Wasikun Masu Karatu

Ga wasikun masu karatu nan, tare da amsoshi. Kamar yadda na sha sanarwa, idan akwai bukatar Karin bayanai masu tsawo, a rika rubutowa ne ta Imel, sai in samu damar bayar da gamsassun bayanai kan haka. Muna mika sakon gaisuwarmu ga dukkan masu karatu a ko ina suke, musamman masu bugo waya, wanda adadinsu ba ya kiyastuwa. Kada su ji ba a ambaci janibinsu ba. Mun gode matuka.

Assalam alaikum,
Bayan gaisuwa mai yawa da fatan alhairi, na ga cewa wannan muhimmin shafi namu ya sami cika shekaru biyu, tun daga lokacin da ya fara fitowa. Ina fata Allah ya kara wa marubcin wannan shafi lafiya, don ya ci gaba da ilmantar da mu kamar yadda ya saba. Ita kuma jaridar AMINIYA Allah ya kara bunkasa ta, amin summa amin. -Muhammad Rabiu Isa Ayagi
Kano; 08029157450 rabiuisaayagi@yahoo.com

Malam Rabi’u muna godiya matuka da sakonka, Allah saka da alheri, Ya kuma bar zumunci, amin. - Baban Sadiq

Assalamu alaikum, ina yi maka barka da aiki. Suna na Auwalu Muhammad. Ni ma’abocin karanta jaridar AMINIYA ne duk sati; ba ma kamar shafinka. Dan Allah kaci gaba da yi mana bayani kan wadannan miyagun makamai na Nukiliya. Na gode, sai ka sake ji na. - Auwal Muhammad, 08024898216

Malam Auwal, mun gode sosai, kuma Allah saka da alheri. Zamu ci gaba da bayanai kan makamin nukiliya, musamman ta fannin makamashi. Mun gode.

- Baban Sadiq

Assalam Baban Sadiq, don Allah nawa mutum zai tanada ya bude gidan yanar sadarwa (website)? Sannan mene ne bambancin (da ke tsakanin) Yahoo da MSN?

- Ahmad Muhammad Amoeva, 08066038946

Malam Ahmad, ya danganci kamfani ko wanda zai gina maka gidan yanar sadarwar. Babu wani tabbataccen farashi kan haka. Yahoo! Gidan yanar sadarwar kamfanin Yahoo! Inc. ne, mai manhajar wasikar sadarwa ta Imel – yahoo.com. Shi kuma MSN (Microsoft Network), gidan yanar sadarwar kanfanin Microsoft ne, mai dauke da manhajar wasikar sadarwa ta hotmail. Da fatan ka gamsu. – Baban Sadiq

Salam Baban Sadiq, ina godiya da gaisuwanka; jarabawa ne ya boye ni. Shi yasa kaji ni shiru. Amma na kusa kammalawa. Sai a sanya mu cikin addu’ar samun nasara. – Muntaka, Zaria. 08036397682

Malam Muntaka Allah baka sa’a cikin jarabawanka, ya kuma sa mu dace baki daya, amin. – Baban Sadiq

(Tuna Baya): Salamu alaikum Baban Sadiq, a yi min bayani kan tsohuwar kyamara irin ta da mai hoto baki da fari (black & white); dauka yanzu hoto yanzu. Da kuma irin ta zamani wacce minti daya hoto (one minute picture). Malam, sakamakon kimiyya da fasahar da aka samu yanzu a duniya na kere-kere da kwaskwarimar abubuwa; ga shi waccan ta shude shekaru aru-aru tun hoton iyaye da kakanni da muke gani. Malam, a rika zakulo mana irin wadannan su ma, mu kara karuwa dasu. Allah Ya taimakeka, amin. - Aliyu Mukhtar Sa’id, Kano. 08034332200

Malam Aliyu muna godiya da wadannan shawarwari, kuma kamar yadda na sanar da kai ta text kwanakin baya, ina nan tafe da ire-iren wadannan, ba ma ga na’urar daukan hoto kadai ba, har da sauran kayayyakin fasaha irin na da. Mun gode. – Baban Sadiq

Assalamu alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuhu, Malam yaya kwana biyu? Ina fata kana lafiya. Ina tunanin ko ka mance da tambayata ta kwanakin baya, amma sai ga shi na ga amsar a jarida. Gaskiya nayi murna. Har yanzu kar ka gaji damu; tambaya ta ita ce, kamar yadda ake zama a kalli tashoshin satelait, ana ganin duniya dabam-daban, haka shi ma kwamfuta ko laptop yake? In haka ne, ana biya ko ba a biya? Ina fatan Malam za ka bani amsa. Nine dalibinka, Alhaji Mala. 08033598315

Alhaji barka da hutawa, ina kara godiya da gaisuwarka kamar kullum. Kwamfuta ba kamar tashoshin satelait yake ba; sai idan ka jona shi da Intanet, zaka iya kamo tashoshin da ke gidajen yanar masu tashar, har ka kalli shirye-shiryen da suke yadawa. A nan baza ka biya komai ba, sai dai kawai kaji da kudin jona ka da Intanet da aka yi. Sannan, kwamfuta ana amfani da shi ne wajen rubutu da karatu da kuma adana abubuwa da dama. Ba kallo kadai ake yi da shi ba. Da fatan ka gamsu. - Baban Sadiq

Malam, bayani kan tauraron dan Adam; ainihin tarihinsa tun tali-tali ya zuwa yanzu. Kuma yana da ire-ire ne? Wanne ne karami, kuma wanne ne babba a taurarin? Da kuma sunayensu? Kuma wane irin gudunmuwa yake bayarwa a bangaren kimiyya da fasaha ga ‘yan Adam? Daga: Aliyu Mukhtar Sa’idu, Kano. 08034332200

Malam Aliyu barka da kokari. Na tabbata yanzu kam baka bukatar doguwar amsa, ga kasidu nan mun kwararo. Sai mun samu wasu tambayoyin naka kuma. Na gode. – Baban Sadiq

Malam barka da yamma, yaya kokari? Allah yayi jagora, amin. Malam, mu masu karatun shafinka na Kimiyya da Fasaha a jaridar AMINIYA mai albarka, zamu so mu san alakar da ke tsakanin makamin nukiliya da wutar lantarki. Daga AbdurRahman Sa’ad, Kano. 08038272727

Malam AbdurRahman, kasida ko kasidu kan haka na nan tafe in Allah Ya yarda. Na dan dakata ne don mazayawa zuwa wani fannin kimiyyar. A dakace mu! - - Baban Sadiq

Da fatan ka sha ruwa lafiya. Muna taya ku murnar cika shekara biyu da fara yada shirye-shiryenku a jaridar Amintattu. Daga Sani Abubakar (Na ‘Yankatsare, Jos). 08026023796

Malam Sani muna mika dimbin gaisuwarmu ga dukkan ‘yan makarantarka, Allah bar zumunci amin. - Baban Sadiq

Salam, Malam Abdullahi ina maka fatan alheri. Daga sabon dalibinka, Ashsharir. 08038443566

Malam mun gode da gaisuwa, muna kuma mika tamu fatan alherin zuwa gareka. Allah bar zumunci, amin. – Baban Sadiq

Malam ya ibada? Allah karbi ibadarmu, amin. Ni ma ina taya jaridar jaridu (AMINIYA) murnar cika shekaru biyu, musamman ma wannan shafi mai albarka na kimiyya da fasaha wanda yai daidai da wannan zamani. Malam, kungiyar makarantar jaridar AMINIYA ta jahar Kano nake tambaya? Domin kada ai nisa da darussa ban shiga ba. Daga: Aliyu Mukhtar Sa’idu (IT), Kano. 08034332200

Malam Aliyu har wa yau muna kara yabawa da kokarinka. Allah saka da alherinsa, amin. Dangane da abinda ya shafi hadin kan masu karatun AMINIYA a birnin Kano (da gewayenta), kana iya tuntubar Malam Rabi’u Isa Ayagi, akwai lambar wayarsa a wasikar farko da ke sama. – Baban Sadiq

Malam Abdullahi ina fatan kana lafiya. Ni kam wata tambaya zan maka: idan nayi digiri a fannin Kimiyyar Fasahar Sadarwa (Information Technology), zan iya samun aiki dashi a fannin soji a Nijeriya? - 07030875753

Kamar yadda na sanar da kai, kana iya samun aiki a dukkan ma’aikatar da ke mu’amala da kwamfuta a ko ina take a duniya, ba ma Nijeriya kadai ba. Ilimi kan Kimiyyar Fasahar Sadarwa shine ke ci a halin yanzu, kuma duk wani fanni da kake kai, idan ka hada shi da wannan ilimi, sai kayi fice, nesa ba kusa ba. Allah yai mana jagora, amin. – Baban Sadiq

Assalamu alaikum, sakon gaisuwa gareka mai tarin yawa, da fatan kayi sallah lafiya, amin summa amin. Kuma ina addu’ar Allah Ya karbi ibadarmu, amin summa amin. Daga: Rufa’i Ibrahim Danyaro, 08023222864, ibrahimrufai2006@yahoo.com

Malam Rufa’i barka ka dai, kai ma da fatan kayi salla lafiya. Muna kara mika godiyarmu gareka. - Baban Sadiq

Barka da yau Baban Sadiq, da fatan kayi salla lafiya, Allah yasa haka amin. Ni daya ne daga cikin dalibanka daga Niamey a Jamhuriyar Nijer,  na gamu da makarantarka ce a irin yawon da nake a Intanet. Na yi matukar farin ciki da samun wannan makarantar. Za ka rika ganin sakonni na akai-akai, dan neman karin bayani a kan wadansu mas'aloli. Daga: Hamza M. Djibo, Niamey, Nijer. alhamza_mjn@yahoo.fr

Malam Hamza muna godiya da wannan kokari da kayi, kuma Allah saka da alheri da wannan sako naka. Nai matukar farin ciki da ganin daga Jumhuriyar Nijar kake, kuma a ci gaba da ziyartar Makarantar Kimiyya da Fasahar Sadarwa da ke Intanet, za a rika cin karo da dukkan kasidun da ake bugawa a Jaridar AMINIYA da ke nan Abuja, Nijeriya. Mun gode matuka.    - Baban Sadiq

Tarihi da Nau'ukan Tauraron Dan Adam (3)

Harbawa da Tafiyar da Tauraron Dan Adam

Kera tauraron dan Adam, ba ma harba shi kadai ba, wata jigila ce ta dimbin kudade da lokaci mai tsawo. Kasancewar wannan fasaha zai je wani muhalli ne bako, mai dauke da kalubale na hakika, hakan ya tilasta wa masu kera shi yin amfani da kayayyaki masu inganci da jure wahala. Bayan kerawa, babbar kalubale da ke tafe ita ce ta cillawa ko harba shi zuwa cikin falaki don gudanar da aiyukansa. Wannan aiki na harbawa, shi ma aiki ne mai bukatar dimbim dukiya da kayan aiki da cikakkiyar nazari. Wannan tasa ba kowace kasa ke gangacin fara kera tauraron dan Adam ba, balle tayi tunanin harba shi, sai kasar da taci ta batse wajen ilimin kimiyyar sararin samaniya, ta kuma tara dimbin dukiya. Dangane da abinda ya shafi harbawa da kuma tafiyar da wannan fasaha zuwa cikin falaki, akwai matakai kamar haka:

Matakan Harba Tauraron Dan Adam

Harba tauraron dan Adam daga wannan duniya tamu zuwa sararinta (atmosphere) har zuwa cikin falakinta, abu ne da ke bukatar makamashin da zai tafiyar da injin roket mai wannan aiki a farkon lamari, ko kuma dukkan wani mashin da zai harba kumbon. Bayan nan kuma, tauraron na bukatar iya kimar nisan da ya dace dashi daga wannan duniya tamu, don gudanar da aikinsa. Mafi karancin nisan da kowane tauraron dan Adam ke bukata daga kasa zuwa muhallin da zai iya gudanar da wani abu, shine kilomita dari biyu daga ganin mai gani zuwa cikin sama. Sannan kuma da kimar gudun tafiya na kilomita dubu ashirin da tara a duk sa’a guda (29,000 km/h), don kai wa cikin falaki. Dole ne kowane tauraron dan Adam ya samu wadannan abubuwa biyu; tarin makamashi (na lantarki ko hasken rana), da kuma karfin da zai tura shi zuwa cikin falaki daga doron kasa, don samun isa ga muhallinsa. Wannan tazara da yake bukata daga doron kasa zuwa cikin sama, shi ake kira altitude a turancin kimiyyar sararin samaniya. Bayan haka, akwai matakai a kalla biyu, da kowane tauraron dan Adam yake wuce su kafin kaiwa ga muhallinsa cikin falaki. Wadannan matakai dole ne ya wuce su muddin za a cilla shi ne ta amfani da roket.

