Monday, November 16, 2009

Tsarin Fasahar Faifan CD (3)

Tsarin Taskance Bayanai

Tsarin taskance bayanclip_image002ai a Faifan CD ya sha bamban da tsarin taskancewa ko adana bayanai a kwamfuta, a kimiyyance da fasahance. A fasahar taskance bayanai a kwamfuta, na’urar kwamfuta na karba tare da adana bayanan da ake shigar mata ne a tsarin lambobin “sifiri” da “daya”, watau Zeros and Ones (0s and 1s). Duk abinda aka shigar mata na bayanai, kowane iri ne, a irin wannan tsarin take taskance su. Hatta allon shigar da bayanai (Keyboard) da mai mu’amala da kwamfuta ke sarrafawa wajen shigar mata da bayanai, duk harafin da ya matasa, kwamfutar bata ganinsu, sai dai ta ga lambar sifiri (watau “0”) ko kuma daya (watau “1”). Haka duk sa’adda ka tashi nemo wadannan bayanan a cikin kwamfuta, da wadannan lambobi na “sifiri” da “daya” take gano inda ta ajiye maka su. To amma a tsarin Fasahar Faifan CD, ba haka abin yake ba.

Duk bayanan da aka shigar wa Faifan CD ta hanyar kwamfuta ne ko ta hanyar na’urar shigar da bayanai da kamfanoni ke amfani da ita wajen yin hakan, bayanan na shiga ne tare da zama cikin Faifan a wani tsari da ake kira Non-Return-to-Zero Inverterd (NRZI) format. Wannan tsari ne na shigar da bayanai da kuma sarrafa su ta hanyar kai-komo tsakanin “ramuka” da kuma “tuddan” da ke jikin Faifan CD, masu taskance bayanan. Yadda tsarin yake kuwa shine, kowane Faifan CD na rike bayanai ko adana su ne a cikin wasu kananan “ramuka” da a turancin Fasaha ake kira Pits, da kuma tuddai (jam’in “tudu”) da ake kira Lands. Dukkan bayanan da ake shigarwa na cikin wadannan ramuka ne. A yayin da kuma tuddan ke tsayawa a matsayin kariya ga wadannan bayanai da ke cikin ramukan. Wadannan ramuka da ke jikin kowane Faifan CD ido ba ya riskansu kai-tsaye, sai da taimakon na’urar fadada hoto, watau Magnifying Glass. Amma haka kawai, baza ka iya ganin abinda ke jikin shafin faifan ba na ramuka ko tudu. Kowane rami na da zurfin nanomita dari ne (100nm), da fadin nanomita dari biyar (500nm) tsakanin kowane tudu da tudu kenan.

Tsarin Sarrafa Bayanai

Bayan tsarin shigarwa ko taskance bayanai a Faifan CD, na san mai karatu zai so jin ta yaya na’urar CD ke sarrafa irin wadannan bayanai har ake iya ji ko gani ko kuma amfana da rubuce-rubucen da ke cikin kowane Faifan CD, idan mai dauke da kasidu ne ko makaloli? Wanann tambaya ce mai muhimmanci, kuma amsarta ba a nesa take ba. Mai karatu na iya sarrafa bayanan da ke cikin kowane Faifan CD ne ta hanyar shigar wa na’urar CD (CD Player) faifan, a kifa shi a saman idon na’urar (watau CD Lens). Da zarar ka sanya, ka kunna na’urar, akwai haske da ke bayyana, wanda ke haskaka wannan faifan, don karanto nau’in bayanan da ke ciki; idan na hoto ne, ta nuna su a matsayin hotuna – da launinsu, da girmansu, da ingancinsu, da fadinsu, da kuma yanayinsu. Idan na sauti ne, ta jiyar nan take, ta hanyar kididdige yawan wakokin da ke ciki, da kuma jiyar dasu daya-bayan-daya. Idan kuma hoto mai motsi ne (video), ta nuna nan take, ta hanyar farawa daga farko, zuwa karshe.

