uku dai sune: kasar Bama, da kasar Kiyuba, da kasar Misra, da kasar Iran, da kasar Sin, da kasar Koriya ta Arewa, da kasar Saudiyya, da kasar Siriya, da kasar Tunisiya, da kasar Turkmenistan, da kasar Uzbekistan, da kasar Biyetnam, sai kuma kasar Maldibs. Kungiyar Reporters Without Border ta kira wadannan kasashe da suna “Internet Blackholes”, saboda irin tsanantawar da hukumomi ke yi ga jama’a kan abinda ya shafi wannan fasaha ta Intanet. Ire-iren wadannan matakai da hukumomi ke daukawa ya shafi hana kaiwa ko amfani da fasahar baki daya, kamar yadda bayanai suka gabata a baya, ko kuma kuntata yanayin mu’amalar, ta yadda zai zama kusan gwamma hakura da abin ma, da irin yanayin da ake amfani dashi. A wasu lokuta kuma wadannan hukumomi kan sanya wa jama’a ido, inji wannan kungiya, cikin abinda suke yi. Wannan kuwa yana tasiri wajen hana su sakewa, da kuma yin leke cikin dukkan abinda suke yi. Hakan, a cewar Reporters Without Border, ba karamin laifi bane a doka. Wannan kashin kaji da kungiyar Reporters Without Border ta shafa wa wadannan kasashe ba komai ya dada yi ba sai kara musu bakin jinni a idon duniya, a siyasance. Saboda daman an dauki da dama daga cikinsu a matsayin gwamnatocin kama-karya ne; musamman gwamnatin Koriya ta Arewa, da Sin, da Kiyuba, da Iran, da kuma Bama. To meye dalilansu na yin hakan?

Hujjojinsu

Ko shakka babu, kamar yadda mai karatu ya sha karantawa a kasidun baya, kowace kasa na da nata irin tsarin siyasa, da irin al’adunsu, da addininsu da kuma mahangarsu a rayuwa; wadanda ko kadan ba a hada su da tsarin siyasa ko al’adu ko addinin wasu kasashen. Wadannan bambance-bambance ne suke tasiri wajen tsarin da kasashen ke amfani dashi na sanya kariya ga fasahar baki daya. Misali, kasar Sin kasa ce mai asali da tarbiyya irin ta tsarin kwaminisanci ko gurguzu; wanda kuma a irin wannan muhalli, ana ma gwamnati biyayya ne ta kololuwa. Duk abinda hukuma tace, shikenan, kai baka da bakin Magana. Sannan kuma irin al’adunsu ya sha bamban da na sauran kasashen turai, watau kasashen da ire-iren wadannan kungiyoyi suka fito kenan. A al’adunsu babban laifi ne kallon tsiraici, amma a sauran kasashen turai ba dukkansu suka dauki wannan a matsayin wani laifi ko abin kunya ba.

Ta bangaren siyasa kuma, daman kowa ya san akwai adawa mai daci a tsakanin tsarin mulkin gurguzu da ‘yan jari-hujja. Wannan shine abinda ke tasiri har yanzu. Kasashen da ke da asali daga tsarin gurguzu sun fi tsauri wajen sanya takunkumi ga fasahar Intanet, saboda tsarin tunaninsu ya sha bamban da na sauran kasashen turai. Sun yarda da fadin albarkacin baki, amma ba irin wanda ake yake gudana a sauran kasashen turai ba, inda kowa zai fadi abinda ya ga dama ga gwamnati ko shugaban kasa, kuma ya kwana lafiya. A sauran kasashen Asiya misali, da wahala haka ta kasance. Wannan tasa kwanakin baya kasar Tailand ta rufe gidan yanar sadarwar bidiyo na kamfanin Google, mai suna Youtube, saboda wani majigin bidiyo da wasu suka sanya a gidan yanar, mai nuna batanci ga Sarkin gargajiyar kasar. Ire-iren wadannan al’amura sun sha faruwa a sauran kasashen Asiya irinsu Koriya ta Arewa, da Biyetnan, da Bama, da dai sauransu.