Matakin farko shine tashinsa daga doron kasar wannan duniya zuwa saman sararin samaniyar wannan duniya tamu, watau atmostphere. Wannan matakin shine matakin da ke lazimtar samuwar makamashin lantarki da zai sarrafa roket din da ke tunkuda tauraron zuwa can. A kan sanya tauraron dan Adam din ne cikin wani kumbon harbawa (launch vehicle), sannan a sanya kumbon cikin kwanson roket mai cillawa. Daga nan sai a kunna wannan roket, ya dau zafi, sai ya mike kai tsaye zuwa cikin sama, a guje. Da zarar ya wuce tarin hazo da iskar da ke saman wannan duniya, sai ya yanke daga jikin kumbon harbawan, ya fado duniya. Sai kuma mataki na biyu, wanda kumbon da ke dauke da tauraron dan Adam din zai cika. Da zarar roket din ya yanke ya fado kasa, sai kumbon ya cilla cikin falaki, dauke da tauraron dan Adam din. Shi ma wannan kumbo na dauke ne da makamashin lantarkin da zai taimaka masa aiwatar da wannan aiki. Idan aikin tauraron a iya falakin wannan duniya ne, sai kumbon ya cilla shi cikin muhallinsa kai tsaye. Idan kuma tauraron na bukatar zuwa wata duniyar ce don gudanar da aikinsa, misali zuwa cikin falakin duniyar Mirrik (Mars), to daman kowane tauraron dan Adam na dauke ne da injin roket mai taimaka masa gudanar da aiyuka dabam-daban; don haka sai injin roket din ya harba shi zuwa duniyar, wanda mafi karancin tazarar da yake bukata ita ce kilomita dubu talatin da biyar (35,000 km) daga doron wannan kasa. Idan ya isa falakin, sai wannan inji dai har wa yau, ya daidaita masa tsayuwa, don fuskantar jihar da yake bukata a cikin falakin. Yin hakan shi zai sa ya rika shawagi a sifar da’ira, don kewaya duniyar da yake aikinsa cikinta. Wannan shine tsarin harba tauraron dan Adam cikin falaki na farko, mai dauke da wadannan matakai biyu zuwa uku. Har wa yau, hanyar gargajiya kenan, watau wacce aka saba amfani da ita tun tale-tale.

Amma a shekarar 1990, sai kasar Amurka ta kirikiro wani tsari da ya shafi harba taurarin dan Adam zuwa falaki ta yin amfani da jiragen sama masu nisan taku daga doron kasa. Duk da cewa ana amfani ne da jiragen sama, wannan tsari ya kunshi yin amfani kumbon harbawa masu amfani da injin roket. Wadannan kumbon harbawa, watau launch vehicle, su ke cilla taurarin dan Adam din zuwa cikin falaki da zarar jiragen sun wuce dukkan gargada da galof din da ke cikin sararin samaniya. Sai dai kuma ba kowane iri tauraron dan Adam ake iya harbawa ta amfani da wannan tsari ba, sai kanana masu karamin ruwa. Domin jiragen ba wasu manya bane. Don haka duk tauraron da ke da girma basu iya cilla shi zuwa cikin falaki. Amfani wannan tsari shine don rage yawan kudaden da ake kashewa wajen amfani da tsarin roket daga doron kasa don harba tauraron dan Adam zuwa sama. Domin, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata, hakan na bukatar kashe kudade masu dimbin yawa, wanda a tsarin amfani da jiragen sama ba a kashewa. Bayan nan, tsarin amfani da jiragen sama na rage iya matakan da tauraron dan Adam ke bukata, da kuma tarin makamashin da ake Konawa wajen kutsawa da shi cikin gargada da galof din da ke sararin wannan samaniya namu.

Tsari na uku kuma shine ta amfani da Babban Kumbon Tashar Binciken Sararin Samaniya, watau US Space Shuttle, wanda ke can sararin samaniya, don cillawa ko harba tauraron dan Adam, musamman ma manya daga cikinsu. Wannan tasha ta binciken sararin samaniya, kumbo ne mai dauke da kwararru kan kimiyyar sararin samaniya. Wadannan kwararru na iya harba tauraron dan Adam cikin falakinsa daga wannan tasha, kuma su lura da shawaginsa. Yin amfani da wannan tsari na da amfani biyu manya; na farko shine, rage yawan kudaden da ake kashewa wajen amfani da tsarin farko da na biyu da bayaninsu ya gabata, sai kuma dammar lura da tauraron da aka harba – lafiya ya isa ko ba lafiya ba? – wanda yin hakan daga doron kasa ba karamin aiki bane. Yin sa a can, a takaice, shi yafi sauki. Sannan kuma, duk wani tauraron dan Adam day a samu matsala a halin shawaginsa, su wadannan kwararru da ke wannan tasha na iya dauko shi su dawo dashi doron wannan duniya tamu don a gyara shi, idan sun kasa gyara shi a can kenan. Nan ba da dadewa ba, akwai tsarin da ake son fitowa da shi mai suna Single Stage to Orbit, ko ince Tsalle-daya Zuwa Falaki a Hausance. Wannan tsari zai dada rage yawan matakai da kudaden da ake kashewa wajen harba tauraron dan Adam zuwa cikin falaki daga wannan duniya tamu. Tsarin zai tanadi yin amfani ne da wani kumbon harba tauraron dan Adam na musamman, mai sifa da dabi’a irin ta Babban Kumbon Tashar Bincike da ke sararin samaniya, don harbawa da gyatta kowane irin tauraron dan Adam ne, zuwa cikin falaki. Domin da zarar an sanya tauraron dan Adam din cikinsa, wannan kumbon zai yi jigilarsa, ya tsunduma shi cikin falaki da taku guda, ba sai an ta amfani da matakan da suka gabata ba a baya. Wannan tsari zai rage yawan kudade da makamashin da ake kashewa wajen harba tauraron dan Adam, nesa ba kusa ba.

Tsarin Tafiyar da Tauraron dan Adam

Bayan tauraron dan Adam ya samu kansa a cikin falaki, ba abinda zai ta yi sai shawagi don gudanar da aikinsa, sai in matsala ya samu. Tsarin tafiyar da tauraron dan Adam a cikin falaki yana bukatar abubuwa kamar haka:

Wutar Lantarki

Kowane tauraron dan Adam akan kera shi ne tare da makamashin da zai rika gudanar da rayuwarsa da shi. Don haka a yayin da kumbun harbawa ya harba zuwa cikin falaki, da makamashinsa ya tafi. Hanyar samun makamashin kowane tauraron dan Adam ya kasu kashi biyu ne; akwai makamashi na farko wanda yake a siffar batir ne. Wannan batir shi ke samar da wutar lantarkin da ke tafiyar da injin roken din da yake dauke da shi. Galibin amfanin wannan batir cikin dare ne, ko lokacin da babu hasken rana, musamman da yamma. Amma da zarar rana ta hasko, akwai wasu fika-fikai da aka kera masa; hagu da dama, masu dauke da faya-fayan taskance makamashin hasken rana (sola radiation panels), suna sarrafa injin. Wannan shine hanyar samar da makamashi na biyu. Da wadannan hanyoyi kowane tauraron dan Adam ke rayuwar da yake yi a sararin samaniya. Kowane tauraron dan Adam akan kera masa batirinsa ne iya gwargwadon girma da kuma dadewansa yana shawagi a cikin falaki. Haka ma faya-fayan da ke taskance masa makamashin hasken rana, dole su zama manya masu fadi. Misali, tauraron dan Adam mai suna The Hubble Space Telescope, mai dauke da na’urar hangen nesa da bayaninsa ya gabata a makon jiya, yana dauke ne da fankacecen faifan taskance hasken rana wanda fadinsa ya kai murabba’in mita 290 (290 sq m), kuma yana taskance hasken rana da kimarsa ya kai watt dubu biyar da dari biyar (5,500 watts). Wadannan fika-fikai na budewa ne da zarar kumbon harba tauraron ya cilla shi cikin falaki, sai su bude, don fara gudanar da aiyukansu. Wutar lantarki, wanda ke samuwa ta hanyar makamashin da ke batir ko na hasken rana, shine abu na farko kuma mafi muhimmanci da kowane tauraron dan Adam ke bukata. Sai abu na gaba.

Yanayin Shawagi

A yayin da tauraron dan Adam ya samu kansa cikin falaki, dole yana da jiha ta musamman, ko yanayi na musamman da yake kasancewa cikinsa. Wannan yanayi shi ake kira Satellite Orientation. Da zarar ya fara shawagi, yakan bude fuka-fukansa ne suna fuskantar rana (don taskance masa makamashin da yake bukata), sannan ya juya na’urorin daukan bayanansa (Antennas and sensors) zuwa jihar wannan duniya tamu, ko kuma dukkan abinda aka harba shi don yin nazarinsa. Idan tauraron sadarwa ne (communication satellite), sai ya fuskantar da na’urar daukan bayanansa zuwa wannan duniya; idan na lura da yanayi ne, zai fuskantar da kemararsa ne shi ma zuwa wannan duniya tamu; amma idan tauraron binciken sararin samaniya ne, zai fuskantar da na’urar hangen nesansa ne zuwa halitta ko duniyar da aka aike shi yin nazarinta. Har way au, kowane tauraron dan Adam na dauke ne da inji na musamman, wanda ke taimaka masa tabbatuwa a jiha ko yanayin da zai taimaka masa yin aikinsa.

