Beran Kwamfuta (Computer Mouse)

Gabatarwa

Beran kwamfuta na nufin na’urar da ake amfani da ita wajen nunawa ko budewa ko rufewa ko kuma shiga da fita a shafukan kwamfuta ko gidan yanar sadarwa ta Intanet, watau Web Site. Kuma shine dai abin da ake kira Computer Mouse a harshen turancin kwamfuta. Har wa yau, wannan na’ura ce ke taimakawa wajen yawo da alkalamin rubutu da ke cikin masarrafar allon rubutu (Word Processor), watau cursor. Shine dan manunin da ke balli a jikin shafukan kwamfuta, baki, gajere. To, da beran kwamfuta ake yawo da shi, ko daukansa daga wuri zuwa wani wurin. Wannan na’ura na beran kwamfuta na da matukar muhimmanci, kuma yana aiki ne kawai a babbar manhajar da ke da tsarin hanyar mu’amala da kwamfuta cikin sauki (Graphical User Interface – GUI). Tsarin Graphical User Interface shine tsarin da ke sawwake mu’amala da kwamfuta ta hanyar matsa alamu wajen zaban abin yi, ko baiwa kwamfuta umarni. Za ka matsa wata alama, sai abinda kake so ya bayyana, ko matsa wani rubutu ko haruffa, sai sakon da kake so ya bayyana cikin sauki. Wannan na cikin tsarin da suka taimaka wajen koyon kwamfuta cikin sauki. Dukkan kwamfutoci masu dauke da babbar manhajar Windows na amfani da wannan na’ura na beran kwamfuta. Haka masu dauke da babbar manhajar Linux da Mac.

Asali da Tarihi

Wannan na’ura na beran kwamfuta ta samo asali ne a shekarar 1964, lokacin da Cibiyar Binciken Fasaha da ke Stanfod (Stanford Research Institute) ta fara kirkiro sabbin hanyoyin mu’amala da kwamfuta cikin sauki. Wanda ya kawo fikirar wannan fasaha kuwa shine Douglas Engelbert. Kafin wancan lokaci, mutane kan yi mu’amala da kwamfuta ne ta hanyar bata umarni a rubuce. Wanda kuma hakan ba karamin aiki bane. Don haka sai wannan Cibiyar Bincike da ke Stanfod ta fara bincike kan yadda za a bullo da wata hanya mai sauki don baiwa kwamfuta umarni ba tare da mai mu’amala da ita ya wahala wajen bayar da umarnin ba, musamman idan yana da abubuwa da dama da yake son yi a kanta. Lokacin da mai bincike Douglas Engelbert ya kera wannan na’ura a karon farko sai ya fara gwaji. Na’urar na amfani ne da wasu sanduna guda biyu da ke kwance a ciki, masu motsawa duk sa’adda da mai amfani da na’urar ya juya ko motsa ta. Wannan motsi nasu shi ke sarrafa alkamin kwamfutar da ke shafinta, daga sama zuwa kasa ko kuma daga hagu zuwa dama. A daya gefen na’urar akwai doguwar waya wacce ke jone da kwamfutar. Wannan doguwar waya, tare da kan na’urar, sai ya ba ta siffar bera mai dogon bindi. Sai kace bera. Da ganin haka sai Douglas ya sanya wa na’urar suna Computer Mouse, watau beran kwamfuta, a turance. Yayi wannan gwaji ne a shekarar 1968. Cikin shekarar 1970 sai hukumar Amurka ta bashi hakkin mallakar wannan na’ura, a matsayinsa na wanda ya kirkira. Daga nan aka fara amfani da na’urar wajen baiwa kwamfuta oda cikin sauki. Da aka shiga shekarar 1973, sai aka sauya wa na’urar siffa, aka rage mata girma da kuma kara kayatar da ita. Dogayen sandunan da ke ciki masu juyawa, aka cire su, aka sanya wani dan kwallo mai juya a madadinta. Wannan kwallo shi ke juya wasu ‘yan kananan tsinke sirara, wadanda su kuma ke juya wasu fayafayai masu huji. A shekarar 1980 sai kamfanin Xerox Corporation ya fara amfani da wannan na’ura na beran kwamfuta, daidai lokacin da ya kirkiri kwamfutocinsa nau’in Alto Personal Computer, masu amfani da tsarin Graphical User Interface. Daga nan aka samu kamfanin Apple Corporation shi ma ya ci gaba da amfani da wannan na’ura cikin kwamfutocin da ya kera a shekarar 1984. Wadannan kwamfutoci masu suna Apple Mac PC, suna amfani ne da babbar manhajar Mac da aka gina da sassaukar tsarin mu’amala da kwamfuta, watau GUI. Sai kuma kamfanin Microsoft Corporation ya biyo baya. Duk da yake ya so amfani da na’urar a babbar manhajar MS-DOS, hakan bai yiwu ba sai lokacin da ya gina babbar manhajar Windows 95. Daga nan kuma sauran kamfanoni suka biyo baya.

