Fasahar “Fiber Optic” (1)

Tsari da Bangarorin Wayar Fiber Optics

Wayoyi nau’in Fiber Optics na tattare ne da bangarori guda uku. Bangaren farko shi ne wanda ya kunshi dukkan tsintsiyar wayoyin gilasan da ke daukan bayanai daga ma’aika zuwa makarba. Wadannan silin wayoyin gilasai su ake kira Core a turancin kimiyyar sadarwar zamani. Kuma su ne a can kurya, a cure wuri daya; kamar daurin tsintsiya. Sai kuma bangare na biyu, wanda ke dauke da curin gilashi mai rankabo haske daga jikin bangaren farko, ya sake mayar da shi. Wannan bangare shi ake kira Cladding, kuma a saman bangaren farko ake dora shi. Da zarar wancan bangaren farko mai suna Core ya debo haske daga tushin wayar, sai wannan bangare na biyu watau Cladding, ya taimaka wajen rankabowa tare da mayar da hasken zuwa jikin wadannan silin wayoyin gilasai, don tabbatar da hasken, da kuma taimakawa wajen isar da sakon da ke dauke cikin hasken nan take babu bata lokaci. Bangare na uku kuma shi ne fatan roban da ke suturce wadannan bangarorin biyu da bayaninsu ya gabata. A takaice dai, shi ne roban da ke waje, mai dauke da dukkan bangarorin guda biyu. Aikin wannan roba ko riga shi ne ya suturce wadannan silin gilasai masu sadar da hasken da ke dauke da bayanan da ake so aikawa, da kare su daga jikewa, ko rubewa da lalacewa. A turancin kimiyyar sadarwar zamani, wannan roba shi ake kira Buffer Coating, a tsarin sadarwar zamani. Wadannan, a takaice, su ne bangarorin wannan fasahar sadarwa mai suna Optical Fiber.

Wannan hanya ta Optical Fiber na amfani ne da ballin haske (watau Light Pulse) wajen aikawa da sakonni daga ma’aika zuwa makarba. Kuma fasahar tana da karfin aikawa da sakonnin bayanai a kalla miliyan goma, a dukkan ballin haske guda daya. Tsarin Fiber Optics na iya aikawa da bayanai masu dimbin yawa cikin kankanin lokaci, da inganci, kuma babu kwangen bayanai (watau Data Loss). Wannan ta sa wayoyin sadarwa nau’in Optical Fiber suka fi sauran wayoyi musamman na karfe ko dalma (watau Metal Wires) ingancin sadarwa da kuma sauri. Suna iya tsare bayanai, su isa lafiya, kuma basu cin karo da matsalar sinadaran hasken maganadisun lantarki (watau Electromagnetic Interference) a yayin da suke aikawa da bayanai.

Asali da Samuwar Wayoyi Nau’in Fiber Optics

Duk da cewa wannan fasaha ta Optical Fiber bata shahara ba sosai sai a yanzu, amma ta samo asali ne sama da shekaru dari da tamanin. A takaice dai tsohuwar fasaha ce. A iya binciken shafin Kimiyya da Kere-kere, wanda ya fara samar da bayanai kan haske da launi da yadda suke samuwa da yadda ake rankabo haske, shi ne babban malamin Musulunci mai suna Ibnul Haitham. Shi ne ya rubuta wani littafi mai suna Kitaabul Manaazir cikin harshen larabci, ko Kitaabul Manzaraah a harshen Farisanci, ko kuma The Book of Optics a turance. Wannan littafi an fassara shi zuwa harsunan duniya da dama, kuma har yanzu malaman kimiyyar fiziya da ke yammaci da gabashin duniya na amfanuwa da wannan littafi. A halin yanzu marubucin wannan littafi ya kai shekaru dubu daya da rasuwa. Sai cikin shekarar 1840 wasu masana ‘yan kasar Faransa suka gudanar da wani bincike kan tsarin tafiyarwa ko aikawa da haske ta amfani da alar da ke rankabo shi a halin tafiyarsa, watau Light Reflector. Wadanann masana dai su ne Daniel Colladon da kuma Jacques Babinet, kuma sun gudanar da binciken ne a birnin Paris. Wannan tsari na rankabo haske na cikin ginshikin wannan fasaha na Optical Fiber.

Daga nan kuma sai wani masani mai suna Tyndall John a wani littafinsa da ya rubuta mai suna Light Properties a shekarar 1870. Wannan littafi na bayani ne kan tsarin haske da yadda ake sarrafa shi, musamman yadda ruwa da gilashi da kuma daimon ke rankabo haske a kimiyyance. Ana shiga karni na ashirin kuma sai wasu masana suka gudanar da wani bincike mai fadi kan wannan fanni. Wadannan masana dai su ne Clarence Hansell da kuma John Logie Baird, a shekarar 1920. Ci gaban da aka samu sakamakon wannan bincike nasu shi ne samar da tsarin tallabo haske don ganin lungu-lungu. Wannan tsari a turancin kimiyyar zamani shi ake kira Close Internal Illumination. Bayan wannan tsari, binciken ya samar da tsarin aikawa da hotuna ta amfani da sinadaran haske, watau Image Transmission. Shekaru goma bayan wannan bincike na su Hansell da Baird, sai wani masani mai suna Heinrich Lamm ya samar da tsarin amfani da sinadaran haske wajen aikin likitanci – musamman kan abin da ya shafi aikin tiyata, da gano cututtuka da dai sauransu. Wannan bincike Lamm ya yi shi ne cikin shekarar 1930, watau shekaru goma kenan bayan binciken su Hansell da Baird.

Bayan shekaru ashirin ne aka samar da tsarin amfani da haske ta hanyar fasahar Optical Fiber. Wanda yayi wannan bincike ya kuma samar da fasahar dai shi ne wani jarumi a fannin kimiyyar fiziya mai suna Narinder Singh Kapany, cikin shekarar 1952. Bayan shekaru goma kuma sai wanann fasaha ta yadu cikin kasashen Turai ta Yamma (Western Europe), inda aka ta amfani da ita wajen kera wayoyin sadarwa nau’in Fiber Optics don sadarwa daga zango zuwa zango. Wannan zamani ne ya yi tasiri wajen habakar wannan fasaha ta Optical Fiber, musamman samuwar wani bincike da wani Malami dan kasar Japan yayi mai suna Jun-ichi Nashizawa da ke Jami’ar Tohoku. Malam Nashizawa ya kididdige bincikensa ne cikin wani littafi da ya rubuta, wanda ba a samu dabba’a shi ba sai cikin shekaru takwas da suka gabata a kasar Indiya. Wannan kera wayoyin sadarwa nau’in Optical Fiber ana ta amfani da su, duk da cewa ana samun ‘yan matsaloli da tangardar sadarwa sanadiyyar tsarin kirar da aka musu. Wannan tasa wasu masanan kimiyya da ke aiki a kamfanin kera wayoyi na kasar Burtaniya (watau Standard Telephones and Cables – STC), masu suna Charles K. Kao da kuma George A. Hockhan suka gudanar da wani bincike da ya samar da hanyar cire dukkan matsaloli da tangardar da ake fuskanta wajen mu’amala da wannan fasaha. Hakan ne kuma ya samar da nau’ukan wayar Fiber Optics da ake amfani da su a yanzu.