Beran Kwamfuta (Computer Mouse)

Gabatarwa

Beran kwamfuta na nufin na’urar da ake amfani da ita wajen nunawa ko budewa ko rufewa ko kuma shiga da fita a shafukan kwamfuta ko gidan yanar sadarwa ta Intanet, watau Web Site. Kuma shine dai abin da ake kira Computer Mouse a harshen turancin kwamfuta. Har wa yau, wannan na’ura ce ke taimakawa wajen yawo da alkalamin rubutu da ke cikin masarrafar allon rubutu (Word Processor), watau cursor. Shine dan manunin da ke balli a jikin shafukan kwamfuta, baki, gajere. To, da beran kwamfuta ake yawo da shi, ko daukansa daga wuri zuwa wani wurin. Wannan na’ura na beran kwamfuta na da matukar muhimmanci, kuma yana aiki ne kawai a babbar manhajar da ke da tsarin hanyar mu’amala da kwamfuta cikin sauki (Graphical User Interface – GUI). Tsarin Graphical User Interface shine tsarin da ke sawwake mu’amala da kwamfuta ta hanyar matsa alamu wajen zaban abin yi, ko baiwa kwamfuta umarni. Za ka matsa wata alama, sai abinda kake so ya bayyana, ko matsa wani rubutu ko haruffa, sai sakon da kake so ya bayyana cikin sauki. Wannan na cikin tsarin da suka taimaka wajen koyon kwamfuta cikin sauki. Dukkan kwamfutoci masu dauke da babbar manhajar Windows na amfani da wannan na’ura na beran kwamfuta. Haka masu dauke da babbar manhajar Linux da Mac.

Asali da Tarihi

Wannan na’ura na beran kwamfuta ta samo asali ne a shekarar 1964, lokacin da Cibiyar Binciken Fasaha da ke Stanfod (Stanford Research Institute) ta fara kirkiro sabbin hanyoyin mu’amala da kwamfuta cikin sauki. Wanda ya kawo fikirar wannan fasaha kuwa shine Douglas Engelbert. Kafin wancan lokaci, mutane kan yi mu’amala da kwamfuta ne ta hanyar bata umarni a rubuce. Wanda kuma hakan ba karamin aiki bane. Don haka sai wannan Cibiyar Bincike da ke Stanfod ta fara bincike kan yadda za a bullo da wata hanya mai sauki don baiwa kwamfuta umarni ba tare da mai mu’amala da ita ya wahala wajen bayar da umarnin ba, musamman idan yana da abubuwa da dama da yake son yi a kanta. Lokacin da mai bincike Douglas Engelbert ya kera wannan na’ura a karon farko sai ya fara gwaji. Na’urar na amfani ne da wasu sanduna guda biyu da ke kwance a ciki, masu motsawa duk sa’adda da mai amfani da na’urar ya juya ko motsa ta. Wannan motsi nasu shi ke sarrafa alkamin kwamfutar da ke shafinta, daga sama zuwa kasa ko kuma daga hagu zuwa dama. A daya gefen na’urar akwai doguwar waya wacce ke jone da kwamfutar. Wannan doguwar waya, tare da kan na’urar, sai ya ba ta siffar bera mai dogon bindi. Sai kace bera. Da ganin haka sai Douglas ya sanya wa na’urar suna Computer Mouse, watau beran kwamfuta, a turance. Yayi wannan gwaji ne a shekarar 1968. Cikin shekarar 1970 sai hukumar Amurka ta bashi hakkin mallakar wannan na’ura, a matsayinsa na wanda ya kirkira. Daga nan aka fara amfani da na’urar wajen baiwa kwamfuta oda cikin sauki. Da aka shiga shekarar 1973, sai aka sauya wa na’urar siffa, aka rage mata girma da kuma kara kayatar da ita. Dogayen sandunan da ke ciki masu juyawa, aka cire su, aka sanya wani dan kwallo mai juya a madadinta. Wannan kwallo shi ke juya wasu ‘yan kananan tsinke sirara, wadanda su kuma ke juya wasu fayafayai masu huji. A shekarar 1980 sai kamfanin Xerox Corporation ya fara amfani da wannan na’ura na beran kwamfuta, daidai lokacin da ya kirkiri kwamfutocinsa nau’in Alto Personal Computer, masu amfani da tsarin Graphical User Interface. Daga nan aka samu kamfanin Apple Corporation shi ma ya ci gaba da amfani da wannan na’ura cikin kwamfutocin da ya kera a shekarar 1984. Wadannan kwamfutoci masu suna Apple Mac PC, suna amfani ne da babbar manhajar Mac da aka gina da sassaukar tsarin mu’amala da kwamfuta, watau GUI. Sai kuma kamfanin Microsoft Corporation ya biyo baya. Duk da yake ya so amfani da na’urar a babbar manhajar MS-DOS, hakan bai yiwu ba sai lokacin da ya gina babbar manhajar Windows 95. Daga nan kuma sauran kamfanoni suka biyo baya.