Idan muka koma kan kasashe irinsu Saudiyya kuma, duk da cewa ba a cika jin muryarta a siyasar duniya ba, zamu ga kusan tsarin iri daya ne. A kasar Saudiyya haramun ne zuba bayanai marasa dalili marasa karfi, kuma masu nuna batanci ga Sarki, ko wani jami’in gwamnatin kasar. Duk wanda aka kama da wannan laifi ya shiga uku. Haka kuma haramun ne yada bayanai marasa dalilai ko masu tozartarwa ga sauran jami’an kasashen da ke da alakar diflomasiyya da kasar. Haramun ne zuba hotuna da dukkan abinda ke nuna tsaraici ko tsantsar batsa a kowane shafin yanar sadarwa ne. Yadda yake haramun ne a zuba, haka kuma yake haramun ne a kalla. Duk wanda aka kama shi da wannan laifi zai hadu da fushin hukuma. Haramun ne har wa yau zubawa ko shiga shafukan yanar sadarwa masu dauke da bayanan cin mutunci ga kowane mutum ne da ke kasar; musulmi ne shi ko wanda ba musulmi ba. Abu na karshe da gwamnati ta haramta kan abinda ya shafi mu’amala da Intanet shine shiga gidajen yanar sadarwar wasu kasashe irinsu Isra’ila, ko kuma kungiyoyin wasu addinai masu juya akidun mutane zuwa addininsu.

To watakila kace ta yaya gwamnati take ganewa idan an keta hurumin wadannan dokoki da ta gindaya? Wannan tambaya ce mai kyau. Hakika kasar Saudiyya ta yi kokarinta wajen ganin ta samar da kwararru ‘yan kasa, wadanda suka kware sosai kan wannan fasaha ta Intanet da kwamfuta, don ciyar da kasar gaba ta wannan hanya, da kuma sanya kariya ga tunani da akidun jama’ar kasar, kamar yadda bayanai suka gabata. Wannan tasa hukuma ta tanadi wata cibiya mai dauke da gingimarayen kwamfutoci masu shiga tsakanin duk mai mu’amala da fasahar Intanet a kasar, da kuma kwamfutar da ke dauke da shafin da yake nema. Wadannan kwamfutoci suna dauke ne da manhajar tace shafuka da gidajen yanar sadarwa, watau Censoring Software. Wannan manhaja da hukumar Saudiyya ke amfani da ita wajen wannan aiki kuwa ita ce manhajar SmartFilter na kamfanin Secure Computing, wadda ita ce shahararriyar manhajar da galibin kasashe a Turai da Gabas-ta-tsakiya ke amfani wajen tacewa da kuma sanya kariya ga wannan fasaha. Hukumar Saudiyya ta ajiye wadannan kwamfutoci da ake kira Proxy Farm ne a Birnin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Sarki Abdul-Azeez, watau King Abdul-Azeez City for Science and Technology. Kuma manufarta na sanya wannan kariya shine don kare wa jama’a tunani da kuma akidunsu na addini daga gurbata. Duk da cewa tasirin hakan kadan ne, idan muka gwada da irin waskiyar da ake wa wadannan kwamfutoci, kamar yadda muka sanar makonni biyu da suka gabata.

Idan kuma muka doshi kasar Misra zamu samu bambancin manufa tsakaninta da kasar Saudiyya. A yayin da galibin manufar hukumar Saudiyya shine kare addini da tunani da mutuncin jama’ar kasar da kuma na baki, a kasar Misra abin ya dan sha bamban. Dalilan siyasa ne suka fi tasiri a kasar. Haka ma kasar Tunisiya da kasar Siriya da Iran. Wannan kuwa bazai rasa nasaba da irin asalin tsarin mulki da tarbiyyar da suka sama daga wasu kasashen ba. A Misra an sha kamawa da kuma daure masu rubutu suna fadin ra’ayoyinsu na siyasa a Mudawwanai (Blogs). Haka ma abin yake a kasar Iran. Wannan tasa lokacin zaben kasar Iran da aka yi kwanakin baya, galibin shafukan Intanet an toshe su, musamman lokacin da aka fara zanga-zanga. Sai sakonnin tes aka ta aikawa don sanar da hakikanin abubuwan da ke faruwa a can. A ire-iren wadannan kasashe, gwamnatoci basu sassauci kan abinda ya shafi ra’ayoyin abokan adawa ta fuskar siyasa. Wannan shine babban dalilinsu na sanya kariya ta yadda suke so, don cinma manufarsu.