Yanayin Muhallin Shawaginsa

Kamar yadda bayanai suka gaba a fakon wannan silsila, taurarin dan Adam na fuskantar kalu-bale iri-iri a yayin da suke shawagi a cikin falakinsu. Wannan dole ne ya faru, domin da farko dai, an kera su ne wasu maddodi (karafa ko gilasai) wadanda ba za su iya jure wa muhallin da aka jefa su ciki ba. Sannan, idan ma suna iya jurewa, na dan wani lokaci ne, dole wata rana na zuwa da zasu kode, har su rasa ingancin da zai basu damar jure wa muhallin da suke cikinsa. Idan aka cilla tauraron dan Adam cikin falaki, kalu-bale na farko da zai fara karo dashi shine na tsananin zafin rana, wacce ke haskowa, tare da darkake shi babu kakkautawa. A cikin falaki, tauraron dan Adam ba shi da inuwar da zai iya fakewa don shan inuwa. Bayan nan, shi kanshi tauraron dan Adam yana dauke ne da wasu injina na roket, masu haddasa masa tsananin zafi. Abin da ke taimaka masa kawai shine, an yi masa wani inji da ke sanya shi mazayawa lokaci-lokaci, don baza zafin da tururin da ke damfare dashi, ta hanyar jujjuyawa. Wanda in da a wuri guda yake tabbace a kullum, zafin na iya haddasa masa illa mai tsanani. Sannan idan yamma tayi, wata ya hasko, akwai tsananin sanyi da zai sake darkake shi, tare da rage masa inganci. Bayan haka, a can sararin samaniya, ba irin nan duniya ba, akwai iska mai tsananin karfi da ke bugawa babu kakkautawa. Idan da rana ne, wannan iska kan rikide tare da zafin rana; haka idan da dare ne, sai ta rikide tare da sanyin dare. A daya bangaren kuma, akwai taurarin da kwanakinsu yak are, suka farfashe, balgacen su kan warwatsu cikin falaki; wasu su fado cikin duniyarmu, kamar yadda bayanai suka gabata a baya, wasu kuma su ta shawagi a cikin falaki. A yayin shawaginsa, tauraron dan Adam kan ci karo dasu, har su kwakkwafe shi, ko su babbale masa fuka-fukansa, ko kuma su haddasa masa wata illa babba da ka iya hana shi ci gaba da aiyukansa.

Yanayin Shigowa Duniya

Dangane da yanayin rayuwa da yin zamani a cikin falaki, tauraron dan Adam ya kasu kashi uku; akwai wadanda ke yin shawaginsu har su gaba ba tare da samun wata matsala ba. Idan suka gama rayuwa da shekaru ko muddar da aka yanke musu, sai su nemi hanyar shigowa duniya da kansu. Da zarar sun kutso sararin samaniya (earth’s atmosphere), sai su kone gaba daya. Idan kuma rayuwarsu bata kare ba, amma akwai na’urorin da ake son cirewa daga garesu don sarrafawa, sai ayi amfani da kwarewa ta kimiyya, a harbe injin da ke sarrafa tauraron, nan take sai ya rage gudunsa, ya fara saukowa cikin duniya da kansa, har a riske shi. sai kashi na uku, wadanda injinsu ko wasu sassansu masu muhimmanci ke lalacewa, su daina aiki, kawai sai tauraron ya “haukace”, yayi ta shawagi ba-kai-ba-gindi, cikin falaki. Wadannan su ake kira space junk, watau sun zama sharan cikin falaki kenan. Haka za su yi ta kai-komo har su kone.

Sannan, iya girma da rashin nauyin tauraro, iya saukin da zai samu wajen shigowa duniya; iya gajarta da nauyinsa, iya wahalar da zai sha wajen shigowa, saboda tasiri da karfin iska da ke janyo jiki zuwa kasa. Iya nisan tauraro da duniya, iya yawan shekaru ko lokacin da zai iya daukawa yana shawagi. Taurarin da ke shawagi a falakin da bai wuce nisan kilomita dari biyu ba, basu wuce mako guda zuwa watanni uku suna shawagi a ciki. Wadanda ke iya nisan kilomita dari uku kuma, suna iya yin shekaru biyu ko fiye da haka. Idan tauraro ya kai nisan kilomita dubu daya kuma, yana iya shawagi a cikin falaki na tsawon shekara dubu ko fiye da haka. To ko ma dai a ina yake, da zarar kwanakinsa sun kare, dole ya nufo gida. In ya iso lafiya alhamdulillahi. Idan kuma kwanaki sun kare, sai kone a yayin shigowarsa, ko wasu sassansa su daina aiki sanadiyyar dimbin kalu-balen da ke samunsa a can, har ya zama shara, wacce iskar falaki ke dibansa na iya wani zamani, kafin ya kwanta dama.

Wannan shine dan abinda ya samu, kan abinda ya shafi bincike kan tauraron dan Adam ya tsarin tafiyar da aiyukansa. Abubuwa ne masu ban mamaki, kamar yadda mai karatu ya ji kuma ya karanta. Amma abinda ya fi komai mamaki shine, wanda ya halicci mai wannan tunani, watau Allah. Idan wannan bayani ya bamu mamaki, to mu san cewa ikon Allah shi yafi komai zama abin al’ajabi. Don shine wanda ya halicci dan Adam din da yayi tunanin kirkiran dukkan wadannan abubuwa da bayanansu ya gabata, da kuma halittun da ake gudanar da binciken kansu. Idan muka dubi hatta wadannan taurarin dan Adam din, sai mu ga ai kwaikwayon halittar Ubangiji aka yi, don samun ci gaba. Allah Yai mana afuwa, Ya kuma sa mu dace, amin.

Tarihi da Nau'ukan Tauraron Dan Adam (2)

Ma’ana da Tarihin Tauraron Dan Adam

Tauraron dan Adam, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata, shine duk wata na’ura mai cin gashin kanta da ake harbawa zuwa sararin samaniya don mikawa da karbo bayanan yanayi ko dauko hotunan wasu wurare da dan Adam baya iya kaiwa garesu ta dadi, ko kuma sinsino irin yanayin da muhalli zai kasance a wasu lokuta na dabam. Ire-iren wadannan taurari suna shawagi ne a cikin falakin wannan duniya tamu, ko duniyar wata da taurarin da Allah Ya halitta, ko kuma cikin falakin wasu duniyoyi makamantan namu. A halin wannan shawagi ne suke gudanar da aiyukansu na nemo bayanai, ko karbowa daga wani bangaren wannan duniya don yada bayanan zuwa wasu bangarorin dabam, ko kuma nemo bayanan da ke da nasaba da falakin da suke shawagi a ciki, don aiko sakon da suka taskance zuwa garemu a wannan duniya, ko kuma, a wasu lokutan, su dauko mana hotunan abinda ke faruwa ga manya-manyan tekunan da ke zagaye da mu a duniya gaba daya.

Shi tauraron dan Adam duk karkonsa, ba ya dawwama a muhallin da aka jefa shi ciki don shawagi; yana da muddar rayuwa da aka deba masa. Da zarar aikinsa ya kare, zai dawo wannan duniya tamu, ko kuma, a wasu lokutan ma, yana kan aikinsa sai ya samu matsala ya wargaje ba tare da masu shi sun iya kaiwa gareshi ba. Idan ma ya gama lafiya, yana iya samun matsala wajen shigowa wannan duniya lafiya garau. A takaice dai, duk wani tauraron dan Adam na da iya kwanaki ko watanni ko shekarun da aka deba masa. Sannan yana da irin aikin da aka harba shi ya yi; tauraron dan Adam da ke gano yanayin muhalli da falakin da ke sararin samaniya yana dauke ne da na’urar daukar hoto, wacce ta dace da tsarin aikinsa. Wanda aka harba don gano yanayin zafi ko sanyi na dauke ne da na’urar da ke taimaka masa sinsino yanayin muhallin. Haka wadanda aka harbawa don yada shirye-shiryen gidajen rediyo da talabijin, duk suna da nasu sifa da ta sha bamban da sauran.

An fara harba ire-iren wadannan taurarin wucin-gadi ne zuwa cikin falaki shekaru kusan hamsin da biyu da suka gabata (1957), kuma ya zuwa yanzu, an harba wajen dubunnai masu zuwa don karbowa da aikawa da bayanai ko sinsino yanayi ko kuma dauko hotunan sararin samaniya, don amfanin dan Adam. A karon farko ana amfani ne da roket, mai dauke da kumbo (space shuttle), don cilla wani tauraro zuwa sararin samaniya. Daga baya aka zo ana amfani da jiragen sama masu masifar gudu, duk da yake shi ma wannan tsari na bukatar roket wanda ke harba jirgin zuwa wani mizanin nisa cikin samaniya, kafin wannan jirgi ya ingiza tauraron cikin falaki. Ana cikin haka sai kuma masana kimiyyar sararin samaniyar Amurka suka bullo da wata hanya wacce ta sha bamban da sauran wajen sauki da inganci. Wannan hanya kuwa ita ta cilla tauraron dan Adam daga babbar kumbon tashar binciken sararin samaniya da ke can sararin samaniya, watau US Space Shuttle. Hakan na faruwa ne domin masana na iya kera tauraron dan Adam a halin zamansu cikin wannan kumbo da ke tashar, har su harba shi. Haka idan ya lalace ko ya gama aikinsa, suna iya sanya shi cikin wani kumbo karami don aikowa dashi wannan duniya tamu don a gyara shi yadda ya kamata. Nan gaba, masana harkar falaki a Amurka na tunanin bullo da wani tsari mai suna Single Stage to Orbit, watau “tsalle daya zuwa falaki”, a misali. Wannan tsari zai rage yawan tashoshin da tauraron dan Adam zai bi kafin kaiwa ga falakin da aka umarce shi da zuwa. Idan har suka dace, wannan tsari zai zo ne da kumbon sararin samaniya guda daya, tafkeke, mai iya daukan taurarin dan Adam da dama, don aikawa dasu zuwa cikin falakin da ya dace dasu, cikin harbawa guda!

Tauraron dan Adam na farko da ya fara shiga cikin falakin wannan duniya tamu shine Sputnik 1, wanda kasar Rasha ta harba a ranar 4 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 1957. Wannan tauraro yayi shawagi cikin falaki yana aiko sakonni har tsawon kwanaki ashirin da daya. Bayan ya kamo hanyarsa ta dawowa duniya, sai ya kone a hanya. Hakan ya faru ne ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1958. Daga nan kasar ta sake cilla wani tauraron mai suna Sputnik 2, a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwanba na shekarar 1957 dai har way au. A ciki suka sanya wata karya don gwaji, wacce a karshe ta mace, sa’o’i biyu da harba ta, sanadiyyar tsananin zafin da ke cikin tauraron da aka sanya ta ciki. Tauraron Sputnik 2 ya dawo wannan duniya tamu ranar 14 ga water Afrailun shekarar 1958, inda ya kone bayan ya shigo shi ma. Da ganin haka sai kasar Amurka ta fara narkewa da kishi. Ana cikin haka sai kawai aka ji ita ma ta harba tauraronta na farko zuwa cikin falakin wannan duniya tamu, mai suna Explorer 1, ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1958. Bayan nan ta sake cilla wani tauraro mai suna Discoverer 13, tauraron dan Adam na farko da ya fara zuwa falaki, ya taskance bayanan da yake bukata ta hanyar wata na’ura, sannan ya cillo wannan na’ura zuwa wannan duniya tamu, masu binciken kasar Amurka suka dauka don tantance sakonnin da kalato musu. Wannan aiki ta gudanar dashi ne cikin shekarar 1960, ranar 10 ga watan Agusta. Daga nan sauran kasashe suka biyo baya.