Nau’ukan Beran Kwamfuta

Saboda ci gaban zamani wajen bincike da kere-kere, akwai nau’ukan na’urar beran kwamfuta da dama da aka kirkira. Kuma hakan yayi tasiri wajen sauya wa wannan na’ura siffa da kuma yanayin mu’amala. Kowanne daga cikin wadannan nau’uka na da wata amfani da wani nau’in ba shi dashi. Nau’i na farko shine wanda bayani ya gabata a kansa a sama; watau mai dauke da siraran sanduna guda biyu a ciki, wadanda ke manne da kwallon da ke juya su gabas da yamma, kudu da arewa. Duk sa’adda ka juya na’urar, wannan kwallo da ke murzawa a saman kan teburin da ka dora shi a kai na isar da sako kan jihar da na’urar ta dosa ne, don baka damar mu’amala da shafukan da kake ciki a kwamfutar. Wannan nau’i na beran kwamfuta shi ake kira Mechanical Mouse a turance, kuma shine yafi shahara. A samansa akwai bangarori guda uku; hagu da dama da kuma tsakiya. Sai nau’i na biyu, wanda ke amfani da hasken lantarki a ciki, masu amfani da sinadaran daukan hoton jihar da na’urar ke juyawa ko murzawa gareshi. Galibi sukan zo ne da launukan lantarki ja ko shudi ko kuma kore. Launukan kan canza ne iya gwargwadon jihar da beran kwamfutar yake. Wannan nau’i shi ake kira Optical Mouse, kuma sabanin wanda ya gabace shi, bai da kwallo mai juyawa a kasansa. Amma yayi tarayya da na farko wajen samun waya da ke jona su da kwamfutar da suke makale da ita. Sai nau’i na gaba, wanda ya kumshi fasahar da ke tattare da na biyun farko; akwai tsinkayen sanduna biyu masu jujjuyawa, masu manne da wasu faya-faya masu huji guda biyu. Wadannan tsinkaye, kwallon da ke cikin na’urar ne ke juya su. Duk lokacin da wannan kwallo ya juya wadannan siraran tsinkaye biyu, wata ‘yar wuta kan darsu cikin na’urar, wacce ke haska ramukan da ke jikin wadannan faya-fayai guda biyu. Da zarar wutar ta haska, sai faya-fayan su aika wa kwamfutar sako ta hanyar wayar da ke jone da na’urar, don juya alkalamin kwamfutar, watau Cursor. Sai dai kuma, sabanin nau’in farko, kwallon da ke juya wadannan tsinkaye baya gurzan kasa, a can ciki yake. Wannan nau’i shi ake kira Optomechanical Mouse. Nau’i na gaba shine wanda ba ya bukatar waya da ke hada alaka tsakaninsa da kwamfuta. Wannan nau’i na beran kwamfuta na amfani ne da makamashin Infrared, watau sinadaran haske da ke kasa da ganin mutum, kasa da launin ja, wanda ke sawwake sadarwa a doron kasa. Yana kuma amfani ne da batir, maimakon waya da sauran nau’ukan beran kwamfuta ke amfani da shi, don sadar da sako tsakaninsa da kwamfuta. Wannan nau’i shi ake kira Cordless Mouse, kuma galibin masu amfani da kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka da shi suke amfani. Galibi yakan zo ne dan karami, bai kai sauran nau’ukan girma ba, kuma baka bukatar kayi ta hakilon jona waya a dukkan lokuta. Nau’i na karshe da zamu kawo shine wanda kowace kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ke dashi a makale. Wannan ya sha bamban matuka da nau’ukan da muka yi bayaninsu, domin siffarsa ba iri daya bane da su. Shafaffe ne a jikin kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka; da zarar ka dora tafin hannunka a kai zai fara aiki, kai tsaye. Wannan nau’i shi ake kira Touchpad, ko Trackpad ko kuma Glidepoint, a turancin kwamfuta. Wadannan, a takaice, su ne nau’ukan beran kwamfuta.

