Shahararrun Kamfanonin Wayar Salula

Shimfida

A yau kuma zamu bude wani sabon faifai don ci gaba da bayanai kan wayar salula da tsarinta, da tasirinta wajen habaka sadarwa a duniya baki daya. Daga cikin bayanan da zasu taimaka wa mai karatu fahimtar wannan tasiri kuwa, akwai fahimtar yadda kamfanonin wayar salula suka faro, da yadda suka habaka, da kuma tsarinsu wajen kera wadannan kayakkin fasahar sadarwa. Hakan na da muhimmanci, musamman ma idan muka yi la’akari da cewa, duk da yawansu, kowanne daga ciki wayoyin na dauke ne da tsari na musamman da kamfani ya bi wajen kera shi. Don haka muka shigar da wannan sashe, don yin gajerun bayanai na musamman kan shahararrun kamfanonin wayar salula a duniya. Amma kafin mu yi nisa, zai dace mu fara kawo bayani kan asali da tarihin Hukumar Lura da Harkar Sadarwar Tarho ta Duniya, watau International Telecommunication Union, ko kuma ITU a gajarce – domin ita ce uwa wajen harkar sadarwar wayar tarho a duniya.

International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

An kafa wannan hukuma ta ITU ne tun a ranar 17 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 1865, watau shekaru kusan dari da arba’in da biyar kenan yanzu. Ita ce daya cikin kungiyoyi bigu da suka fi kowace kungiya ko hukuma dadewa a duniya. Dayan hukumar ita ce The Rhine Commission. Hedikwatan wannan hukuma ta ITU dai yana birnin Geneva ne na kasar Suwizaland da ke nahiyar Turai a halin yanzu. Kuma reshe ce cikin rassan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, watau United Nations (UN).

Babbar manufar da tasa aka kafa wannan hukuma dai shine lura da kuma samar da ka’idojin sadarwa ta wayar tarho da kuma siginar rediyo a duk nahiyoyin duniya. Bayan haka, hakkinta ne lura da Tafarkin Sadarwar Siginar Rediyo (Radio Spectrum) a tsarin sadarwa, tare da samar da Tsarin Zumuncin Sadarwa (Radio Interconnectivity) a tsakanin kasashe. Wannan tasa kake iya buga waya daga kasarka zuwa wata kasa dabam, ba tare da sadarwar ta yanke ba. A takaice dai, dukkan wasu ka’idoji da ke sawwake sadarwa na wayar tarho da kuma tsarin yada labarai ta rediyo, Hukumar ITU ne ke kirkira da kuma lura da su. Wannan baya nufin babu wasu hukumomi na kasashe da ke samar da ka’idojin sadarwa a kasashe ko nahiyoyinsu, a a. Akwai ire-iren wadannan hukumomi a kasashe dabam-daban, ko nahiyoyi, masu lura da yanayin kasashe ko nahiyarsu, don samar da ka’iadojin sadarwar da suka dace dasu. Amma duk da haka, dole ne wadannan ka’idoji da suke samarwa ko kirkira, su dace da gamammun ka’idojin da hukumar ITU ta gindaya.

Wannan hukuma ta ITU na da rassa guda uku masu zartar da dukkan kudurorin da ta yanke kan harkar sadarwa a duniya. Reshen farko shine The Telecommunication Standard Sector (ITU-T), wanda hakkinsa ne samar da ka’idoji tare da daidai tsarin sadarwar wayar tarho a duniya. Wadannan ka’idoji dai sun shafi tsarin sadarwa ne a tsakanin kasashe, na wayar kan tebur (Landline) da wayar salula (Mobile phones), da kuma hanyoyin kera su, don tabbatar da sadarwa mai inganci a tsakanin kamfanonin sadarwa ko kasashen duniya. Sai reshe na biyu mai suna The Radio Communication Union (ITU-R), mai samar da ka’idojin sadarwa ta rediyo a tsakanin kasashen duniya da kuma tashoshin rediyo da ke wadannan kasashe. Wadannan ka’idoji sun shafi na’urorin da ake amfani dasu, da tsarin sadarwar, da kuma yadda tasoshin rediyo zasu tafiyar da wadannan tsare-tsare ba tare da matsala ba. Reshe na karshe kuma shine wanda hukumar ta kira The Telecommunication Development Sector (ITU-D), wanda aikinsa shine habakawa tare da fadada harkar sadarwa a kasashen duniya. Bayan wadannan rassa, hukumar na da Babban Sakatare (Secretary-General) da ke shugabantarta, a tsawon dukkan shekaru hudu. Tana da mambobi na kasashen duniya guda dari da casa’in da daya; a takaice dai dukkan mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mambobinta ne, in ka kebe kasashen Taiwan, da Timor ta Gabas (East Timor), da tsibirin Palau, da kuma Hukumar Palasdinawa da ke Gabas-ta-tsakiya. Don Karin bayani, mai karatu na iya ziyartar gidan yanar sadarwar wannan hukuma a http://www.itu.int.