Nau’ukan Beran Kwamfuta

Saboda ci gaban zamani wajen bincike da kere-kere, akwai nau’ukan na’urar beran kwamfuta da dama da aka kirkira. Kuma hakan yayi tasiri wajen sauya wa wannan na’ura siffa da kuma yanayin mu’amala. Kowanne daga cikin wadannan nau’uka na da wata amfani da wani nau’in ba shi dashi. Nau’i na farko shine wanda bayani ya gabata a kansa a sama; watau mai dauke da siraran sanduna guda biyu a ciki, wadanda ke manne da kwallon da ke juya su gabas da yamma, kudu da arewa. Duk sa’adda ka juya na’urar, wannan kwallo da ke murzawa a saman kan teburin da ka dora shi a kai na isar da sako kan jihar da na’urar ta dosa ne, don baka damar mu’amala da shafukan da kake ciki a kwamfutar. Wannan nau’i na beran kwamfuta shi ake kira Mechanical Mouse a turance, kuma shine yafi shahara. A samansa akwai bangarori guda uku; hagu da dama da kuma tsakiya. Sai nau’i na biyu, wanda ke amfani da hasken lantarki a ciki, masu amfani da sinadaran daukan hoton jihar da na’urar ke juyawa ko murzawa gareshi. Galibi sukan zo ne da launukan lantarki ja ko shudi ko kuma kore. Launukan kan canza ne iya gwargwadon jihar da beran kwamfutar yake. Wannan nau’i shi ake kira Optical Mouse, kuma sabanin wanda ya gabace shi, bai da kwallo mai juyawa a kasansa. Amma yayi tarayya da na farko wajen samun waya da ke jona su da kwamfutar da suke makale da ita. Sai nau’i na gaba, wanda ya kumshi fasahar da ke tattare da na biyun farko; akwai tsinkayen sanduna biyu masu jujjuyawa, masu manne da wasu faya-faya masu huji guda biyu. Wadannan tsinkaye, kwallon da ke cikin na’urar ne ke juya su. Duk lokacin da wannan kwallo ya juya wadannan siraran tsinkaye biyu, wata ‘yar wuta kan darsu cikin na’urar, wacce ke haska ramukan da ke jikin wadannan faya-fayai guda biyu. Da zarar wutar ta haska, sai faya-fayan su aika wa kwamfutar sako ta hanyar wayar da ke jone da na’urar, don juya alkalamin kwamfutar, watau Cursor. Sai dai kuma, sabanin nau’in farko, kwallon da ke juya wadannan tsinkaye baya gurzan kasa, a can ciki yake. Wannan nau’i shi ake kira Optomechanical Mouse. Nau’i na gaba shine wanda ba ya bukatar waya da ke hada alaka tsakaninsa da kwamfuta. Wannan nau’i na beran kwamfuta na amfani ne da makamashin Infrared, watau sinadaran haske da ke kasa da ganin mutum, kasa da launin ja, wanda ke sawwake sadarwa a doron kasa. Yana kuma amfani ne da batir, maimakon waya da sauran nau’ukan beran kwamfuta ke amfani da shi, don sadar da sako tsakaninsa da kwamfuta. Wannan nau’i shi ake kira Cordless Mouse, kuma galibin masu amfani da kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka da shi suke amfani. Galibi yakan zo ne dan karami, bai kai sauran nau’ukan girma ba, kuma baka bukatar kayi ta hakilon jona waya a dukkan lokuta. Nau’i na karshe da zamu kawo shine wanda kowace kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ke dashi a makale. Wannan ya sha bamban matuka da nau’ukan da muka yi bayaninsu, domin siffarsa ba iri daya bane da su. Shafaffe ne a jikin kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka; da zarar ka dora tafin hannunka a kai zai fara aiki, kai tsaye. Wannan nau’i shi ake kira Touchpad, ko Trackpad ko kuma Glidepoint, a turancin kwamfuta. Wadannan, a takaice, su ne nau’ukan beran kwamfuta.