Nau’ukan Tauraron Dan Adam

Akwai nau’ukan tauraron dan Adam da dama a cikin falaki, masu shawagi don gudanar da aiyukan da aka aike su gudanarwa. A halin yanzu ga bayanan nan filla-filla kan dukkan nau’ukan da ake dasu:

Taurarin Sadarwa (Communications Satellites)

Wadannan su ne nau’in taurarin da ke taimakawa wajen zukowa da kuma yada bayanai don sadarwa a duniya gaba daya. An fara harba irin wadannan taurari ne tun shekarar 1962, lokacin da Hukumar Binciken Sararin Samaniya (watau NASA) ta kasar Amurka ta harba tauraron Telstar 1, na kamfanin AT&T. Wannan tauraro ne na musamman mai taimakawa wajen harba sigina da yanayin sadarwar tarho da shirye-shiryen talabijin na kamfanin AT&T. Cikin shekarar 1964 kuma Hukumar Tsaron Kasar (US Department of Defense), ta cilla wani tauraron dan Adam mai tabbata a bigire guda cikin falakinsa, watau geostationary orbit. Wannan tauraro, mai suna Syncom 3, shine na farko da aka taba harbawa mai amfani da wannan tsari. A wuri guda yake, daidai saitin duniya a can sararin samaniya, yana aiko da sakonnin da yake taskancewa lokaci-lokaci. A halin yanzu akwai taurari sama da dari uku masu amfani da wannan tsari, suna aikowa da sakonnin sauti da kuma rubutattun sakonni na shirye-shiryen tashoshin rediyo da talabijin da sakonnin tarho daga muhallin da suke gudana a ciki. Dukkan shirye-shiryen da muke gani daga tashoshin tauraron dan Adam irinsu Al-Jazeerah da BBC da CNN da NTA da sauran tashoshin da muke kallo, duk suna amfani ne da irin wannan nau’i na tauraron dan Adam mai tabbata a muhalli guda, watau geostationary orbit.

Taurarin Gano Bigire da Hangen Nesa (Navigation Satellites)

Wadannan su ne nau’in tauraron dan Adam masu taimakawa wajen gano inda wasu abubuwa (irinsu jiragen ruwa da na sama da motoci) ko halittu (kamar mutane da sauran dabbobi) suke a duniya ko sararin samaniya. Su ake kira Navigation Satellites a turance, kuma kamar sauran wadanda suka gabace su, suna amfani ne da siginar yanayi wajen aikawa da sakonni zuwa cibiyar da ke lura da su a doron kasa, ko duk wani wanda ke dauke da na’urar da ke karban sakonni daga garesu. Da su ake amfani wajen gano inda wani jirgin sama yake, musamman idan ya bace an rasa inda ya shiga; da su ake amfani wajen gano inda wani jirgin ruwa yake a cikin teku. Har wa yau, da wannan nau’in tauraron dan Adam ne ake sanin bigiren da wadannan abubuwa suke. Wadannan taurari na amfani ne da siginar rediyo (radio signals) wajen tunkudo sakonnin da yake taskancewa a halin aikinsa, zuwa wata na’ura da ke nan duniya, mai iya fahimta da kuma fassara wannan sako da suka aiko zuwa rubutattun sakonni da za a iya karantawa. Wadannan fassararrun sakonni sun shafi haruffa da lambobin da ke nuna iya jiha ko bigiren da wadannan taurari suka hango. Misali, idan kana dauke da mota mai dauke da na’urar gano abubuwa (navigation receiver), da zarar ta karbi sakonni daga wadannan taurari, sai ta fassara maka su nan take; a ciki za ka bigiren da kake, a kowace kasa kake kuwa a duniya. Ka kwatanta aikin wannan na’ura da aikin da na’urar karbar siginar tashoshin talabijin tauraron dan Adam da ke dakinka ke yi; kasuwa kaje ka sayo na’urar, tare da kwandon tauraron dan Adam (Satellite Dish) mai taimakawa wajen janyo siginar da taurarin sadarwa ke aikowa duniya. Da zarar ka kunna talabijinka, sai wannan na’ura da a turance muke kira Satellite Receiver ko Decoder, ta karbi siginar, ta sarrafa su zuwa hotuna masu motsi da ke bayyana a fuskar talabijinka. Haka wadannan na’urorin gano bigire ke yi su ma. Da zarar sun karbi sakonnin sigina daga wadannan taurari, sai su sarrafa su zuwa bayanai da ke nuna inda mai dauke da su yake, ko bigiren da wani abu ko halitta take.

Tauraron gano bigire da hangen nesa na farko da ya fara zuwa falaki shine Transit 1B, wanda Hukumar Sojan Ruwa na kasar Amurka ta harba a shekarar 1960. Gwamnatin Amurka ta ci gaba da amfani dashi har zuwa shekarar 1996, inda ta canza shi da wani tsari mai suna Global Positioning System (GPS). Tsarin GPS shine tsarin gano bigire da hangen nesa mai amfani da taurarin dan Adam guda ashirin da hudu, masu aiko sakonnin hangen da suke yi, tare da bayar da bayanai kan bigiren da wani abu yake, a lissafce. Wannan tsari shine na farko wajen inganci a duniya wajen kiyasta bigire da hango muhallin da wani abu yake a duniya ne ko a sararin samaniya. Sai tsarin Global Orbiting and Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), wanda kasar Rasha ta kera. Shi ma, kamar tsarin GPS da ya gabace shi, yana amfani ne da taurarin dan Adam guda ashirin da hudu masu shawagi cikin falaki don tunkudo masa bayanai. A cikin shekarar 2005, Tarayyar Kasashen Turai, watau European Union, ta cilla gungun wasu taurarin gano bigire guda talatin da ta kira da suna Galileo, a wani yunkuri da take yi don kera tsari makamancin GPS da GLONASS. Wannan tsari na gano bigire da hangen nesa zai fara aiki ne cikin shekarar 2009 in Allah Ya kai mu. Kuma za a rika kiran tsarin da suna Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). A halin yanzu akwai na’urar karban bayanai daga ire-iren wadannan taurari da dama da aka kera kuma ake makala ta jikin motoci da ababen hawa. Kai hatta wayoyin salula na zamani akwai masu dauke da wannan na’ura; wacce ake kira GPS Receiver.

Taurarin Gano Yanayin Muhalli (Weather Satellites)

Wadannan su ne nau’in tauraron dan Adam masu dauko hotunan sararin samaniya da irin kai komon da giragizai ke yi, wanda hakan ke nuna daidaito ko tsanantar yanayi sanadiyyar ambaliya ko iska da guguwa mai tsanani. Tauraron dan Adam mai wannan aiki yana dauke ne da na’urar daukar hoto, watau kemara, wacce ke fuskantar sararin samaniyar wannan duniya a kullum. Yana kuma dauke da na’urar sinsino yanayi wajen dumama ko tsanantar sanyi da ruwan sama. Da zarar ya tara bayanai, sai ya tunkudo su zuwa cibiyar da ke lura da shi a nan duniya. Da ire-iren wadannan bayanai ne ake amfani wajen yin hasashen yanayi a kullum (Weather Reports). Ba dole bane sai abinda bayanan suka tabbatar yake tabbata, a a, kamar sauran ilimi, kiyasi kawai suke bayarwa. A iya dacewa, a wasu lokuta kuma Allah Yayi nasa ikon, wanda ke shi ke tabbata a kullum. Ba daskararrun hotuna kadai suke dauka ba, hard a hotuna masu motsi, wadanda ke nuna halin da tekunan duniya suke ciki wajen ambaliya ko natsuwa.

Tauraron dan Adam na farko da aka cillawa zuwa cikin falaki don gudanar wannan aiki shine Television Infrared Observation Satellite, ko TIROS 1, a takaice. Hukumar NASA c eta harba shi cikin shekarar 1960, kuma ya hankado mata hotunan yanayin sararin samaniya samada dubu ashirin da uku. Har way au, ta sake harba wani gungun taurari a wani tsari mai suna Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES), wanda gungun taurari ne masu tabbata a muhalli guda cikin falaki don nazarin muhalli da yanayin tekuna da hazo. Da wannan tsari take samun bayanai kan yanayi a dukkan shekara, ta hadin kai da wani tauraron lura da yanayi mai suna Meteosat 3, wanda Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta harba.

Taurari kan Harkar Soji (Military Satellites)

Su kuma taurari kan harkar soji aikinsu shine tunkudo bayanai da hotuna masu inganci kan irin halin da duniya ke ciki na zaman lafiya ko rashinsa. Ma’ana, duk kasar da cilla tauraron dan Adam don amfanin hukumar sojinta, tayi kan-da-garki ne don samun bayanai kan kowane irin hari ne da wata kasa ko al’umma zasu iya kawo mata. Don haka tauraron dan Adam mai wannan aiki yana dauke da na’urar daukar hoto ne, masu inganci, masu kuma dauko hotunan teku da dukkan sasannin duniya don sanin halin da ake ciki. Hukumar Sojin Amurka na da gungun taurarin dan Adam masu wannan aiki da dama a cikin falaki, masu mika sakonnin Hukumar tsaron kasar da duk inda kasar take da sansani na soji a duniya. Akwai Defense Support Program, wanda ke aiki da wasu taurarin dan Adam a cikin falaki wajen gano duk wani makami da wata kasa ka iya jefo wa kasar Amurka. Kasar Amurka tayi amfani da wadannan taurarin don lura da Gwamnatin marigayi Saddam Hussein a lokacin yakin Gulf, don kauce wa rafkana daga makaman da take tunanin ya mallaka. Har way au, Hukumar Amurka na amfani da wadannan taurari masu kawo rahoton hari, don yada bayanai kan bigire da gano inda wasu abubuwa suke, a tsarin Global Positioning System (GPS). Sai dai kuma, sakonnin da wadannan taurari ke aikowa duniya, ba kowace na’urar sarrafa bayanai ke iya amfani da su ba sai na Hukumar tsaro.

Taurarin Binciken Kimiyya (Scientific Satellites)

Nau’in tauraron dan Adam na karshe shine wanda masana kuma masu bincike kan ilimi kimiyya a jami’o’i ke amfani dashi don samun bayanai kan yadda duniya take da sauran duniyoyin da ke makwabtaka da wannan duniya tamu. Ire-iren wadannan taurarin mafi girman aikinsu shine daukan hotunan duniya da sasanninta, da daukan hotunan tekun da ke zagaye da mu, da daukan taswirar da duniya take kai. Bayan haka, sabanin sauran taurarin da suka gabata masu yin shawagi a cikin falakin wannan duniya tamu kadai, taurarin binciken kimiyya na yin shawagi hatta cikin falakin wata da rana da taurari da kuma sauran duniya makamantar namu. Cikin shekarar 1990 aka harba na’urar hangen nesa mai suna The Hubble Space Telescope, mai shawagi don dauko hotuna na musamman don binciken kimiyya. Bayan wannan duniya da muke ciki, duniyar da wadannan taurari suka fi kai ziyara cikinta ita ce duniyar Mirrik, watau Mars. Wadannan, a takaice, su ne nau’ukan tauraron dan Adam da ake dasu a yanzu.