Kamfanin Nokia Corporation

Kamfanin kera wayar salula ya Nokia ya samo asali ne shi ma tun shekarar 1865, watau shekaru dari da arba’in da biyar kenan. Asalin kamfanin dai yana kera gasassun robobi ne, watau Plastics, da manyan takalman ruwa, watau Rubber Boots. Daga baya masu kamfanin suka fadada sina’ar, inda suka samar da reshen kera kayayyakin lantarki. Wannan suna da kamfanin ke amfani da shi, watau “Nokia”, ya samo asali ne daga sunan kauyen da aka bude kamfanin a ciki, watau “Nokianvirta”, wanda ke kusa da babban birnin kasar Finland da ake kira Helsinki yanzu. Bayan haka, shi kanshi garin ya samo sunan “Nokia” a farkon sunansa ne sanadiyyar wani rafi da ke bayan garin, wanda ya tara wasu bakaken tsuntsaye kanana masu gashi lallausa. Wadannan tsuntsaye, kamar yadda tarihin kamfanin Nokia Corporation ya tabbatar a yau, su ake kira da suna “Nokia” a harshen mutanen kasar Finland. Don haka kamfanin ya dauki wannan suna shahararre, ya baiwa kamfaninsa. A halin yanzu Hedikwatar kamfanin na wani gari ne mai suna Keilaniemi da ke Lardin Espoo, gab da birnin Helsinki.

Wannan kamfani ya ci gaba da kera takalman danko da kayayyakin lantarki, da kuma wayoyin tarho irin na da, har zuwa shekarar 1990, lokacin da aka raba kamfanin gida biyu, don ware fannin da ke kera wayoyin tarho zalla, da kuma sanya masa suna Nokia Corporation, kamar yadda yake yanzu. Wannan tasa kamfanin ya samu lokaci na musamman don gudanar da bincike kan kera wayoyin tarho na gida da na ofis da kuma na tafi-da-gidanka, watau Mobile Phones. Bayan haka, kamfanin na kera na’urar MP3, masu dauke da ma’adanai don jiyar da wakoki ko sauti. A halin yanzu dai kamfanin Nokia Corporation shine na daya a sahun kamfanoni masu kera wayoyin salula masu inganci, kuma shine ya fi kowane kamfanin kera wayar salula ciniki a duk shekara. Wannan kamfani dai ya fara samun wannan shahara ne tun shekarar 1998, lokacin da yayi wa kamfanin Motorola fintinkau wajen yawan wayoyin salular da ya sayar a shekarar. Tun sannan kuma ya rike wannan kambi.

Kamfanin Nokia Corporation dai bai shahara wajen kera wayoyin salula kadai ba, a a, ya shahara ne har wa yau wajen samar da wayoyi masu inganci, da dadin sha’ani wajen sadarwa. Galibin wayoyinsa basu damu da kyale-kyale ba ko kadan. Kuma suna iya jure yanayi dabam-daban ba tare da sun lalace ba. Duk sauran kamfanonin sadarwa da kuma masu amfani da wayoyinsa sun sheda haka. Ya samar da ka’idoji da kuma tsarin sadarwa masu inganci a dukkan wayoyinsa. Cikin makon da ya gabata ne kamfanin ya sanar da cewa zai fara kera wayoyin salula masu katin SIM guda biyu, watau Dual SIM Phones, kafin watan Afrailun shekarar 2010. A halin yanzu dai yana da ma’aikata guda dubu dari da ashirin da takwas da dari hudu da arba’in da biyar (128,445) da ke masa aiki a kasashe dari da ashirin da ke warwatse a duniya. Duk mai neman Karin bayani na iya ziyartar gidan yanar sadarwar kamfanin a http://www.nokia.com.