Tsarin Amfani da Beran Kwamfuta

Na tabbata galibin masu amfani da kwamfuta a halin yanzu na amfani ne da wannan na’ura, saboda saukin mu’amalarta. Ko da kuwa masu kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ce, watau Laptop. Dan karami ne, daidai rikon tafin hannu, mai shafaffen ciki, maras nauyi kuma galibi da gasasshen roba ake lullube shi, watau plastic. Yana da kuma da ‘yar tabarma da ake masa, mai santsi, wacce a kai zai rika gurzawa. Saboda kyale-kyale, wasu kan zo da siffar gilashi, wasu kuma masu bakin launi, wasu farare, wasu masu waya da ake jonawa da kwamfutar, wasu marasa waya, wasu masu launukan wutar lantarki a ciki, wasu marasa wuta, wasu masu wuraren matsawa biyu a sama, wasu kuma uku. Galibi sukan zo da dan kwallo mai juyawa a cikinsu, wanda ke murzan saman tebur ko inda aka dora shi. Wannan kwallo shi ke tasiri wajen nuna bigiren da na’urar ke fuskanta a fuskar kwamfutar. Ta kowane bangare yana iya juyawa. Don haka ake kiransa Multidirectional Detection Device, a turance. Akwai su dai kala-kala yanzu saboda kawata su da ake yi. Kafin amfani da beran kwamfuta, dole a jona na’urar a jikin kwamfuta. Idan kwamfutar kan tebur ce, akan jona ne ta baya, cikin kafar da ta dace da ita. Idan kuma kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ce kuma, sai a jona ta dayan gefen da wannan kafa yake; ta gefen hagu ko dama. Duk da yake amfani da wannan na’ura a kan kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ba dole bane, amma a kwamfutar tebur (Desktop), dole sai da wannan na’ura. Kan beran kwamfuta nau’i biye ne; akwai mai da’ira, wanda a turance ake kira PS/2. Haka kuma raminsa yake, da’ira. A cikin kan akwai wasu hakora kanana, wadanda ke sadar da sakon jujjuyawar na’urar zuwa kwamfuta. Idan aka zo sokawa, dole ne a lura da tsarin hakoran, domin idan ba a sanya su daidai-wa-daida ba, suna iya lankwayewa ko karyewa. Idan haka ta faru, to zai yi wahala a iya amfani da na’urar, don kan bazai shiga ba. Amma idan aka sanya kan ya shiga, zai zarce ne zuwa cikin kwamfutar, don bata damar mu’amala da jujjuyawar da mai amfani da kwamfutar ke yi. Na’urar beran kwamfuta nau’in PS/2, watau mai da’ira a saman kanta, tsohuwar yayi ce, kuma daya daga cikin aibinta shine yawan saibi wajen isar da sakon na’urar zuwa cikin kwamfuta. Nau’i na biyu shine nau’in da ke amfani da ramin Universal Serial Bus Port (USB Port) da ke jikin kwamfutar. Wannan nau’i shi yafi inganci da saurin sadar da sako ga kwamfuta. Kansa murabba’i ne, watau Four Corner ko Square, a turance. Kuma dukkan kwamfutocin zamani kan zo da ramuka nau’in USB a kalla guda biyu, don baiwa masu amfani da kwamfutar damar makala na’urori masu irin wannan kai. Da zarar na’urar ta jonu da kwamfutar, duk sanda ka motsa ta za ka ga dan manuninta na motsawa zuwa jihar da ka motsa na’urar. Idan kana son gangarawa kasa a cikin shafin da kake, sai ka murza dan tayan da ke tsakiyan kan na’urar, watau Scroll Wheel. Haka idan sama kake son haurawa daga kasa. Idan kana son matsa wata rariya ko hoto ko kuma wata alama da kake son ta riskar da kai zuwa wata jiha, sai ka matsa bangaren hagun na’urar. Wannan shi ake kira Click a turancin kwamfuta. Idan kuma so kake ka samu karin bayani kan alamar da ka dora manunin na’urar a kai, sai ka matsa bangaren dama, watau Right-click. Dukkan bayanai ko wasu nau’ukan aiyukan da suka shafi wannan alama ko hoto za su bayyana, sai ka zabi wanda kake son kwamfutar tayi maka.

Kammalawa

A bayyane yake cewa na’urar beran kwamfuta na cikin ababen da suka sawwake tsarin mu’amala da kwamfuta, musamman a wannan zamani da muke ciki, kuma hakan ya kara samuwa sanadiyyar nau’ukan da aka ta kerawa, masu kara inganci wajen wannan mu’amala. Har way au, yana da kyau mai karatu ya lura da tasirin wannan na’ura wajen haddasa gajiya ko ciwo musamman a tsintsiyar hannu. Galibin idan ka jima kana mu’amala da beran kwamfuta, kana iya samun ‘yar gajiya a yatsunka, da kuma ‘yar kanta a tafin yatsunka, musamman idan nau’in da kake amfani da ita na dauke da bangarori uku ne a kai. Yana da kyau mutum ya samu hutu duk lokacin da ya fara jin gajiya a tsintsiyar hannunsa, don kauce wa samuwar wata cuta da ta dara wannan girma.

Labaran Mako

Wasu ‘Yan Dandatsa Sun Shiga Hannu a Kasar Nedaland (http://news.yahoo.com): Wani dan Dandatsan kwamfuta (System Hacker) mai suna Leni de Abreu ya shiga hannu a kasar Nedalands, sanadiyyar tuhumarsa da laifin mallake wani gungun kwamfutoci da yake basu umarnin kai hari cikin kwamfutocin jama’a a duniya. Wannan saurayi dan shekara 35, wanda dan asalin kasar Brazil ne, an same shi da laifin wannan ta’asa ne tare da wani abokinsa dan kasar Nedalands mai suna Nordin Nasiri, ranar 29 ga watan Yuli na wannan shekara, kamar yadda Hukumar Shari’ar kasar Amurka ta sanar. Hukumar ta bayyana cewa muddin an samu wadannan samari biyu da hannu dumu-dumu cikin wannan ta’ada, suna iya fuskantar dauri na tsawon shekaru biyar, tare da tara na dalar Amurka dubu dari biyu da hamsin ($250,000), kwatankwacin kimar barnar da suka haddasa sanadiyyar wannan aiki nasu. An kama Leni ne da laifin mallakar gungun kwamfutoci sama da dubu dari da ke tarwatse a kasashe dabam-daban, kuma yake basu umarni wajen aikawa da sakonnin bogi (spam) ko kwayoyin cutar kwamfuta (computer virus) zuwa kwamfutocin kamfanoni da sauran jama’a a duniya. Wannan tsari na dandatsanci da a turancin kwamfuta ake kira Botnet (ko Robot Network a warware), shine hanya mafi sauki da galibin ‘yan dandatsa ke amfani dashi wajen cutar da kwamfutocin mutane a kasashen Turai da Amurka musamman. ‘Yan dandatsa kanyi amfani da wannan tsari ne wajen shigar da manhajojin kwamfuta masu yada wasikun Imel na bogi, da kuma kwayoyin cutar kwamfuta, cikin kwamfutocin jama’a ba tare da masu kwamfutar sun sani ba. Wasu kamfanoni kan dauke su haya, su biya su, don kawai su darkake kwamfutocin da ke dauke da gidajen yanar sadarwar abokan hamayyarsu a kasuwanci ko makamancin haka.