Tarihi da Nau'ukan Tauraron Dan Adam (1)

Gabatarwa

Watakil mai karatu bai taba damuwa da sanin abinda ke dauko masa hotunan da ke bayyana a fuskar talabijin din gidansa ba, har yake gani, musamman ma shirye-shiryen da ake nuna masa a halin da ake gudanar dasu, watau live programs. Na kuma tabbata, galibi bamu damu da sanin ta ina gidajen talabijin din gida da na kasashen waje ke samun bayanai kan yanayin wannan duniya tamu ba, dangane da zafi ko dumi ko sanyi; a wasu lokuta mukan yi tsammanin zuwan ruwan sama, a wasu lokuta na yini ko dare. Daga ina hukumomin tsaron kasashen duniya (musamman soji) ke samun bayanai kan bigiren da wasu abokan gaba suke, ko irin shirin da suke yi na kawo hari ko makamancin haka? Tsarin sadarwa ta wayar-iska (wireless communication) na tarho da kuma wanda ke hada alaka tsakanin kwamfuta da wata kwamfutar ‘yar uwanta a tsarin Intanet, abubuwa ne masu ban mamaki idan akai wa mai karatu bayani irin wacce kwakwalwarsa za ta iya dauka, kan yadda abin yake. To amma a hakikanin gaskiya, idan aka fito fili don bayyana masa tsarin, yana iya jayayya da labarin, don irin abin ta’ajjabin da ke dauke cikin tsarin. Daga ina na’urorin ke samun abinda ke hada alaka a tsakaninsu, har ma da na’urar wayar salula da mai amfani da ita ke rike da ita. Daga ina muke samun abinda ke sadar da akwatin rediyo ko talabijin din mu da sinadaran sadarwar da muke ji ko gani? Daga ina kwamfutarmu ke janyo sindaran bayanan da muke ta’ammali dasu a gidajen yanar sadarwar da ke dauke cikin wasu kwamfutocin da ke wata duniyar dabam? Duk wannan, idan mai karatu bai sani ba, bai kuma damu da ya tambaya ba, suna samuwa ne ta wasu taurarin wucin-gadi da dan Adam ya cilla ko harba su zuwa sararin samaniyar wannan duniya tamu, masu shawagi na wasu takaitattun lokuta ko zamunna, don haskowa, ko dauko hotuna ko janyo sinadaran sadarwa da cillo su wannan duniya tamu, don amfaninmu. Allah Buwayi gagara-misali!

A takaice, wannan duniya tamu na rayuwa ne ta yin makwabtaka da wasu duniyoyin, na taurari ne rana ko wata ko kuma wasu duniyoyi ne irin wacce muke ciki. Kowanne daga cikin wadannan duniyoyi na gudanuwa ne a wani falaki nasa da ya takaitu dashi. Abinda ake ce wa falaki shine wata hanya abin bi, wacce halittun da ke gudanuwa a sararin samaniya ke bi a halin rayuwarsu. Allah Ya bamu labarin a cikin Kur’ani, cikin Suratu Yasin, cewa: “kuma rana tana tafiya ne zuwa ga wata matabbata nata. Wannan kaddarawar Mabuwayi ne, Masani (watau Allah). Kuma da wata, mun kaddara masa manziloli (masaukai da yake rayuwa cikinsu), har ya koma kamar tsumagiyar murlin dabino. Rana ba ya kamata a gareta ta riski wata. Haka kuma dare ba ya kamata a gareshi ya tsere wa yini; kuma dukkansu cikin wani falaki suke sulmuya.” Kowane daga cikinsu, kamar yadda ayar karshe ta nuna, yana sulmuya (watau iwo ko gudana) ne a cikin wata hanya ko tafarki da ke sama. Wannan tafarki ko hanya ita ce ake kira “falaki” a Hausar kimiyyar sararin samaniya, ko kuma Orbit, a Turance. Yadda gidajenmu ke makwabtaka da juna a wannan duniya tamu, haka su ma wadannan halittu ke makwabtaka da juna. Sai dai su a can, duk da makwabtakan da ke tsakaninsu, kowa da hanyarsa. A wannan duniya da wadannan halittu manya ke rayuwa, akwai iska nau’i iri-iri, akwai sanyi da zafin rana, akwai haske da duhu, sannan akwai nau’ukan sidanarai irin na haske (radiation), da sinadaran maganadisu (magnetic waves), da sinadaran iska (waves) masu kadawa suna janyowa ko aikawa da sakonni daga bigire zuwa bigire, akwai kuma sinadaran maganadisun lantarki (electromagnetic waves), masu barbaran juna don samar da hasken lantarki da muke amfani dashi a wannan duniya tamu.

Sannan a cikin wannan duniya na manyan halittu da bayaninsu ya gabata, akan samu wasu buraguzai na sassan jikin taurarin da muddar rayuwarsu tazo karshe, masu yankewa suna fadowa zuwa wannan duniya da muke ciki, lokaci-lokaci. Wadannan abubuwa masu fadowa wadanda a turance ake kiransu meteorite, asalinsu jiki ne na wasu taurari. Kamar kowace halitta ta Ubangiji, taurari da wata da rana da wannan duniya tamu da ma sauran duniyoyin da ke rayuwa a gurabunsu, na da iya shekaru ko zamanin da Allah Ya ajiye ko yanke musu. Su taurari da zarar sun kare zamaninsu, sai haskensu ya bice, su tsattsage, sai buraguzansu su tarwatse su keto cikin wannan duniya tamu ko wasu wurare dabam, a yanayi irin na duwatsu. Wadannan su ake kira meteoroid, idan sun fado duniyarmu. Amma asalin sunansu kafin fadowarsu wannan duniya tamu shine meteorite, watau buraguzan taurari masu haske. Amma da zarar sun balgace sun keto cikin wannan duniya tamu, sai su sauya launi da yanayi, su zama balgacen dutse mai karfi. A wannan yanayi sunansu meteoroid. Irin wadannan buraguzai ne suka fado cikin jihar Sakkwato a nan Nijeriya shekarun baya. Duk tauraron da kwanakinsa suka kare a muhallinsa, haka yake zama. Daga nan Allah Ya kara hallitan wasu taurarin, su ci gaba da rayuwa, kamar dai yadda muke. Wannan tasa har yanzu malaman kimiyyar sararin samaniya suka kasa gano adadin taurarin da ke sama. Domin a kullum Allah kan halicci wasu ne, bayan wasu sun kwanta dama.

Wadannan, a takaice, su ne abubuwan da ke makare a sararin samaniya, da zarar ka bar wannan duniya tamu. Kuma kamar yadda bayanai suka gabata, kowannensu na makwabtaka ne dan uwansa, amma duk da haka, kowa da tafarkin da yake bi, wanda yake a siffar da’ira ko kuri; ma’ana kewayawa suke a cikin hanyoyinsu. Wadannan hanyoyi kuma su ne falaki. Rana na da nata falakin. Wata na da nasa falakin. Taurari na da nasu falakin. Sauran duniyoyi irin wanda muke ciki suna da nasu falakin. Akwai kuma yanayi na tsananin haske da tsananin duhu, da tsananin sanyi da tsananin zafi, da tsananin iska mai kadawa wacce dan Adam ba ya iya jure wa bugawanta ko kadan; sannan akwai wadannan buraguzai da ke kai-komo a yanayin da ya dace da tarwatsewarsu. Wannan, shine irin yanayin da ke can sararin samaniya. Allah na iya sarrafa wadannan halittu kuma iya sonsa, a lokacin da ya so, a kuma irin yanayin da ya so. A kuma cikin wannan duniya ne dukkan abubuwan da dan Adam ke kerawa ya cilla su don samo masa bayanai, suke kewaya don gudanar da rayuwarsu a yayin da suke shawagi a cikin falakin duniya ko halittar da aka harba su zuwa gareta. Zamu karanta bayanai kan wadannan taurari na wucin-gadi da muke kira Tauraron Dan Adam ko Artificial Satellite, a turance. Me ye su? Nau’i nawa ake dasu? Ta yaya ake harba su zuwa wancan duniya da muka yi bayaninsa a sama? Wani irin rayuwa suke yi a can? A ina suke shawagi idan sun isa can inda aka harba su? Ta yaya suke aiko sakonnin da suka taskance a halin shawaginsu? Ta yaya ake iya sarrafa su daga wannan duniya tamu a halin shawaginsu a can? Wasu irin matsaloli suke fuskanta a wannan duniya da suke rayuwa ciki? A karshe, idan rayuwarsu ta kare, ta yaya suke shigowa wannan duniya tamu; a raye ko a mace? Sai dai fa kada mai karatu ya rudu; duk bayanan da suka gabata da wadanda ke zuwa nan gaba kan wadannan halittu, ba ya nuna cewa wadannan halittu sun kai sama na daya ne, a a, a saman duniya suke, kamar yadda Allah Ya fada a cikin Kur’ani. Basu ma kai sama ta daya ba. A dakace mu!

Wasu Cikin Labarun Mako

INTEL Ya Fitar da Karamar Na’urar Sarrafa Kwamfuta Nau’in Atom 330 (www.informationweek.com): Kamfanin INTEL, mai kera massarafar da ke tafiyar da gangar-jikin kwamfuta, watau Microprocessor Chips ko CPU a turance, ya fitar da wata sabuwar nau’in masarrafa mai suna Atom 330. Wannan sabuwar nau’in masarrafa ‘yar karama ce, wacce kamfanin ya kera don amfanin kananan kwamfutocin tafi-da-gidanka, watau mini-notebooks. Tun wajajen watan Maris din wannan shekara kamfanin ya so fitar da na’urar masarrafar, amma hakan bai yiwu ba, sai watan Satumba. Wannan na’urar masarrafa nau’in A330 na cikin jerin kananan masarrafan gangar-jikin kwamfuta da kamfanin ya saba kerawa don amfanin kananan kwamfutocin tafi-da-gidanka. Biyun farko da kamfanin ya kera su ne nau’in A100, da kuma A110, wadanda musamman aka kera su don amfanin kwamfutocin hannu, watau Smartphones ko kuma Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs).

Sai dai kuma, sabanin nau’ukan da suka gabata, nau’ukan A330 za a sanya su ne cikin kwamfutocin tafi-da-gidanka kanana, wadanda galibi ake amfani da su don duba sakonnin Imel da yin shawagi cikin Intanet. Ire-iren wadannan kwamfutoci fadin fuskarsu bai wuce inci goma ko kasa da haka, suna dauke ne da dan karamin allon shigar da rubutu, watau Keyboard, don aiwatar da aiyuka na musannan a cikinsu. Kuma a halin yanzu sun fara yaduwa sosai cikin duniya. An sayar da cewa an sayar da a kalla miliyan biyar da dubu dari biyu cikin wannan shekara, kuma ana sa ran sayar da miliyan takwas cikin shekara mai zuwa, in ji kamfanin Gartner, mai gabatar da bincike kan yaduwa da tsarin amfanin da kayayyakin kwamfuta da lantarki. Shahararrun kafanoni masu kera ire-iren wadannan kwamfutoci kanana sun hada da kamfanin Acer, da Asustek, da Dell, da HP, da Microstar International, da kuma kamfanin Samsung.