Kamfanin Samsung Group

Kamfanin Samsung Group shine kamfani na daya a kasar Koriya ta Kudu (South Korea) wajen samar da kayayyakin lantarki da wayar salula, kuma kamfani na biyu a sahun kamfanonin kera wayar salula da sayar dasu a duniya, bayan kamfanin Nokia Corporation, kamar yadda bayanai suka gabata. Wannan shahararren kamfani dai ya samo asali ne a shekarar 1938, kuma mallakin wani bawan Allah ne mai suna Lee Byung-Chull, wanda a halin yanzu yana cikin shahararrun masu kudi a kasar Koriya ta Kudu. A shekarar 1938 ne ya kafa kamfanin Samsung Trading Company, inda yake sayar da kayayyaki masarufi a wani dan kauye mai suna Daegu, kusa da birnin Seoul. Cikin shekarar 1953 sai ya bude wani reshe don samar da sukari. Kafin shekarar ta kare ya sake fadada kamfanin, inda ya samar da wani reshe da ya sanya wa suna Samsung Electronics. Wannan reshe ne ya samar da tashar rediyo da talabijin a kasar a shekarar 1970.

Da aka shiga shekarar 1982 kuma sai wannan reshe da ke samar da kayayyakin lantarki, watau Samsung Electronics ya kafa masana’antar samar da talabijin. Wannan ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarar 1990, lokacin da ya fara mallakar kadarori a wasu kasashen duniya, ya kuma bude reshen gine-gine da ya sa wa suna Samsung Construction. Wannan reshen ne yayi tasiri sosai a duniya, wajen samar wa kamfanin kudade fiye da shekarun baya. Misali, shine ya gina dogayen hasumiyar da ke birnin Kuala Lumpur da ke kasar Malesiya wadanda ake kira Petronas Towers, masu hawa tamanin da hudu kowanne. Da kuma dogayen hasumiyar birnin Taipei da ke lardin Taiwan, watau Taipei 101, masu hawa dari da daya kowannensu. Bayan wadannan har wa yau, kamfanin Samsung Construction ne ya gina shahararrun hasumiyoyin nan guda biyu da ke birnin Dubai masu suna Burj Dubai. Wannan ba abin mamaki bane, domin kamfanin yayi suna a bangaren kera manyan jiragen ruwa a duniya.

Kamfanin Samsung Group dai yana kera wayoyin salula, da manyan ma’adanar kwamfuta, watau Hard Disk Drive, da kayayyakin lantarki, irinsu rediyo da talabijin na zamani kowane iri ne kuwa. Sannan kuma ya gina wata tafkekiyar Jami’a a kasar birnin Seoul mai suna Sungkyunkan University, wacce ke yaye zaratan dalibai a fannonin ilimi dabam-daban. Wadannan dalibai dai galibinsu kamfanin ne ke daukansu a matsayin ma’aikata. A halin yanzu dai kamfanin na dauke ne da ma’aikata dubu dari biyu da saba’in da shida (276,000), a kididdigar shekarar 2008. Kuma babban hedikwatansa na birnin Seoul, a wani gari da ake kira Samsung Town. Duk mai son Karin bayani na iya ziyartar kamfanin a gidan yanar sadarwarsa da ke http://www.samsung.com.

Kamfanin Motorola Incorporated

Kamfanin Motorola Incorporated ya samo asali ne a shekarar 1928, a birnin Chicago da ke jihar Illinois a kasar Amurka. Wadanda suka kirkiri wannan kamfani dai su ne: Paul Galvin da kuma Joseph Galvin, kuma sunan farko da suka sanya wa kamfanin shine: Galvin Manufacturing Corporation. Sai a shekarar 1930 aka canza sunan kamfanin zuwa “Motorola”, sunan da aka dauko daga kalmomi biyu: “motor” da kuma “ola”. Manufar sanya sunan “motor” shine don tabbatar da kwarewar kamfanin wajen kera wayoyin tafi-da-gidanka da cikin motoci. Kalmar “ola” kuma wata kalma ce da ta shahara a wancan lokaci, inda komai aka samu, sai a kara masa sunan “ola” a karshe.

