Nau’ukan Wayar Salula

Matashiya

Idan mai karatu na tare da mu cikin makonni biyu da suka gabata, zai lura da irin tsarin da muke tafiya a kai, wajen fayyace bayanai dalla-dalla kan abinda ya shafi wayar salula da tsarin da take gudanuwa a kai na yanayin sadarwa; tun daga lokacin da aka fara samar da wannan fasaha zuwa yau. A haka muke tafiya, kuma haka zamu ci gaba da tafiya. A makon da ya gabata mun kawo bayanai ne kan tarihin marhalar sadarwa ta wayar salula ko wayar iska. A wannan makon kuma cikin yardar Allah, ga mu dauke da bayanai kan nau’ukan wayar salula ko wayar tafi-da-gidanka.

Kamar yadda mai karatu yake gani kuma ya sani, wayoyin salula sun sha bamban ta dukkan fuskoki; daga tsarin kerawa, zuwa tsarin manhajar da ke tafiyar da wayar gaba daya, zuwa tsarin masarrafan da wayar ke amfani dasu wajen sadarwa ko kayatar da mai shi, zuwa tsarin sadarwa, zuwa na’ukan da wayoyin suka kasu wajen bambanta masu sayensu ko mallakansu. Wanann a fili yake. A wannan tsari ne zamu karkasa wayoyin salula don fayyace bambancin da ke tsakanin nau’ukan wayoyin da ake amfani dasu a yau ko aka yi amfani dasu a baya. Kasancewar akwai nau’ukan wayoyin salula da kamfanoni da dama suka kera, bazai yiwu mu bayar da misalai daga kowane kamfani ba. Don haka zamu dauki wasu daga cikin shahararrun kamfanonin ne kawai, irinsu Nokia da Apple da SonyEricsson, da Samsung, da makamantansu. Sai a ci gaba da kasancewa tare damu.

Bambancin Babbar Manhaja (Operating System)

Abu na farko da ke bambance wayoyin salula zuwa nau’uka dabam-daban hatta wadanda kamfani daya ya kera su, shine bambancin babbar manhajar da wayar ke amfani da ita. Wannan babbar manhaja, wacce a Turance ake kira Phone Operating System, ita ce ruhin da wayar ke rayuwa da shi gaba daya. A kan wannan manhaja ne dukkan wasu masarrafa ke gudanuwa, kamar yadda bayanai zasu zo nan gaba. Wayoyin salula sun sha bamban wajen nau’in babbar manhajar da suke dauke dasu. Shahararru daga cikinsu su ne jerin babbar manhajar wayar salula da ake kira Series 40 (S40) da kuma nau’in Series 60 (S60), wadanda galibin wayoyin salular da ake amfani dasu yanzu ke rayuwa a kansu. Bayan haka, akwai wasu wayyoyin salular da ke amfani da babbar manhajar kwamfuta nau’in Windows Mobile, da Symbian, da Maemo, da Android da sauran makamantansu. Galibin kananan wayoyin salula masu araha da kamfanin Nokia da Samsung da SonyEricsson ke kerawa ko suka kera a baya, da wadanda suke kera a yanzu, duk suna amfani ne da babbar manhaja nau’in Series 40 (S40). Wadannan wayoyin salula sun hada da masu kala da marasa kala. Misalin masu kala sun hada da wayar Nokia nau’in Nokia 6300, wacce hotonta ke like a nan, da Nokia 3300, da Nokia 3110, da Nokia 6230, da Nokia 62301, da sauran makamantansu. Kai a takaice dai, dukkan wayoyin kamfanin Nokia masu fuska irin na Nokia 6300, suna amfani ne da babbar manhaja nau’in Series 40.

Su kuma wayoyin salula masu dauke da babbar manhajar Series 60 (S60) sun kunshi manyan wayoyin salula ne na musamman da ake amfani dasu a wannan zamani; masu tsada, sanadiyyar yawa da kuma ingancin tsarin da suke dauke dasu. Ire-iren wadannan wayoyi masu dauke da wannan babbar manhaja suna dauke da masarrafai masu inganci ne, da kalan fuska radau-radau, mai birge ido. Sannan su kansu sun kasu kashi biyu: akwai nau’ukan S60 na gama-gari, masu saukin kudi, irin su: Nokia 3230, da Nokia 6630, da Nokia 5700, da dukkan ayarin Xpress Music da kamfanin ya kera cikin shekarar da ta gabata, irinsu Nokia 5320 Xpress Music, da Nokia 5310 Xpress Music. Wadannan su ne kashin farko. Nau’in Series 60 na biyu kuma su ne wadanda ke dauke cikin manyan wayoyin salula na musamman da ake kira “Smartphones”, masu dauke da habakakkun masarrafai na sadarwa da mu’amala da Intanet da Rediyo da sauransu. Ire-iren wadannan wayoyi sun hada da wayoyin salula nau’in Blackberry (da dukkan ayarinsa na kowane kamfani), da kuma dukkan ayarin Nokia “N Series” da “E Series, irinsu Nokia N95, da N90, da E71, da E78 da sauran makamantansu. Bayan wadannan, akwai wasu wayoyin da ke dauke da babbar manhaja irinsu Windows Mobile wanda kamfanin Microsoft ya kirkira, da Android wanda kamfanin Google ya kirkira, da kuma Mac OS X, wanda kamfanin Apple ya kirkira ya kuma sanya wa wayar salularsa ta musamman mai suna Apple iPhone.