Google Inc. Ya Samar da Manhajar Loda Littafai Cikin Shafukan Mudawwanai (http://latimesblog.latimes.com): Gidan yanar sadarwa ta matambayi-ba-ya-bata na Google Inc. ya samar da wata manhaja mai zaman kanta, wacce masu gadajen yanar sadarwa ko mudawwanar Intanet (Blog) za su yi amfani da ita wajen shigar da rariyar likau da ke kai mai ziyara zuwa shafin da zai gani, ya kuma karanta littafai dabam-daban. Wannan manhaja da mai karatu zai iya karanta littafai dabam-daban a kanta mai suna Google Book Search, na bayar da damar lika gidan yanarsa ko mudawwanarsa ce da shafin wani littafi cikin sauki. Idan ka shiga shafin, wanda ke http://books.google.com, za ka samu littafai da dama, sai ka matsa wanda kake son karantawa, har ka dauki rariyar likau dinsa, don likawa a gidan yanar sadarwa ko mudawwanarka. Sai dai kuma, galibin littafan da ke shafin suna da hakkin mallaka (watau Copyright), wannan tasa baza ka iya adana kowane littafi cikin tumbin kwamfutarka ba, ko kuma bugawa don karanta shi a wani lokaci.

Amma duk da wannan kaidi, galibin kamfanonin sayar da littafai da ke Intanet sun samu hanya mafi sauki wajen baiwa masu sayen hajojinsu damar gani da ma karanta kadan cikin abinda littafan suka kunsa. Abinda a lokutan baya duk ba ya yiwuwa, saboda tsoron cewa masu saye na iya diro da littafan ba tare da sun saya ba, tun da ga shi nan araha. Ga masu Mudawwana kuma suna iya tsakuro wa masu karatun shafukansu kadan cikin abinda ke cikin littafin, su rubuta sharhin da bai wuce kalmomi dari biyu ba, sannan su sanya rariyar likau da zai kai masu karatun ga shafukan da wadannan littafai suke ajiye. Idan kuma gidan yanar sadarwa kake ginawa, har wa yau akwai dabarun da za ka iya amfani dasu don shigar da shafin da wannan manhaja take. Idan ka samu kanka a shafin, kana iya gudanar da “tambaya” ta hanyar shigar da sunan wani littafi da kake nema, don karantawa kai tsaye.

Wayar Salular Google Inc. na Gab Da Fitowa (http://www.nytimes.com): Idan ba a manta ba dai shekaru biyu da suka shige ne shahararren kamfanin gidan yanar sadarwar matambayi-ba-ya-bata na Google (http://www.google.com), ta hadin gwuiwa da kamfanin kera wayoyin salula mai suna T-Mobile da ke kasar Amurka suka sanar da cewa sun yanke shawarar kera wata wayar salula ta musamman nau’in Smartphone (irin su iPhone da Blackberry), wacce ke dauke da babbar manhajar Google mai suna “Androide”, da dukkan masarrafar da kamfanin zai kera don sanyawa cikin wayar. A halin yanzu dai bayanai sun bayyana cewa aski yazo gaban goshi kan abinda ya shafi kera wannan waya ta musamman. Kamfanin da aka baiwa aikin kera gangar-jikin wayar, tare da shigar da dukkan manhajoji da masarrafai, watau HTC da ke kasar Taiwan, ya sanar da cewa nan ba da dadewa ba wayar za ta fito kasuwa. Wannan wayar salula da aka dade ana jiran fitowarta, zata fito da babban manhajar gidan yanar sadarwar Google ne, tare da dukkan masarrafan da suka shafi lodawa da mika bayanai, irin su sakonnin Imel, da shiga gidajen yanar sadarwa da taskance bayanai ta amfani da manhajar allon sarrafa bayanan gidan yanar (watau Google Doc da Spreadsheet da makamantansu). Bayan haka, dukkan wayoyin zasu zo ne da layukan kamfanin sadarwar wayar salula ta T-Moblie, abokiyar kawancen Google kenan cikin wannan shiri. Har wa yau, kamar sauran wayoyin salula da ke cin zamani a yau, wannan waya zata fito ne da tsarin sadarwa ta GSM, da GPRS, kuma mai shafaffen fuska, wacce ke dauke da allon shigar da bayanai (keyboard) karami, mai sahu biyar gajeru. Ana sa ran sunan wayar ya zama “Google Androide”, ko “T-Mobile G1”, ko ma duk biyun. Injiniyoyin fasahar kwamfuta da sadarwa ma’aikatan kamfanin Google, wajen su talatin ne suke aiki hannu-da-hannu da kamfanin HTC mai kera wayar, wajen shigar da wannan babban manhaja ta Google, don tabbatar da cewa ba a samu wata matsala ba.

Kamfanin HTC dai na cikin kamfanonin da ba sanannu bane sosai a kasashen yamma, amma kowa ya tabbatar da cewa hajojinsa suna da inganci sosai. A halin yanzu kusan kashi daya bisa shida na wayoyin salular da ke Amurka kirar kamfanin HTC ne, duk da yake sunayen kamfanonin da ke dillancin hajojin ne ke jiki, irinsu Compaq da Palm. Cikin shekarar 1999 aka kafa kamfanin kuma shahararru cikin wayoyin salularsa nau’in Smartphone da suka shahara, masu dauke da babban manhajar Windows na kamfanin Microsoft sun hada da Orange SPV Smartphone, wacce galibin mutane suka yaba da ingancinta.

Shafin "Kimiyya da Fasaha" Ya Cika Shekara Biyu!

Tuna Baya Shine Roko

A yayin da kamfanin Media Trust, mai buga jaridar AMINIYA ke bukin cika shekaru biyu da fara wannan jarida mai matukar farin jini, mu ma a wannan shafi na Kimiyya da Fasaha, bayan taya AMINIYA murnar kaiwa wannan lokaci, na farin cikin sheda wa masu karatu cewa a cikin mako mai zuwa, shafin Kimiyya da Fasaha zai cika shakaru biyu cur! Ga wadanda suka fara bibiyan wannan shafi daga lokacin da ya fara bayyana zuwa yanzu, watakil suna iya tuna kasidar farko da ta fara bayyana a wannan shafi, mai taken Fasahar Intanet a Saukake (1). Hakan ya faro ne cikin watan Okotobar shekarar 2006. A yau, cikin yardan Allah, sai ga mu gab da Oktoba ta shekarar 2008. Shekara kwana, in ji Bahaushe! Wannan tasa muka ga dacewar zama na musamman, kamar yadda muka yi a lokutan baya, don yin waiwaye; abinda Malam Bahaushe ke kira adon tafiya.

Darussan Baya

Wannan shafi na Kimiyya da Fasaha ya faro ne da kasidu kan Fasahar Intanet da yadda ake mu’amala da ita. Mun kuma kasa kasidun da ke bayyana a wannan shafi ne zuwa marhala-marhala, don saita masu karatu a kan hanya; su fahimci tsarin da hanyoyi da kimiyyar sadarwa da ta maddar rayuwa da muhalli ke gudanuwa da samuwa. A yanzu mun zo karshen marhala ta biyar kenan. A marhalar farko, mun gabatar da kasidu ne kan hanyoyin mu’amala da fasahar Intanet zalla. Kasidun sun gudanu ne a tsarin karantarwa da ke kumshe da kwatance da misalai. Daga abinda ya shafi tarihi da bunkasar Intanet, zuwa yadda ake shiga shafukan yanar sadarwa, da yadda ake gina gidan yanar sadarwa da kuma amfanin da ke tattare da fasahar Intanet din gaba daya. A marhala ta biyu, sai tsarin kasidun ya canza, zuwa sanayya kan masu hakkin lura da kuma gyarta fasahar Intanet, da alakar Intanet da harkokin rayuwa, da zuwan Intanet kasar Hausa, da masarrafar lilo da tsallake-tsallake, da manhajar Imel da kuma yadda ake ginawa da lura da Mudawwanar Intanet, watau Weblog ko Blog. Kasidar da tafi kowacce shahara a wannan marhala, ita ce wacce na rubuta kan Fasahar Intanet a Wayar Salula. A wannan marhala ne masu karatu suka fara rubuto sakonnin text da bugo waya, saboda tasirin abinda suke karantawa da karuwa dashi. Mun gama wannan marhala ne, kamar wanda ya gabace shi, da yin zama don waiwaye. A marhala na uku, sai muka tunkudo kasidu kan Dunkulallun Ka’idojin Mu’amala da Fasahar Intanet, da kuma Tasirin Fasahar Intanet ga Kwakwalwar dan Adam. Sai kuma kasidu kan Nau’ukan Fasahar Sadarwa a Intanet. Muka kuma kawo kasidu kan tsarin sadarwa a tsakanin kwamfutoci, da nau’in sadarwa a tsakanin wayar salula da kwamfuta. Wadannan kasidu ne masu tsawo da muka guggutsira su zuwa makonni. Kafin mu karkare wannan marhala da waiwaye adon tafiya, idan masu karatu basu mance ba, mun gabatar da kasidu da suka yi tasiri sosai kan Tsarin Sadarwa na Wayar Salula, watau Wireless Communication. Daga nan muka tsallaka zuwa marhala ta hudu, wacce ke dauke da kasidu masu kayatarwa su ma, kan Tsarin Sadarwa ta Bluetooth, da Tsarin Sadarwa ta Infrared, da kuma kasidu guda goma, kan yadda mai karatu zai iya kwarewa a fannin fasahar sadarwa ta zamani. Wadannan kasidu na kwarewa a fannin fasahar sadarwa, su ma sunyi tasiri sosai, inda masu karatu suka ta bugo waya ko aiko sakonnin neman karin bayani kan wadannan fannoni. Kafin mu karkare wannan marhala, mun tunkudo kasidu wajen bakwai, kan Kwayar Cutar Kwamfuta (Computer Virus), da kuma ‘Yan Dandatsa, watau Hackers, masu fasowa cikin kwamfutocin mutane a ko ina take a duniya, don aiwatar da ta’addanci na sata ko zalunci ko makamantansu. Wannan ita ce marhala mafi tsawo kuma wacce tafi yawan kasidu, cikin dukkan marhalolin da suka gabata. A karshe sai muka shiga marhala ta biyar, wacce tsarin darussan shafin ya sauya daga wadanda suka bayyana lokutan baya. A wannan marhala ne muka shiga bayanai kan sauran fannonin kimiyya sosai ; daga kimiyyar sararin samaniya zuwa kimiyyar maddar sinadarai da kuma muhalli. Saboda halin zaman dar-dar da duniya ke ciki da farfaganda da ake ta yadawa kan kasashe irinsu Iran da Koriya ta Arewa musamman, na ga dacewar gabatar da kasidu kan Asali da Tarihi da kuma Bunkasar Makamin Nukiliya a Duniya. Mun samu bayanai kan asali da tarihi, da kuma nau’ukan makamin, da mummunan tasirinsa da kuma kasashen da suka mallaki wannan makami. A karshe muka kawo bayanai kan dokar hana yaduwar makamin, da kuma hukumar da ke lura da wannan hani. A cikin marhalar dai har wa yau, mun kawo kasidu kan makamashin hasken rana, wanda bamu gama ba. Da kuma bayanai kan Fasahar Sadarwa ta GPRS, da Tsarin Sadarwa ta Rediyo a Intanet, sai kuma tsokaci da muka yi kan bambancin da ke tsakanin manhajar Windows XP da Windows Vista. Mun kawo labarai kan kimiyyar sararin samaniya da kuma alakar Wayar Salula da cutar sankara (Cancer). A karshe muka jefo kasida ta karshe kan na’urar Beran Kwamfuta da kuma yadda ake mu’amala da ita. Dukkan wadannan kasidu, suna nan a taskance cikin Mudawwanar wannan shafi da ke: http://fasahar-intanet.blogspot.com.