Hakan kuwa na faruwa ne ta hanyar alakar da ke samuwa a tsakanin Faifan CD din, da kuma na’urar da ke sarrafa shi, wanda wata haske mai kama da ta sinadarin hasken Infra-red nau’in Laser ke hadawa a tsakaninsu. Tazarar da ke tsakanin wannan idon lantarki na haske da kuma Faifan ya kai nanomita dari bakwai da tamanin (780nm); watau kasa da mita daya kenan. Wannan hasken ne ke kwaso bayanan da ke cikin faifan, ta hanyar jele tsakanin “ramuka” da kuma “tuddan” da ke jikin faifan, tare da sarrafa shi, don jiyarwa ko nunawa ko kuma bayar da damar amfana da kasidu ko makalolin da ke cikin faifan, idan mai dauke da bayanai ne irin wannan. Har wa yau, daga cikin hikimar da ta sa kowane Faifan CD ya mallaki wadannan ramuka shine, don baiwa bayanan da ke cikinsa damar kauce wa datti ko kura da ka iya shafar fuskar faifan, a yayin da na’urar ke sarrafa shi.

Tagomashi da Tsawon Rayuwa

A ka’idar da masu littafin Red Book suka bayar a farkon lamari, sun nuna cewa kowane faifan CD na iya tsawon rayuwa, muddin ya samu wajen ajiya mai kyau, aka kuma kera shi da gasasshen roba mai inganci, tare da yin amfani da na’urar shigar da bayanai mai inganci. To amma da aka fara amfani da Faya-fayan CD musamman masu dauke da bayanai da wakoki, bincike ya nuna cewa mafi tsawon rayuwar da Faya-fayan CD ke yi basu wuce watanni goma shatakwas, watau shekara daya da rabi kenan. Babban dalilin da ke haddasa wannan gajeren ajali da Faya-fayan CD ke yi shine dayan abubuwa uku. Na farko shine yawan amfani da shi akai-akai, babu kakkautawa. Muddin ana yawaita amfani dashi a kullum, to dole inganci da kuma tagomashinsa zai ragu. Wannan ke sa ya kasa rayuwa tsawon lokaci. Abu na biyu kuma shine samuwar datti musamman sanadiyyar wajen ajiya mara tsabta da aka ajiye shi a ciki. Wannan shi ma yana tasiri wajen rage masa inganci da tsawon rayuwa. Sai abu na uku, watau samuwar kwarzane ko karta ko kuma guga a fuskar faifan da ke dauke da bayanan. Wannan kwarzane ko karta na iya yin tasiri matuka wajen toshe wadannan “ramuka” da “tuddai” da ke dauke da bayanan, masu taimaka wa na’urar CD kaiwa garesu don sarrafa su. Samuwar sannan kwarzane ko karta shi ake kira CD Rot ko Laser Rot a turancin fasaha. Kuma wannan ke sa ka rika ganin Faifan CD na karairaya (Cracking) a yayin da na’urar ke sarrafa shi; baya nuna hoto ko jiyar da mai sauraro abinda ke ciki yadda ya kamata ko yake a lokacin da yake sabo.

Nau’ukan Faifan CD

Kamar yadda bayanai suka gabata a farko, akwai nau’ukan Faya-fayan CD da dama, wadanda mai karatu ya sani, da ma wadanda bai sansu ba. shahararru daga cikinsu su ne nau’in Audio CDs, wadanda ke dauke da wakoki zalla, daga kamfanonin da suka kirkiresu. Kuma su ne asali dangane da abinda ya shafi Faifan CD a duniya. Ma’ana su aka fara kirkira, tare da yadawa a duniya. Su ne har wa yau suka kashe wa Faya-fayan Garmaho kasuwa, saboda tasiri da kuma saukin mu’amalarsu. Amma, kamar yadda mai karatu yake gani a yau, bayyanar na’urar sauraron waka mai suna Ipod, ko MP3 ya fara kashe wa wannan nau’in Faifan CD kasuwa shi ma. Hakan kuwa yafi bayyana a kasashen Turai da sauran kasashen Yammacin duniya, inda sauraren waka ya zama ruwan dare; kamar cin abinci. Nau’i na gaba shine nau’in Video CD, wanda ke dauke da hotuna masu motsi, ko fina-finai ko kuma laccoci da dai sauransu. Wannan nau’i yayi tasiri sosai shima wajen kashe wa kaset-kaset na bidiyo (watau VHS) kasuwa a duniya, musamman kan abinda ya shafi fina-finai da wasannin kwaikwayo. Daga nan kuma sai nau’in CD-ROM, wanda ake amfani dashi wajen taskance manhajojin kwamfuta don sarrafa su a cikin kwamfutar; ko dai don sanya masarrafai ko kuma babbar manhajar kwamfuta ta Windows. Su ma musamman ake kero su tare da bayanan da suke dauke dasu. Wannan nau’i ya samo asali ne daidai lokacin da harkar fasahar kwamfuta da sarrafa bayanai ke habaka a duniya. Idan aka shigar da bayanai cikinsu shikenan, ba a iya sauyawa ko goge abinda ke ciki don kari ko ragi. Wannan tasa ake kiransu CD-ROM. Ma’anar ROM a lafazance shine: Read Only Memory.