Kamfanin Motorola Incorporated ne ya fara kera wayoyin Walkie Talkie a duniya, kuma shine ya fara kera wa Hukumar NASA na kasar Amurka kayayyakin sadarwa don sawwake tafiye-tafiyen da masana kimiyyar sararin samaniya ke yi. A karshe ma dai, da wayar sadarwa ta rediyo da kamfanin ya kirkira ne direbobin kumbon Apollo 11 suka yi amfani don sanar da cewa sun isa lafiya, a shekarar 1969. Kamfanin ya shahara wajen kera wayoyin salula da wayoyi na musamman da ake amfani dasu a cikin mota, da kuma kayayyakin sadarwa a tsakanin kwamfutoci, watau Networking Equipments. Shine kamfanin farko da ya fara amfani da babbar manhajar wayar salula na kamfanin Google mai suna Android a wayar salularsa ta musamman (Smartphone), inda ya fitar da wayar farko ranar 6 ga watan Nuwamba, 2009. Kuma shine kamfanin wayar salula na farko da ya fara sanya wa wayarsa fasahar GPRS a duniya. Kamfanin Motorola Incorporated yayi fice a sahun kamfanonin sadarwar wayar salula, inda ya yi ta zama na daya a shahara da inganci, kafin kamfanin Nokia Corporation ya shallake shi a shekarar 1998. A yanzu yana da ma’aikata guda dubu sittin da hudu (64,000), kuma ana iya samun Karin bayani a gidan yanar sadarwarsa da ke http://www.motorola.com.

Kamfanin SonyEricsson

Wannan kamfani gamayya ne na kamfanoni guda biyu, watau kamfanin Sony da ke kasar Japan, da kuma kamfanin Ericsson da ke kasar Suwidin a nahiyar Turai. Wannan gayamma ya samo asali ne a shekarar 2001, cikin watan Oktoba. A halin yanzu hedikwatar na kamfanin birnin London ne da Fullham a kasar Ingila. Amma yana da rassa inda ake bincike kan fasahar kere-kere a kasashen Japan, da Suwidin, da Sin, da Jamus, da Amurka, da Indiya, da kuma kasar Ingila. Kamfanin SonyEricsson shine na hudu a sahun kamfanonin wayar salula da suka shahara wajen inganci da yawan ciniki, bayan kamfanonin Nokia Corporation, da Samsung Group, da kuma LG. Yana kera wayoyin salula ne masu inganci, kuma masu jure tsawon lokaci wajen sauraron wakoki ko sauti. Shahararriyar wayar salular da kamfanin yake alfahari da ita kuma ta taimaka wajen samo masa suna ita ce: K750i, wacce ya kera a shekarar 2005. A shekarar 2008, kididdiga ya tabbatar da cewa kamfanin SonyEricsson ya sayar da wayoyin salula sama da miliyan casa’in da shida da dubu dari shida (96.6million). Yana da ma’aikata guda dubu tara da dari hudu (9,400). Ana iya ziyartar gidan yanar sadarwarsa da ke http://www.sonyericsson.com, don neman Karin bayani.

Kamfanin LG Group

Kamfani na karshe da zamu kawo bayani kansa shine kamfanin LG Group, watau kamfani na uku a sahun manyan kamfanonin kayayyakin lantarki a kasar Koriya ta Kudu. Asalin sunan kamfanin dai shine: “GoldStar”, lokacin da wani bawan Allah mai suna Koo In-Hwoi ya kafa kamfanin a shekarar 1947. Kamar kamfanin Nokia Corporation, kamfanin LG Group ya fara ne da masana’antar robobi gasassu, watau Plastics. A shekarar 1958 kuma ya shiga harkar kayayyakin lantarki. A shekarar 1959 kuma ya kera rediyo na farko a tarihinsa. Haka yaci gaba da tafiyar da harkokinsa har zuwa shekarar 1995, lokacin da aka canza sunan kamfanin don samun karbuwa a duniya, daga GoldStar zuwa LG Group. Manufar “LG”, kamar yadda tarihi ya tabbatar, shine “Lucky GoldStar”.

Wannan canjin suna kuwa ya karbi kamfanin, inda ya ci gaba da fadada harkokinsa zuwa kera wayoyin salula da talabijin da rediyo da sauran kayayyakin sadarwa na zamani, kamar yadda mai karatu ke gani a halin yanzu. Wannan tasa a karshe kamfanin ya sauya taken kamfanin daga “Lucky GoldStar”, zuwa “Life is Good”. A halin yanzu kamfanin na dauke ne da ma’aikata dubu dari da saba’in da bakwai (177,000), Ana iya ziyartar gidan yanar sadarwarsa da ke: http://www.lg.com, don neman Karin bayani