Bambancin da ke tsakanin wadannan manhajojin wayar salula a bayyane yake. A yayin da nau’ukan Series 40 suka fi saukin sha’ani da iya jure wahala da rashin kamuwa da kwayoyin cuta (Virus) cikin gaugawa, nau’ukan Series 60 sun fi ingancin masarrafai da girman ma’adanai, da yawaitan hanyoyin sadarwa, da kyalli. Har wa yau, dukkan wayoyin salula masu dauke da nau’in Series 60 suna baka damar shigarwa da kerawa da kuma caccanza dukkan masarrafan da ta zo dasu. Amma nau’in Series 40 sai dai ka hakura da abinda ka samu a ciki.

Bambancin Masarrafai na Musamman

Galibin wayoyin salular wannan zamani sun yi tarayya wajen samar da hanyoyin sadarwa da kuma taskance bayanai kala-kala, sai dai kuma duk da haka, sun sha bamban wajen manufar da aka kera su dominta. Misali, akwai wayoyin salular da aka kera su da masarrafar kyamara mai inganci, akwai wadanda aka kera su da fasahar Infra-red mai inganci, akwai wadanda aka kera su da fasahar Bluetooth mai inganci, akwai wadanda musamman aka kera su don samar da hoton bidiyo mai inganci, akwai wadanda aka kera su don samar da tashoshin rediyo da talabijin masu inganci, da kuma wadanda aka kera dauke da masarrafar sauraro da taskance wakoki ko murya mai inganci. Idan muka dubi ayarin wayoyin salula nau’in “Xpress Music” da kamfanin Nokia yake kerawa tun shekarar 2008, zamu ga haka. Musamman aka kera su wajen bayar da sautin kida ko amon murya mai inganci. Wasu kuma musamman aka kera su don samar da hanyar sadarwa ta Intanet cikin sauki. Idan muka koma kan sauran kamfanonin kera wayar salula; daga LG zuwa Samsung, har SonyEricsson da NEC, duk haka zamu ga abin. Tabbas haka abin yake daga kanana zuwa manyan wayoyi. Duk da cewa kowannensu na dauke da tsarin sadarwa ta wayar salula, da ma sauran kayayyakin da kusan kowanne ke dashi. To amma da zarar ka tuntubi masarrafar da aka kera wayar don ita, sai ka samu tafi inganci fiye da ta wadda aka kera da wata manufar. Misali, baza ka taba hada ingancin kara da amon sauti ba tsakanin wayar salula nau’in Nokia 5320 Xpress Music, da ta Nokia 6600. Idan mai karatu na son gane bambancin da ke tsakanin wayoyin salula ta bangaren manufar da aka kera, to ya dubi sunan wayar, ko kuma kundin da tazo dashi, zai ga tabbaci kan haka.

Bambancin Tsarin Jiki da Siffa

Wannan a fili yake. Kasancewar mutane sun sha bamban wajen soye-soyensu da sha’awowinsu, ta sa dukkan kamfanonin kera wayoyin salula kera wayoyi masu siffa dabam-daban; kamar yadda mutane su ma suka bambanta. Misali, akwai wayoyin salula masu shafaffen fuska, marasa marafa a samansu. Wadannan su ne asalin siffan wayar salula. Daga baya aka samu masu marafa a samansu, watau Open-and-Close kenan, a turance. Bayansu kuma, akwai wadanda aka samar yanzu masu shafaffen fuska, marasa tambarin haruffan shigar da bayanai, wadanda shafa su kawai ake yi, don basu umarni. Wadannan su ake kira Touch Screen Phones. Sannan akwai masu allon shigar da bayanai (Keypad) guda biyu. Masu wannan siffa galibinsu wayoyin salular zamani ne na musamman, watau Smartphones. Da dama cikin wadannan nau’ukan wayoyi na Smartphones suna zuwa ne da “tsinken ligidi”, ko “Joy Stick” a turance. A karshe kuma akwai wadanda suke masu marfi, amma sabanin nau’in farko wadanda daga marfinsu sama ake yi idan za a bude, su wadannan tura marfin ake yi, sai su bude. Su kuma ake kira Sliding Phones. Sai kuma wadanda suke zuwa da kala a fuskokinsu, watau Colour Screen Phones kenan, da kuma wadanda ke zuwa da launin fari da baki kadai, watau Black and White kenan. A takaice dai, wayoyin salula sun sha bamban wajen siffa da tsarin budewa, kamar yadda mai karatu ke gani a yau. Wannan kuwa ya taimaka gaya wajen bai wa mutane zabin irin wayar da suke so, wacce ta dace da kudi ko matsayinsu.