Akwai kuma nau’in Photo CD, wanda kamar albom ne; kumshe da hotuna a ciki. Akwai kanana da kuma matsakaita. Sai kuma nau’in CD-R, ko kuma CD Recordable, wanda asali yana zuwa holokonsa ne; babu komai a ciki. Ire-iren wadannan nau’in faya-fayan an kera su ne don taskance bayanai ko manhajojin kwamfuta a cikinsu, ta yadda idan aka shigar a karon farko, to ba a iya sauyawa ko kara wani abu kan abinda aka sa. CD-R nau’i ne na musamman da masana suka kiyasta cewa idan har aka adana su da kyau, ta hanyar da ta dace, suna iya yin shekara ashirin zuwa dari ana amfani dasu. Amma idan basu samu wannan gata ba, watanni goma shatakwas galibinsu ke yi ana amfani dasu, sai su lalace sanadiyyar karta ko kwarzane da suke samu ko kuma kwayar cutar kwamfuta da ka iya bata nau’in bayanan da ke dauke cikinsu. Nau’i na karshe kuma sune nau’in da ake iya sanya bayanai cikinsu, a goge don sake sanyawa. Ma’ana, kana iya sanya bayanai iya gwargwadon hali, ka goge ko kuma kara wani abu a kai. Wannan nau’i shi ake kira CD-RW (CD Rewritable); akasin CD Rcordable kenan. Bincike ya nuna akwai bambancin tsari da kuma sinadaran da ake lullube kowanne daga cikinsu dashi. Wannan kuwa a fili yake, musamman idan muka yi la’akari da irin bambancin da ke tsakanin faya-fayan biyu na abinda ya shafi tsarin shigar da bayanai ko fitarwa ko karawa. Faya-fayan CD nau’ukan CD-R da CD-RW sun yi tasiri sosai wajen kashe wa ma’adanar bayanai nau’in Floppy Disk da Zip Diskette kasuwa a duniya. Domin an wayi gari kusan kashi tamanin cikin dari na masu amfani da kwamfuta sun koma amfani da su wajen taskance bayanai da manhajojin kwamfuta a cikinsu, saboda girman mizani da saukin farashi da suke dasu. Duk da yake su ma kasuwarsu ta fara yin kwantai saboda samuwar ma’adanar bayanai nau’in Flash Disk da kuma External Hard Drive da suka dara su inganci da amanar rike bayanai ba tare da matsala ba, su ma a farashi mai sauki.

Kammalawa

Wannan, a takaice, shine dan abinda ya samu kan abinda ya shafi Fasahar Faifan CD, wadda ita ce turba, kamar yadda za a gani nan gaba, wajen samar da muhalli ingantacce na adanawa da kuma sarrafa bayanai cikin sauki da inganci, a farashi mai sauki. Sauran makamantanta irin su DVD, da Blu-Ray Disc, duk da bazarta suke rawa. Idan Allah Ya kai mu mako mai zuwa, zamu shiga bayani kan abinda ya shafi nau’in Faifan DVD. A ci gaba da kasancewa tare da mu.

No comments:

Post a Comment