Tsarin Amfani da Beran Kwamfuta

Na tabbata galibin masu amfani da kwamfuta a halin yanzu na amfani ne da wannan na’ura, saboda saukin mu’amalarta. Ko da kuwa masu kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ce, watau Laptop. Dan karami ne, daidai rikon tafin hannu, mai shafaffen ciki, maras nauyi kuma galibi da gasasshen roba ake lullube shi, watau plastic. Yana da kuma da ‘yar tabarma da ake masa, mai santsi, wacce a kai zai rika gurzawa. Saboda kyale-kyale, wasu kan zo da siffar gilashi, wasu kuma masu bakin launi, wasu farare, wasu masu waya da ake jonawa da kwamfutar, wasu marasa waya, wasu masu launukan wutar lantarki a ciki, wasu marasa wuta, wasu masu wuraren matsawa biyu a sama, wasu kuma uku. Galibi sukan zo da dan kwallo mai juyawa a cikinsu, wanda ke murzan saman tebur ko inda aka dora shi. Wannan kwallo shi ke tasiri wajen nuna bigiren da na’urar ke fuskanta a fuskar kwamfutar. Ta kowane bangare yana iya juyawa. Don haka ake kiransa Multidirectional Detection Device, a turance. Akwai su dai kala-kala yanzu saboda kawata su da ake yi. Kafin amfani da beran kwamfuta, dole a jona na’urar a jikin kwamfuta. Idan kwamfutar kan tebur ce, akan jona ne ta baya, cikin kafar da ta dace da ita. Idan kuma kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ce kuma, sai a jona ta dayan gefen da wannan kafa yake; ta gefen hagu ko dama. Duk da yake amfani da wannan na’ura a kan kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ba dole bane, amma a kwamfutar tebur (Desktop), dole sai da wannan na’ura. Kan beran kwamfuta nau’i biye ne; akwai mai da’ira, wanda a turance ake kira PS/2. Haka kuma raminsa yake, da’ira. A cikin kan akwai wasu hakora kanana, wadanda ke sadar da sakon jujjuyawar na’urar zuwa kwamfuta. Idan aka zo sokawa, dole ne a lura da tsarin hakoran, domin idan ba a sanya su daidai-wa-daida ba, suna iya lankwayewa ko karyewa. Idan haka ta faru, to zai yi wahala a iya amfani da na’urar, don kan bazai shiga ba. Amma idan aka sanya kan ya shiga, zai zarce ne zuwa cikin kwamfutar, don bata damar mu’amala da jujjuyawar da mai amfani da kwamfutar ke yi. Na’urar beran kwamfuta nau’in PS/2, watau mai da’ira a saman kanta, tsohuwar yayi ce, kuma daya daga cikin aibinta shine yawan saibi wajen isar da sakon na’urar zuwa cikin kwamfuta. Nau’i na biyu shine nau’in da ke amfani da ramin Universal Serial Bus Port (USB Port) da ke jikin kwamfutar. Wannan nau’i shi yafi inganci da saurin sadar da sako ga kwamfuta. Kansa murabba’i ne, watau Four Corner ko Square, a turance. Kuma dukkan kwamfutocin zamani kan zo da ramuka nau’in USB a kalla guda biyu, don baiwa masu amfani da kwamfutar damar makala na’urori masu irin wannan kai. Da zarar na’urar ta jonu da kwamfutar, duk sanda ka motsa ta za ka ga dan manuninta na motsawa zuwa jihar da ka motsa na’urar. Idan kana son gangarawa kasa a cikin shafin da kake, sai ka murza dan tayan da ke tsakiyan kan na’urar, watau Scroll Wheel. Haka idan sama kake son haurawa daga kasa. Idan kana son matsa wata rariya ko hoto ko kuma wata alama da kake son ta riskar da kai zuwa wata jiha, sai ka matsa bangaren hagun na’urar. Wannan shi ake kira Click a turancin kwamfuta. Idan kuma so kake ka samu karin bayani kan alamar da ka dora manunin na’urar a kai, sai ka matsa bangaren dama, watau Right-click. Dukkan bayanai ko wasu nau’ukan aiyukan da suka shafi wannan alama ko hoto za su bayyana, sai ka zabi wanda kake son kwamfutar tayi maka.

Kammalawa

A bayyane yake cewa na’urar beran kwamfuta na cikin ababen da suka sawwake tsarin mu’amala da kwamfuta, musamman a wannan zamani da muke ciki, kuma hakan ya kara samuwa sanadiyyar nau’ukan da aka ta kerawa, masu kara inganci wajen wannan mu’amala. Har way au, yana da kyau mai karatu ya lura da tasirin wannan na’ura wajen haddasa gajiya ko ciwo musamman a tsintsiyar hannu. Galibin idan ka jima kana mu’amala da beran kwamfuta, kana iya samun ‘yar gajiya a yatsunka, da kuma ‘yar kanta a tafin yatsunka, musamman idan nau’in da kake amfani da ita na dauke da bangarori uku ne a kai. Yana da kyau mutum ya samu hutu duk lokacin da ya fara jin gajiya a tsintsiyar hannunsa, don kauce wa samuwar wata cuta da ta dara wannan girma.