Leni, da abokinsa Nordin, sun mallaki wannan gungu na kwamfutoci ne da suke amfani dasu don samun kudade, inda suke bayar da haya don yin amfani dasu wajen kai hari ga kwamfutocin jama’a. A halin yanzu Leni na hannun hukumar kasar Nedalands, inda yake jiran a mika shi ga hukumomi a kasar Amurka don yanke masa hukunci. Shi kuma Nurdin na tsare a hannun hukumar kasar Nedalands din, inda shi ma yake jiran hukunci na karshe.

‘Yan Dandatsa Sun Barka Cikin Tangarahon Hukumar Tsaron Cikin Gidan Amurka (http://news.yahoo.com): Wasu ‘yan dandatsar wayar tarho (Phone Hackers) da ba a san ko su waye ba, sun barka cikin tsarin tarhon Hukumar Tsaron Cikin Gida na Amurka, watau Department of Homeland Security, suka buga wayar tarho zuwa wasu kasashe da ke Gabas-ta-Tsakiya da kuma Asiya. Wadannan ‘yan dandatsa sun samu wannan dama ne sanadiyyar waske na’urar wayar tangarahon hukumar, wacce ke amfani da tsarin sadarwa ta voicemail, don buga waya zuwa kasashen waje, musamman ma Gabas-ta-tsakiya. Mr.Tom Olshanski, mai Magana da yawun Hukumar Tsaron na Cikin Gida, yace wadannan ‘yan Dandatsa sun buga waya ne zuwa kasar Saudiyyah, da Afghanistan da Indiya da kuma kasar Yaman. Ya kara da cewa, mafi karancin lokacin da kowane kira ya dauke shine minti uku. Wasu kasashen kuwa an yi kira har na tsawon minti goma.

Shahararriyar kamfanin sadarwa ta wayar salula mai suna Sprint da ke nan Amurka ce dai ta gano wannan aikin dandatsa da aka yi tsawon kwanaki biyu ana yi, watau daga Asabar har zuwa Lahadin wannan mako da ya shige. Kuma adadin kudin da suka kashe wajen buga wannan waya ya kai dalar Amurka dubu goma shabiyu ($12,000), kwatankwacin naira miliyan daya da dubu dari biyar da sittin kenan.

A halin yanzu dai ana nan ana ta bincike don gano wadanda suka aikata wannan aiki, wanda ya tayar da hankalin hukumar fiye da yadda ake zato, musamman ta la’akari da kasashen da aka kira, da kuma tsawon lokacin da suka dauka suna kiran. An kuma gano wata kafa da suka bi ta ciki don shigewa cikin ginin, wacce a halin yanzu aka toshe ta nan take.

Hukumar Tsaron Cikin Gidan Amurka dai na amfani ne da tsarin wayar tangaraho na PBX, wanda tsohon yayi ne, kuma galibin masu dandatsan wayar tarho sun dade suna waske shi don yin waya a wasu wurare shekaru aru-aru. “Wannan tsari na sadarwa”, inji wani masanin fasahar sadarwa, “bai da wahalar waskewa, don haka masu wannan aiki basu bukatar wata kwarewa ta musamman wajen yin hakan.”

Makamashin Hasken Rana (Solar Energy)