Me Muka Koya?

A dukkan marhalolin da suka gabata muna samun sakonnin masu karatu, na neman karin bayani ko na sambarka. Ta haka na fahimci himma da kuma tsananin sha’awar da galibin masu karatu ke da ita kan harkar kimiyya da fasahar sadarwa. Wanda har wa yau ke nuna cewa, galibin masu karatu na da sha’awar ci gaba da karatu ko kwatanta abinda suka karanta ko koya, amma babban matsalar wasu daga cikin su ita ce harshen Turanci. Sau tari na kan sanar da su cewa ko basu ji ko iya turanci ba, zasu iya koyan wannan ilimi, har su kware a kai. Har wa yau, galibin masu karatu hankalinsu yafi komawa kan koyan ilimin kwamfuta da Intanet, ko gina gidan yanar sadarwa, ko koyon gyarar kwamfuta da wayar salula, ko kuma karantar da ilimin don dacewa da zamani. Na fahimci hakan ne ta hanyar sakonnin text da nake samu ko masu bugo waya suna sanar dani ko neman karin bayani kan abinda suke son yi. Da dama sun shiga makaranta don koyon sabon ilimin kimiyyar sadarwa sanadiyyar kasidun da suke karantawa a wannan shafi. A halin yanzu akwai kungiyoyin makaranta jaridar AMINIYA (‘yan makarantar shafin Kimiyya da Fasaha) a jihohi dabam-daban a Arewacin Nijeriya. Akwai makarantar Malam Sani Na ‘Yan katsare da ke Jas, tare da abokansa. Akwai makarantar su Malam Hasan Al-Banna da ke garin Zariya, tare da abokansa irin su Malam Ishak AbdulHadi, tare da Muntaka Abdul-Hadi da ke Jami’ar ABU. Kwanakin baya da na je ziyarar aiki a Kano ina dawowa na sauka a Zariya, mun zanta da su Malam Hassan har na tsawon awa guda kan harkar kimiyyar sadarwa ta zamani. Haka akwai makarantar Malam Shazali Lawal da ke Zaburan Quarters a Gumel. Akwai kuma masu karatu na hakika a Kano da dama; daya daga cikinsu shine Malam Rabi’u Isa Ayagi. Akwai irinsu Malam Abdulsalam da ke Jas. Haka a nan Abuja akwai masu karatu da dama ke Wuse Zone 2, da Hukumar Kudi ta Tarayya (Ministry of Finance) irinsu Malam Mahmoud Muhammad, da kuma Makarantar Horar da Malamai da ke Zuba. Akwai wasu a Maiduguri, da Legas, da Katsina da Malumfashi da Gombe da Zamfara da Birnin Kebbi da Nassarawa, da Bauchi da Kaduna garin Gwamna, da Sokoto, da Yola da Jimeta da sauran wurare.

Kasidun da suka fi tasiri wajen masu karatu su ne wadanda suka shafi fasahar Intanet, musamman kan Mudawwana (Blog); da dama cikin masu karatu sun bude nasu, inda suke zuba bayanai da yada ra’ayoyinsu. Sai kuma kasida kan Fasahar Intanet a Wayar Salula, da kuma tsarin sadarwa ta wayar-iska. Hakika masu karatu sun tasirantu da wadannan kasidu. Don har yanzu akwai masu bugowa suna neman karin bayani kan haka. Ni kaina na san kasidun sun rubutu sosai, saboda kwakkwafi da na bi wajen rubuta su. Sai kuma kasida kan Fasahar Bluetooth da Infrared da kuma GPRS. Na sha tambaya kansu kam. Cikin kasidun baya-bayan nan, akwai kasidu kan Makamin Nukiliya, su ma sunyi tasiri sosai wajen masu karatu. Ni kaina na jigatu wajen rubuta su; don lokaci da aka kashe wajen bincike da kuma juya kalmomin zuwa harshen Hausa. Muna mika godiya zuwa ga Allah kan haka.

Daga Nan Sai Ina?

Hakika dukkan tafiyar da ke neman samun nasara, dole ta kasance da mahanga. Da zarar mun gama bikin cika shekara biyu da kafuwa, zamu ci gaba da koro kasidu da labarai kan kimiyya da fasahar sadarwa, da kuma kimiyyar sararin samaniya, da kimiyyar madda da kuma sinadaran da ke muhallin da muke rayuwa a ciki. Wannan zai shafi ilimi kan kwamfuta da Intanet, da kumbon sararin samaniya, da kimiyyar lissafi da kimiyyar madda, da kuma bincike ko ci gaba da ake samu a wadannan fannoni na rayuwa da ilimi. Hakika, idan akwai wani nau’in ilimi da galibin mutanenmu suka rasa, shine samuwar ire-iren wadannan fannoni a rubuce cikin harshen Hausa. A bayyane yake cewa kashi saba’in ko tamanin na littafan da ke kai-komo a tsakanin al’ummar Hausawa kan fannin kirkirarrun labarai ne, watau Fiction. Littafai ko bayanai kan fannonin ilimi tabbatattu basu yadu ba, sam ko kadan. Wanda kuma duk al’ummar da ke bukatar ci gaba, dole ne ya zama ilimin kimiyya da fasahar kere-kere ya zauna da kafafunsa; za a neme shi, a kuma same shi cikin sauki. Wanda hakan baya yiyuwa a yanzu, in ba ta hanyoyi irin wadannan ba. Don haka a ci gaba da kasancewa tare damu a wannan shafi. Akwai mudawwana ta musamman da muka tanada don taskance dukkan wadannan kasidu, wacce za a iya samun ta a wannan adireshin da ke sama. A iya rubuto sakonnin text (08034592444), da na Imel (fasaha2007@yahoo.com) don neman karin bayani. Kuma kamar yadda na sanar kwanakin baya, akwai littafai na nan tafe kan fannoni da dama cikin ilimin fasahar sadarwa cikin harshen Hausa.

Kammalawa

A karshe, muna mika dimbin gaisuwarmu ga dukkan masu karatu a ko ina suke. Ba za mu iya ambaton sunan kowa da kowa ba. Sai dai, kamar yadda muka saba, zamu ci gaba da sanya sakonnin da kuke aiko mana lokaci-lokaci. Kamar kullum, duk wanda ya rubuto don neman karin bayani amma bai samu jawabi ba, yayi hakuri. Ina nan tafe in Allah Ya so. Ina kuma mika godiyata ga sauran ma’aikatan AMINIYA da Media Trust gaba dayansu, musamman Malam Balarabe, da Malama Lubabatu I. Garba (Gwaggo Lubabatu), da Malam “Liman”, da Malam Abubakar AbdurRahman (Dodorido), mai kula da wannan shafi a kullum, da Malam Bashir Yahuza Malumfashi (Gizago). A karshe, godiya ta musamman zuwa ga Editar AMINIYA, watau Malam Bello Muhammad Zaki. Allah saka da alheri da irin gudummuwar da ake bani a kullum. A ci gaba da kasancewa tare da mu.

BARKA DA SALLAH GA DUKKAN MASU KARATU

AS SALAAMU ALAIKUM

MUNA TAYA DAUKACIN MASU KARATUN WANNAN SHAFI MURNAR SALLAH; ALLAH KARBI AYYUKANMU, YA KUMA GAFARTA MANA ZUNUBBANMU, AMIN.

KAMAR YADDA AKA SABA, ZA A CI GABA DA KWARARO KASIDU KAN DUKKAN ABINDA YA SHAFI KIMIYYAR SADARWA A WANNAN SHAFI MAI ALBARKA, IDAN AKWAI TAMBAYOYI NA NEMAN KARIN BAYANI, A IYA RUBOTWA TA 08034592444, KO A AIKO SAKON IMEL TA: fasaha2007@yahoo.com.

ALLAH TABBATAR MANA DA ALHERI, AMIN.

ABDALLAH

Beran Kwamfuta (Computer Mouse)

Gabatarwa

Beran kwamfuta na nufin na’urar da ake amfani da ita wajen nunawa ko budewa ko rufewa ko kuma shiga da fita a shafukan kwamfuta ko gidan yanar sadarwa ta Intanet, watau Web Site. Kuma shine dai abin da ake kira Computer Mouse a harshen turancin kwamfuta. Har wa yau, wannan na’ura ce ke taimakawa wajen yawo da alkalamin rubutu da ke cikin masarrafar allon rubutu (Word Processor), watau cursor. Shine dan manunin da ke balli a jikin shafukan kwamfuta, baki, gajere. To, da beran kwamfuta ake yawo da shi, ko daukansa daga wuri zuwa wani wurin. Wannan na’ura na beran kwamfuta na da matukar muhimmanci, kuma yana aiki ne kawai a babbar manhajar da ke da tsarin hanyar mu’amala da kwamfuta cikin sauki (Graphical User Interface – GUI). Tsarin Graphical User Interface shine tsarin da ke sawwake mu’amala da kwamfuta ta hanyar matsa alamu wajen zaban abin yi, ko baiwa kwamfuta umarni. Za ka matsa wata alama, sai abinda kake so ya bayyana, ko matsa wani rubutu ko haruffa, sai sakon da kake so ya bayyana cikin sauki. Wannan na cikin tsarin da suka taimaka wajen koyon kwamfuta cikin sauki. Dukkan kwamfutoci masu dauke da babbar manhajar Windows na amfani da wannan na’ura na beran kwamfuta. Haka masu dauke da babbar manhajar Linux da Mac.