“Masu Sassaucin Ra’ayi”

Kasashe masu “sassaucin ra’ayi” kuma sun hada da manyan daulolin duniya da ke yamma, irinsu kasar Amurka, da kasar Burtaniya, da kasar Isra’ila, da kasar Rasha, da kasar Turkiyya, da kasar Tailand, sai kuma kasar Yemen. Akwai sassauci a wadannan kasashe idan aka kwatanta su da wadanda suka gabace su. Matsalar kasar Rasha na siyasa ne, ko shakka babu. Tsarinta daya ne da kasashen da ke bin ra’ayoyinta na siyasa, irinsu kasar Sin da Koriya ta Arewa da Bama da Iran da sauransu. Sai dai tsananin da ke kasarta bai kai nasu ba; watakila saboda irin ci gabanta ne a fannin tattalin arziki da siyasa. Ita ce kasar da ta fi kowace kasa yawan kwararru a fannin gina manhajar kwamfuta (Computer Programmers) a duniya. Haka kuma, galibin ‘yan Dandatsa masu ta’addanci a Intanet ta hanyar kwamfuta, duk ‘yan kasarta ne. Saboda bambancin ra’ayin siyasa, hukuma kan yi amfani dasu don cinma wasu burace-burace a duniya; kamar dai yadda ake zargin kasar Sin da yin amfani da ‘yan Dandatsar kasarta wajen haka. Kasar Amurka da Burtaniya da Isra’ila ma na da ra’ayi ko manufa makamancin wannan. Wani abin sha’awa da mai karatu zai so ji ma shine, tsarin leken asiri ta hanyar fasahar Intanet (Cyber Expionage) yafi shahara a tsakanin wadannan kasashe. Kasar Tailand manufofinta daya ne da irin na kasar Sin, amma tana da sassauci wasu lokuta kan abinda ya shafi sanya takunkumi. A kasar Yemen kuma, galibin kariyar da hukuma ke sanyawa kan gidajen yanar sadarwar caca ne (Gambling Sites), da gidajen yanar sadarwar batsa (Porn Sites), sai kuma gidajen yanar sadarwar wasu kungiyoyin addinai masu neman karkatar da jama’a zuwa addininsu, ta hanyar gurbata wa ‘yan kasar tunani da akidunsu na addini. Wannan bazai hana a samu wasu ra’ayoyi ko manufofi na siyasa na daban ba, amma a cewar Reporters without Border, wadannan su ne manyan dalilai.

Kammalawa

Daga bayanan da suka gabata, a fili yake cewa babu wata kasa da ta tsira daga laifin sanya wa wannan fasaha takunkumi sanadiyyar wata manufa da take da ita, idan mun dauki hakan laifi ne. Bayanan da muka kawo a sama da kuma dalilan da wadannan kasashe suka bayar ko aka hararo, basa nuna cewa abinda suka yi daidai ne ko kuskure ne kai tsaye. Ya danganci yadda muka dauki abin; ta manhangar addini ko al’adu, ko siyasa. A takaice dai, kowa da dalilansa, kuma a ko ina aka tsare shi zai iya kare wadannan dalilai da suka haddasa shi yin abinda ya yi. Babban abinda zai sa a kasa daidantar ko kuskurar da abinda wata kasa tayi shine; har yanzu babu inda kasashen duniya suka zauna suka ce abu kaza batsa ne, misali, ko lafazi kaza kan siyasa haramun ne, ko suka yarda cewa da dokar addini kaza za a yi la’akari da dukkan laifukan da ake tuhumar mai laifi ya aikata su a Intanet. In kuwa haka ne, to kenan ashe hanya mafi sauki ita ce kowace kasa ta dubi abinda yafi mata – ba tare da zakewa ba – wajen kawo gyara ga al’umma.

A nan zamu dakata da wannan silsila haka. Zuwa mako mai zuwa kuma muna nan dauke da bayanai kan wasu fannonin na ilmin kimiyya da fasahar sadarwa. A ci gaba da kasancewa tare damu.

BARKA DA SALLAH!

Cikin yardan Allah watan Ramadan zai kawo karshe a karshen wannan mako. Da wannan shafin Kimiyya da Fasaha ke taya dukkan masu karatu farin ciki gama wannan azumi lafiya. Allah Ya karbi aiyukanmu, ya gafarta mana, ya kuma sa muna cikin ‘yantattu, amin. Barka da Sallah!!!