Hasken rana da ke mamaye duniya yayin fitowarta shi ke dumama duniya da dukkan abinda ke cikinta, da zarar ya hasko. Kuma wannan dumi ko zafi na samuwa ne iya gwargwadon yadda halittu ke bukatarsa wajen tafiyar da rayuwa. Idan ya gaza yadda yake fitowa, za a samu matsala wajen rayuwarsu. Haka idan zafin ya tsananta fiye da kadarin da rai ke bukata, dukkan halittu na iya konewa gaba daya da dukkan ilahirin muhallinsu. Allah Buwayi gagara misali! Wannan haske na samuwa ne da zarar rana ta bullo, ta hanyar wasu sinadarai masu suna Photons. Su sinadaran Photons wasu balgace ne ko buraguzan makamashi masu haske da ke samuwa ta sanadiyyar zarrar maddar maganadisu masu hadewa da juna don haifar da walkiyar haske a sararin samaniya (watau electromagnetic charges). Idan rana ta hudo daga inda take fitowa, takan hasko ne kai tsaye da haske da zafin da ke dauke cikin hasken. A dukkan minti guda, rana takan darkako da haskenta cikin dukkan murabba’in mita guda na fadin kasa a wannan duniya da zafin hasken da ya kai Megawatt dubu daya da dari hudu. Wannan zafi ne mai dimbin yawa wanda halittu baza su iya rayuwa a karkashinsa ba. Don haka kashi hamsin cikin dari na zafi da hasken kadai ke riskar wannan kasa da muke kai. Sauran kashi hamsin din da ya saura, ya bi cikin hazo da gagarumar iskar da ke bugawa a saman wannan duniya da muke kai. Bayan haka, shi kansa kashi hamsin da ke darsuwa a wannan duniya tamu, zafinsa ya danganci lokaci da ranar da ake ciki da kuma bigiren da rana take fitowa a wannan lokaci ko yanayi na shekara. Amma a yini guda, wannan haske na rana kan kure zafinsa ne idan tazo tsakiyar duniya, daidai karfe goma shabiyun rana kenan. Da zarar ranar ta karkata, sai zafin ya fara raguwa. Amma duk yadda zafin ya kai cikin yini ko shekara, ba ya wuce kashi hamsin da digo biyu (50.02%), idan ya tsananta kenan. Ko kuma kashi arba’in da tara da digo casa’in da takwas (49.98%), idan yayi kasa kenan. Idan yayi kasa fiye da haka, halittu na iya samun matsala wajen tafiyar da rayuwa. Haka idan ya haura sama da yadda ya kamata, halittu na iya konewa ko narkewa ma gaba daya. Wannan yayi daidai da fadin Allah Madaukakin Sarki a cikin Kur’ani, inda yake nuna cewa taskar duk wani arziki a wurinsa yake, kuma ba ya saukar dashi sai iya gwargwadon bukatar halittu.

Taskancewa da Amfani da Makamashin Hasken Rana

Akwai hanyoyi biyu shahararru da mutane ke bi don amfani da makamashin da ke cikin hasken rana da bayaninsa ya gabata. Mun ce kashi hamsin cikin dari na haske da zafin da ke fitowa daga rana ne kadai ke darsuwa a wannan duniya tamu, saboda samuwar iskar da ke bugawa a sararin samaniya da kuma tafka-tafkan hazo da sukai wa ranar hijabi da wannan duniya. Wannan kashi hamsin din ne muke amfani da shi, ko dai kai tsaye ko kuma ta wasu hanyoyi dabam. Idan rana ta fito, mukan amfana da makamashin da ke cikin zafinta ta hanyoyi da dama. Lokacin tsananin sanyi, zafin rana da ke haskaka gidajenmu daga taga ko kuma zafafa asalin ginin da muke ciki kan taimaka wajen dumama mana gidajenmu da zarar dare yayi. Haka idan muna da karau (tiles) da ke tsakiyar gida ko jikin dakunanmu inda rana ke haskawa tsawon lokaci. Wannan karau kan taskance makamashin dumin da ke cikin hasken rana, da zarar dare yayi, sai ya dumama muhallin gidan gaba daya. Haka idan hasken rana ya darkake saman koguna da tekuna ko rafukan da muke amfani dasu, zafin hasken ranar kan barbari saman tekun don motsa sukunin ruwa, inda wata iska mai karfi a saman tekun kan samu nan take. Wannan iska mai karfi makamashi ce wajen motsa wasu injuna masu karfin bayar da wutar lantarki ko taimakawa wajen ban-ruwa a gonaki ko ma’aikatu, watau Windmill. Bayan haka, idan wannan zafi na hasken rana ya kai matuka can karkashin teku, wasu kasashe kan yi amfani da wasu injuna masu farfela (watau Turbines), wadanda ruwan zafin tekun ke motsa su don samar da wutar lantarki. Duk wannan na yiwuwa ne sanadiyyar makamashin da ke samuwa daga hasken rana. Idan muka koma kan tsirrai da ke fitowa daga cikin kasa zamu ga cewa basu da wani abinci sai makamashin hasken rana, watau tsarin da ake kira Photosynthesis. Watau tsarin yadda ciyayi da tsirrai da dukkan wani shuka ke samun abincinsa daga hasken rana. Idan wadannan tsirrai suka isa girbi mun san dan Adam ne ke amfanuwa dasu ta hanyoyi da dama. Sannan, idan suka ratattake suka rube cikin kasa, duk wani nau’in makamashin zasu sake samar wa dan Adam, kamar yadda bayani zai zo nan gaba. Dukkan wannan na samuwa ne sanadiyyar makamashin hasken rana. Wannan amfanuwa da muke yi da wannan makamashi muna amfana ne ta wasu abubuwa da makamashin ya damfara dasu, ba kai tsaye ba.