Asali da Tarihi

Wannan na’ura na beran kwamfuta ta samo asali ne a shekarar 1964, lokacin da Cibiyar Binciken Fasaha da ke Stanfod (Stanford Research Institute) ta fara kirkiro sabbin hanyoyin mu’amala da kwamfuta cikin sauki. Wanda ya kawo fikirar wannan fasaha kuwa shine Douglas Engelbert. Kafin wancan lokaci, mutane kan yi mu’amala da kwamfuta ne ta hanyar bata umarni a rubuce. Wanda kuma hakan ba karamin aiki bane. Don haka sai wannan Cibiyar Bincike da ke Stanfod ta fara bincike kan yadda za a bullo da wata hanya mai sauki don baiwa kwamfuta umarni ba tare da mai mu’amala da ita ya wahala wajen bayar da umarnin ba, musamman idan yana da abubuwa da dama da yake son yi a kanta. Lokacin da mai bincike Douglas Engelbert ya kera wannan na’ura a karon farko sai ya fara gwaji. Na’urar na amfani ne da wasu sanduna guda biyu da ke kwance a ciki, masu motsawa duk sa’adda da mai amfani da na’urar ya juya ko motsa ta. Wannan motsi nasu shi ke sarrafa alkamin kwamfutar da ke shafinta, daga sama zuwa kasa ko kuma daga hagu zuwa dama. A daya gefen na’urar akwai doguwar waya wacce ke jone da kwamfutar. Wannan doguwar waya, tare da kan na’urar, sai ya ba ta siffar bera mai dogon bindi. Sai kace bera. Da ganin haka sai Douglas ya sanya wa na’urar suna Computer Mouse, watau beran kwamfuta, a turance. Yayi wannan gwaji ne a shekarar 1968. Cikin shekarar 1970 sai hukumar Amurka ta bashi hakkin mallakar wannan na’ura, a matsayinsa na wanda ya kirkira. Daga nan aka fara amfani da na’urar wajen baiwa kwamfuta oda cikin sauki. Da aka shiga shekarar 1973, sai aka sauya wa na’urar siffa, aka rage mata girma da kuma kara kayatar da ita. Dogayen sandunan da ke ciki masu juyawa, aka cire su, aka sanya wani dan kwallo mai juya a madadinta. Wannan kwallo shi ke juya wasu ‘yan kananan tsinke sirara, wadanda su kuma ke juya wasu fayafayai masu huji. A shekarar 1980 sai kamfanin Xerox Corporation ya fara amfani da wannan na’ura na beran kwamfuta, daidai lokacin da ya kirkiri kwamfutocinsa nau’in Alto Personal Computer, masu amfani da tsarin Graphical User Interface. Daga nan aka samu kamfanin Apple Corporation shi ma ya ci gaba da amfani da wannan na’ura cikin kwamfutocin da ya kera a shekarar 1984. Wadannan kwamfutoci masu suna Apple Mac PC, suna amfani ne da babbar manhajar Mac da aka gina da sassaukar tsarin mu’amala da kwamfuta, watau GUI. Sai kuma kamfanin Microsoft Corporation ya biyo baya. Duk da yake ya so amfani da na’urar a babbar manhajar MS-DOS, hakan bai yiwu ba sai lokacin da ya gina babbar manhajar Windows 95. Daga nan kuma sauran kamfanoni suka biyo baya.

Nau’ukan Beran Kwamfuta

Saboda ci gaban zamani wajen bincike da kere-kere, akwai nau’ukan na’urar beran kwamfuta da dama da aka kirkira. Kuma hakan yayi tasiri wajen sauya wa wannan na’ura siffa da kuma yanayin mu’amala. Kowanne daga cikin wadannan nau’uka na da wata amfani da wani nau’in ba shi dashi. Nau’i na farko shine wanda bayani ya gabata a kansa a sama; watau mai dauke da siraran sanduna guda biyu a ciki, wadanda ke manne da kwallon da ke juya su gabas da yamma, kudu da arewa. Duk sa’adda ka juya na’urar, wannan kwallo da ke murzawa a saman kan teburin da ka dora shi a kai na isar da sako kan jihar da na’urar ta dosa ne, don baka damar mu’amala da shafukan da kake ciki a kwamfutar. Wannan nau’i na beran kwamfuta shi ake kira Mechanical Mouse a turance, kuma shine yafi shahara. A samansa akwai bangarori guda uku; hagu da dama da kuma tsakiya. Sai nau’i na biyu, wanda ke amfani da hasken lantarki a ciki, masu amfani da sinadaran daukan hoton jihar da na’urar ke juyawa ko murzawa gareshi. Galibi sukan zo ne da launukan lantarki ja ko shudi ko kuma kore. Launukan kan canza ne iya gwargwadon jihar da beran kwamfutar yake. Wannan nau’i shi ake kira Optical Mouse, kuma sabanin wanda ya gabace shi, bai da kwallo mai juyawa a kasansa. Amma yayi tarayya da na farko wajen samun waya da ke jona su da kwamfutar da suke makale da ita. Sai nau’i na gaba, wanda ya kumshi fasahar da ke tattare da na biyun farko; akwai tsinkayen sanduna biyu masu jujjuyawa, masu manne da wasu faya-faya masu huji guda biyu. Wadannan tsinkaye, kwallon da ke cikin na’urar ne ke juya su. Duk lokacin da wannan kwallo ya juya wadannan siraran tsinkaye biyu, wata ‘yar wuta kan darsu cikin na’urar, wacce ke haska ramukan da ke jikin wadannan faya-fayai guda biyu. Da zarar wutar ta haska, sai faya-fayan su aika wa kwamfutar sako ta hanyar wayar da ke jone da na’urar, don juya alkalamin kwamfutar, watau Cursor. Sai dai kuma, sabanin nau’in farko, kwallon da ke juya wadannan tsinkaye baya gurzan kasa, a can ciki yake. Wannan nau’i shi ake kira Optomechanical Mouse. Nau’i na gaba shine wanda ba ya bukatar waya da ke hada alaka tsakaninsa da kwamfuta. Wannan nau’i na beran kwamfuta na amfani ne da makamashin Infrared, watau sinadaran haske da ke kasa da ganin mutum, kasa da launin ja, wanda ke sawwake sadarwa a doron kasa. Yana kuma amfani ne da batir, maimakon waya da sauran nau’ukan beran kwamfuta ke amfani da shi, don sadar da sako tsakaninsa da kwamfuta. Wannan nau’i shi ake kira Cordless Mouse, kuma galibin masu amfani da kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka da shi suke amfani. Galibi yakan zo ne dan karami, bai kai sauran nau’ukan girma ba, kuma baka bukatar kayi ta hakilon jona waya a dukkan lokuta. Nau’i na karshe da zamu kawo shine wanda kowace kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ke dashi a makale. Wannan ya sha bamban matuka da nau’ukan da muka yi bayaninsu, domin siffarsa ba iri daya bane da su. Shafaffe ne a jikin kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka; da zarar ka dora tafin hannunka a kai zai fara aiki, kai tsaye. Wannan nau’i shi ake kira Touchpad, ko Trackpad ko kuma Glidepoint, a turancin kwamfuta. Wadannan, a takaice, su ne nau’ukan beran kwamfuta.

Tsarin Amfani da Beran Kwamfuta

Na tabbata galibin masu amfani da kwamfuta a halin yanzu na amfani ne da wannan na’ura, saboda saukin mu’amalarta. Ko da kuwa masu kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ce, watau Laptop. Dan karami ne, daidai rikon tafin hannu, mai shafaffen ciki, maras nauyi kuma galibi da gasasshen roba ake lullube shi, watau plastic. Yana da kuma da ‘yar tabarma da ake masa, mai santsi, wacce a kai zai rika gurzawa. Saboda kyale-kyale, wasu kan zo da siffar gilashi, wasu kuma masu bakin launi, wasu farare, wasu masu waya da ake jonawa da kwamfutar, wasu marasa waya, wasu masu launukan wutar lantarki a ciki, wasu marasa wuta, wasu masu wuraren matsawa biyu a sama, wasu kuma uku. Galibi sukan zo da dan kwallo mai juyawa a cikinsu, wanda ke murzan saman tebur ko inda aka dora shi. Wannan kwallo shi ke tasiri wajen nuna bigiren da na’urar ke fuskanta a fuskar kwamfutar. Ta kowane bangare yana iya juyawa. Don haka ake kiransa Multidirectional Detection Device, a turance. Akwai su dai kala-kala yanzu saboda kawata su da ake yi. Kafin amfani da beran kwamfuta, dole a jona na’urar a jikin kwamfuta. Idan kwamfutar kan tebur ce, akan jona ne ta baya, cikin kafar da ta dace da ita. Idan kuma kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ce kuma, sai a jona ta dayan gefen da wannan kafa yake; ta gefen hagu ko dama. Duk da yake amfani da wannan na’ura a kan kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ba dole bane, amma a kwamfutar tebur (Desktop), dole sai da wannan na’ura. Kan beran kwamfuta nau’i biye ne; akwai mai da’ira, wanda a turance ake kira PS/2. Haka kuma raminsa yake, da’ira. A cikin kan akwai wasu hakora kanana, wadanda ke sadar da sakon jujjuyawar na’urar zuwa kwamfuta. Idan aka zo sokawa, dole ne a lura da tsarin hakoran, domin idan ba a sanya su daidai-wa-daida ba, suna iya lankwayewa ko karyewa. Idan haka ta faru, to zai yi wahala a iya amfani da na’urar, don kan bazai shiga ba. Amma idan aka sanya kan ya shiga, zai zarce ne zuwa cikin kwamfutar, don bata damar mu’amala da jujjuyawar da mai amfani da kwamfutar ke yi. Na’urar beran kwamfuta nau’in PS/2, watau mai da’ira a saman kanta, tsohuwar yayi ce, kuma daya daga cikin aibinta shine yawan saibi wajen isar da sakon na’urar zuwa cikin kwamfuta. Nau’i na biyu shine nau’in da ke amfani da ramin Universal Serial Bus Port (USB Port) da ke jikin kwamfutar. Wannan nau’i shi yafi inganci da saurin sadar da sako ga kwamfuta. Kansa murabba’i ne, watau Four Corner ko Square, a turance. Kuma dukkan kwamfutocin zamani kan zo da ramuka nau’in USB a kalla guda biyu, don baiwa masu amfani da kwamfutar damar makala na’urori masu irin wannan kai. Da zarar na’urar ta jonu da kwamfutar, duk sanda ka motsa ta za ka ga dan manuninta na motsawa zuwa jihar da ka motsa na’urar. Idan kana son gangarawa kasa a cikin shafin da kake, sai ka murza dan tayan da ke tsakiyan kan na’urar, watau Scroll Wheel. Haka idan sama kake son haurawa daga kasa. Idan kana son matsa wata rariya ko hoto ko kuma wata alama da kake son ta riskar da kai zuwa wata jiha, sai ka matsa bangaren hagun na’urar. Wannan shi ake kira Click a turancin kwamfuta. Idan kuma so kake ka samu karin bayani kan alamar da ka dora manunin na’urar a kai, sai ka matsa bangaren dama, watau Right-click. Dukkan bayanai ko wasu nau’ukan aiyukan da suka shafi wannan alama ko hoto za su bayyana, sai ka zabi wanda kake son kwamfutar tayi maka.

Kammalawa

A bayyane yake cewa na’urar beran kwamfuta na cikin ababen da suka sawwake tsarin mu’amala da kwamfuta, musamman a wannan zamani da muke ciki, kuma hakan ya kara samuwa sanadiyyar nau’ukan da aka ta kerawa, masu kara inganci wajen wannan mu’amala. Har way au, yana da kyau mai karatu ya lura da tasirin wannan na’ura wajen haddasa gajiya ko ciwo musamman a tsintsiyar hannu. Galibin idan ka jima kana mu’amala da beran kwamfuta, kana iya samun ‘yar gajiya a yatsunka, da kuma ‘yar kanta a tafin yatsunka, musamman idan nau’in da kake amfani da ita na dauke da bangarori uku ne a kai. Yana da kyau mutum ya samu hutu duk lokacin da ya fara jin gajiya a tsintsiyar hannunsa, don kauce wa samuwar wata cuta da ta dara wannan girma.