Bambancin Tsarin Sadarwa

Har wa yau, wayoyin salula sun sha bamban wajen tsarin sadarwa da irin fasahar da kamfanin ya kimtsa musu. Akwai wayoyin salular da ke amfani da tsarin sadarwar zamani nau’in GSM. Kashi tamanin cikin dari na wayoyin salular da ke duniya a yau duk suna amfani ne da wannan tsarin sadarwa. Su ne wadanda kamfanonin waya irinsu Nokia da Samsung da SonyEricsson da LG da Siemens da sauransu ke kerawa. Sannan akwai wadanda ke amfani da tsarin sadarwar zamani na CDMA-2000, kuma su ne wayoyin salular da ake amfani dasu a kasar Amurka da sauran kasashen da ke gewaye da ita. Galibinsu kuma kamfanin Qualcom ne ke kera su. Bayan haka, akwai wayoyin salular da ke amfani da tsarin sadarwa iri biyiu; da tsarin GSM da kuma tsarin sadarwar rediyo ta UMTS. Wadannan wayoyin salula su ake kira Dual Mode Mobile Phones, kuma sun fi tagomashi wajen samar da sadarwa mai inganci. Wayar Nokia 5320 Xpress Music, misali, na cikin wayoyin salula masu hanyar sadarwa guda biyu. Har wa yau, akwai wayoyin salula masu amfani da Katin SIM guda daya, da masu amfani da Katin SIM guda biyu, da kuma masu amfani da Katin SIM guda uku.

Bambancin Matsayi

Daga cikin abinda yake fili kan bambanci tsakanin wayoyin salula shine bambanci ta bangaren matsayi ko mukamin mai saye. Wasu wayoyin salular an kera su ne don masu karamin kudi, ko kasashe masu tasowa (Developing Countries), wasu an kera su ne don kasashen Turai, wasu kuma don kasashen Asiya. Duk da cewa akan samu dukkan wadannan nau’uka a kasashe masu tasowa, saboda tsarin tafiye-tafiye da alaka tsakanin kasashe ya canza. Wasu wayoyin salular da ganinsu ka san ba naka bane, na su wane da wane ne, ko kuma masu hali irin nasu. Akwai wayoyin salular da ba a kera su sai don wani dalili na musamman. Misali, wayar salular Shugaba Obama na kasar Amurka, baza ka taba samun irinta a kasuwa ko shagunan sayar da wayoyin salula ba, domin musamman Gwamnatin Amurka ta sa aka kera masa ita, kuma an yi yarjejeniya mai karfi tsakinta da kamfanin wayar, cewa har duniya ta nade bazai kara kera waya irin ta ba. Wannan ke nuna cewa yadda muka sha bambancin wajen samu; wani mai kudi wani talakka, to haka wayoyin salula su ma suke; wasu masu araha, wasu kuma masu tsada.

Bambancin Jinsi

Nau’ukan wayoyin salula na karshe da zamu dakata da bayani a kansu su ne wadanda suka shafi bambancin jinsi a tsakanin mutane. Wasu an kera su ne musamman don mata. Kana ganinsu, da irin kyale-kyalen da ke tare dasu, ka san wannan ba wayar namiji bace. Kamfanonin da suka shahara wajen kera wayoyin salula don mata musamman, sun hada da Samsung, da SonyEricsson, da kuma LG. Galibinsu basu da karfin jiki sosai, kuma sun sha ado fiye da kima. Wannan don jawo hankali ne da kuma kara kawata mata, da sanya su jin cewa “ai wannan irin namu ne”. Akwai kuma wadanda don maza aka kera su. Akwai kuma na kowa da kowa; gama-gari. Wannan baya nufin idan kaje sayen na mata, a matsayinka na namiji, baza a sayar maka ba, a a. Haka ita ma mace. An dai kera ne don baiwa dukkan jinsin damar zaban abinda ya dace dashi.