Amma a wannan zamani da muke ciki, bincike ya tabbatar da ana iya amfana da makamashin hasken rana kai tsaye, sabanin hanyar farko da ta gabata. (Duk da yake tun zamanin da ma ana amfana da makamashin hasken rana kai tsaye, wajen shanya tuafi ko abinci da dai sauransu). Saboda shaharar wannan hanya ta zamani tasa galibin mutane suka wayi gari da zarar ka ambaci makamashin hasken rana ko Solar Energy a turance, babu abinda suke kawowa cikin zuciyarsu illa wannan sabon tsari na zamani. Wannan tsari shine taskance makamashin da ke cikin hasken rana kai tsaye, tare da amfana da makamashin a halin da ake taskance shi. Wannan sabon tsari na taskancewa da kuma amfani da makamashin hasken rana ya kasu kashi biyu; kashi na farko shine wanda ya kumshi amfani da wasu siraran farantai masu gilasai a samansu, a karkashi kuma suna dauke da wani bakin karfe mai zuko zafin ranar da ke fitowa daga gilasan da ke sama. Wannan bakin karfe na jone ne da wani kwaroron famfo na roba ko jan karfe mai dauke da ruwa ko iska. Akan dora wannan faranti ne a saman rufin gidaje, yana kallon rana a dukkan lokuta. Da zaran rana ta fito, sai wadannan gilasai su rika zuko zafin suna mika wa wannan bakin karfe mai isar da zafin zuwa cikin wadannan kwaroro na jan karfe, don tafasa ruwa ko iskan da ke ciki. Idan ruwa ne a ciki, ruwan zai tafasa iya matuka, ya kuma gangara cikin famfon dake jojjone a gidan, don amfani dashi kai tsaye. Idan kuma iska ne, zai tafasa iskar nan take, saboda zafin dake samuwa daga can sama. Zai riskar da wannan zafi zuwa cikin gida, inda zai hadu da na’urar dumama daki (Heater), don dumama dakin nan take. Wannan an fi amfani dashi galibi a kasashen turai, inda ake samun tsananin sanyi cikin wasu lokutan shekara, kuma shi ake kira Flat Plate Collector, a Turance. Da wannan tsari kana iya tsakance ruwan zafi a gidanka cikin dukkan lokuta ko ranaku. Muddin rana zata fito, ruwan zai ci gaba da tafasa, kuma kana iya sarrafa ruwan iya yadda kake so, don kana iya taskance ruwan zafin da darajarsa ya kai digiri tamanin a mizanin santigireti (80 Deg Centigrate). Har wa yau, akwai ‘yan kananan fitilun hannu da na daki da aka yi masu amfani da makamashin hasken rana. Sannan kuma akwai na’urar lissafi (calculator) duk masu amfani da wannan makamashi na hasken rana. Daya hanyar kuma ita ce ta amfani da manyan farantai masu gilasai a sama, a kasan kuma akwai wasu karafa nau’in alminiyon ko azurfa masu nauyi da kauri. Wannan faranti na amfani ne da wata na’ura mai suna Heliostat, wacce ke taimakawa wajen jawo zafin rana tare da taskance zafin, don yin amfani dashi a wasu lokuta dabam. Da wannan tsari kana iya sarrafa zafin ranar da wannan na’ura ta jawo don amfani dashi a matsayin wutar lantarki, wanda zai iya sarrafa maka dukkan kwayayen lantarki da ke gidanka, da na’urar sanyaya daki (Air Conditioner) da firji da na’urar dumama daki da na’urar wanke tufafi da irinsu talabijin da rediyo da dai dukkan wani abinda wutar lantarki ke iya sarrafa shi kai tsaye. Wannan tsari ya samu karbuwa a galibin kasashen duniya; daga masu arzikin zuwa talakawa; daga kamfanoni zuwa kananan hukumoni, domin tsarin na iya taskance makamashin zafin hasken rana da darajarsa ya kai digiri dubu daya ko sama da haka, a mizanin sentigireti. A kasar Indiya misali, akwai kamfanoni wadanda musamman suke bayar da wannan tsari wajen samar da wutar lantarki. Idan kana bukata sai su kawo maka na’urar da ke zuko zafin ranar, ya zama gidanka a kullum baka rashin wuta. Galibi a karshen wata ake biyansu. Masu hannu da shuni kuma kan sayi na’urar gaba daya, don hutawa da kudin wuta.

Wannan tsari ne mai muhammanci wanda ke iya yaye wa kasar nan babban matsalar da take ta fama dashi shekara da shekaru. Idan muka yi la’akari da dimbin kudaden da ake ta kashewa ba tare da samun wata najita mai inganci da dorewa ba kan wutar lantarki, lokaci yayi da gwamnatin tarayya ko na jihohin Arewa musamman, zasu fara tunanin sauya hanyoyin samo wa al’umma makamashin lantarki mai dorewa ta amfani da hasken ranar da muke da shi fiye da galibin kasashen da ke amfani dashi ma. Domin a tabbace yake cewa kasashen Afirka musamman ta yamma, suna zama ne a bigiren da yafi kowanne zafin rana a duniya a cikin dukkan ranakun shekara. Allah ya hore mana yawan ruwan sama, da kuma hasken rana mai dorewa a dukkan shekara. Don me baza mu yi amfani da su ba don ci gaban al’umma?

Nan Gaba

Akwai bincike da wasu kasashen Turai ke yi, wanda ya kunshi harba kumbo mai dauke da wadannan farantai masu taskance hasken rana daga wajen duniyar da muke ciki. Wannan tsari, wanda aka kiyasta zai ci a kalla fam na Ingila sama da miliyan goma (£10m), ya kumshi harba kumbo ne na musamman, mai dauke da farantai masu zuko zafi da hasken rana tutur, cikin dukkan awowi ashirin da hudu na duniya. Domin a yayin da muka shiga duhu, to wasu kasashen na cikin hasken rana ne, wasu kuma daidai lokacin zasu shiga, wasu kuma suna gab da fita. To wannan kumbo da ake shirin harbawa, zai kasance a saman wannan duniya ne, sama kuma da iskar da ke bugawa, sama da hazon da ke rage aukin haske da zafin da ke bugowa daga gundarin ranar. Idan suka zuko zafin daga rana, sai wadannan farantai su cillo wa wasu na’urori masu fadi a wannan duniya tamu, kuma masu karfin karbar wannan zafi na hasken rana, a matsayin siginar rediyo (Redio Waves), don su taskance shi nan take, a ci gaba da amfani dashi. A karshe, an kiyasta cewa idan har aka ci nasara wajen wannan aiki, wannan tsari na taskance makamashin hasken rana na iya zuko makamashin hasken da na’urorin samar da makamashin nukiliya guda biyar zasu iya samar dashi, wanda kuma yayi daidai da megawatts biliyan daya ko sama da haka, na makamashin wutar lantarki.

Makamashi da Nau'ukansa

Gabatarwa
Don samun natsuwa da sauki a dukkan marhalan rayuwarsa ta duniya, dan Adam na bukatar makamashi kusan fiye da kowane irin halitta da ke rayuwa a doron wannan kasa. Domin sai da makamashi zai iya gyatta abincinsa; sai da makamashi zai iya dumama jikinsa don samun cikakkiyar lafiya a yanayin sanyi da hunturu; sai da makamashi zai iya kera wasu cikin kayayyakin da yake matukar bukatarsu wajen tafiyar da rayuwa; sai da makamashi dan Adam, a wannan zamani da muke ciki, zai iya tasarrufi daga wannan gari zuwa wancan, ko wannan kauye zuwa wancan ko kuma wannan unguwa zuwa wancan. In tafiya tayi nisa ma, hatta sadarwa bazai iya yi ba sai ta hanyar wasu daga cikin nau’ukan makamashin da muke da su a yau. Kai a takaice ma dai, wasu cikin manyan al’amuran Ibada basu yiwuwa ta dadi sai da makamashi a wannan duniya tamu ta yau. To me ake nufi da makamashi?
Makamashi ba ya bukatar wata doguwar ta’arifi, domin kowa ya san abinda ake kira da suna makamashi. Amma don tunatarwa, makamashi shine dukkan wani abinda zai sawwake wa dan Adam hanyoyin tafiyar da rayuwa wajen abinda ya shafi dumamawa, gasawa, dafawa, haskakawa, Konawa, sanyayawa, tasarrufi da sadarwa da dai sauran abinda zai iya bukata masu alaka da makamashin. A takaice, dan Adam na bukatar wuta, da hasken lantarki, da hasken rana (da dukkan nau’ukansa), da man fetur da gaz da dizil da dai sauran abubuwa masu nasaba da su. Wadannan dukkansu ana kiransu makamashi da Hausa, ko kuma kace Energy, a turancin kimiyyar muhalli. Muhallin dan Adam gaba daya a cike yake da dukkan nau’ukan makamashin da yake bukata; ya sani ko bai sani ba. Daga hasken ranar da ke ziyartarsa a dukkan rana, zuwa tururin zafin karkashin teku, da matattun halittu ko tsiri da ke daskare a karkashin kasa, zuwa dunkulallun bakaken duwatsu da ke kawwanuwa ta sanadiyyar tarkacen da ke karkashin kasa, duk suna samar wa dan Adam dukkan makamashin da yake bukata. Wasu daga cikin wadannan nau’uka na makamashi a zahiri suke kowa na iya ganinsu. Wasu kuma basu ganuwa sai dai kawai a samu natijarsu a matsayin makamashi. Hakan ya baiwa dan Adam yakinin yarda da samuwarsu. Har zuwa wannan lokaci, dan Adam bai gama gano dimbin makamashin da ke dankare tsakanin sama da kasa ba, balle ya taskance su don amfaninsa. Sai dai kawai yayi iya yinsa, sauran ya bar wa na baya.
Nau’ukan Makamashi
Kamar yadda bayani ya gabata, akwai nau’ukan makamashi da dama da Allah Ya hore wa dan Adam amfani dasu tsakanin sama da kasa. Yana kuma ganowa ko amfanuwa das u ne iya gwargwadon ilimi da kuma binciken da yayi wajen gano su. Hatta wadanda yake gani ko jinsu a fili, amfanin da yake dasu ya ta’allaka ne da iya gwargwadon bincikensa. Idan muka dubi littafan tarihi, zamu ga cewa dukkan al’ummomin da suka shude suna da nau’ukan makamashinsu. Zai iya yiwuwa muna amfani da irin nasu a yanzu, amma saboda tasirin bincike da aka yi ko ake kan yi a yanzu, mun sake samun wasu nau’ukan dabam, ko da kuwa hanyoyin samuwarsu iri daya ne da na al’ummar da suka gabace mu. A halin yanzu akwai nau’uka da dama, amma zamu takaita bayani ne kan kadan daga cikinsu, wadanda suka shahara. Wadannan shahararru dai su ne: makamashin da ake samu daga tataccen hasken rana, watau Solar Energy kenan a Turance. Akwai wasu nau’ukan makamashin da ke wannan duniya wadanda ake samu daga gundarin hasken rana da ke darsuwa a wannan duniya tamu; wanda jikin dan Adam ko kwayar idonsa basa iya jure ji ko riskarsa, ba wai irin nau’in hasken ranar da yake iya gani ba a kullum. Wadannan nau’ukan haske su ake kira Electromagnetic Radiation, kuma suna dauke ne da makamashi mai dimbin yawa, masu taimaka wa dan Adam wajen bincike da sauran abubuwan ci gaba. Sai makamashin tururin zafin karkashin teku, wanda ake kira Geothermal Energy. Akwai kuma makamashin wutar lantarki, watau Electricity kenan. Bayan wadannan akwai makamashin nukiliya, watau Nuclear Energy. Sai makamashin da ake tsuwurwirtarsa daga karfin iskar da ke bugawa a cikin wannan duniya tamu, watau Wind Energy. A karshe kuma zamu ji bayani kan makamashin karkashin kasa, wanda ke samuwa sanadiyyar rubabbun tarkacen da ke daskare shekaru aru-aru, watau Fossil Fuel ko kuma Geological Energy. Wani abin sha’awa shine, galibin nau’ukan makamashin da aka zayyana, wasu masu zaman kansu ne, wasu kuma su ke samar da wasu. Zamu ji bayani dai filla-filla nan gaba.

Fasahar Sadarwa ta GPRS

Tsarin sadarwa ta fasahar GPRS (watau General Packet Radio Service) ita ce hanyar da ta kunshi aikawa da kuma karbar sakonnin da ba na sauti ko murya ba, tsakanin wayar salula da wata wayar ‘yar uwarta ko kuma kwamfuta. Wadannan sakonni da ake iya aikawa ta hanyar GPRS dai sune rubutattun sakonnin text (SMS) ko Imel ko mu’amala da fasahar Intanet ta hanyar wayar salula ko kuma tsarin kira ta hanyar bidiyo (video call) da dai sauransu. Wannan tsari na sadarwa na cikin sabbin tsare-tsaren da wayoyin salular da aka kera cikin zamani na biyu (2^nd Generation Phones) suke dauke dasu. Kuma ita ce hanya ta farko da ta fara bayyana wacce ke sawwake sadarwar da ta shafi rubutattun sakonni da na bidiyo da kuma mu’amala da fasahar Intanet. Amma kafin nan, tsoffin wayoyin salula na amfani ne da hanya kwaya daya wajen aikawa ko karbar dukkan nau’ukan sakonni. Idan kana Magana da wani, to ko da an aiko maka rubutacciyar sako, baza ta shigo ba sai ka gama Magana sannan ta iso. Idan kana son aikawa da rubutacciyar sako kuwa, ta hanyar aikawa da murya za ka aika, kuma da zarar ka fara aikawa, layin zai toshe, babu wanda zai iya samunka, sai lokacin da wayar ta gama aikawa, sannan za a iya samunka. Wannan ya faru ne saboda wayoyin salula na zamanin farko (1^st Generation Phones) na amfani ne da layin sadarwa guda daya tak. Wannan tsari shi ake kira Circuit Switched Data (CSD). Karkashin wannan tsari, kamfanin sadarwarka zai caje ka ne iya tsawon lokacin da sakonka ya dauka kafin ya isa, wanda kuma mafi karancin lokaci shine dakiku talatin (3o seconds).

To amma da tsarin sadarwa ta wayar iska na GSM ta bayyana, sai aka samu fasahar GPRS, wacce ke amfani da layin aikawa da karbar rubutattun sakonni kai tsaye tsakaninta da wata wayar ko kuma kwamfuta, idan ta Intanet ne. Hakan kuma na samuwa ne musamman idan wayar na dauke da fasahar Wireless Application Protocol, watau WAP, wacce ka’idar da ke tsara sadarwa a tsakanin kwamfuta da wayar salula, ta hanyar wayar iska. Karbar sakonnin text ko Imel ko kuma mu’amala da fasahar Intanet ta hanyar GPRS shi yafi sauki da kuma sauri wajen mu’amala. Sai dai kuma wannan tsari ta GPRS na cikin nau’ukan hanyar sadarwa da kamfanin sadarwa ne ke bayar dasu, watau Network Service. Wannan ke nufin idan wayarka na da WAP, ko kuma tsarin mu’amala da fasahar Intanet, to kana iya amfani da ita kai tsaye wajen shiga Intanet. Kuma da zarar kayi haka, kamfanin sadarwarka zai caje ka kudin zama a kan layi.

Tsarin sadarwa ta GPRS na amfani ne da wasu hanyoyi masu zaman kansu wajen aikawa da sakonni. Wannan tsari shi ake kira Multiple Access Method a Turance. Ta amfani da wannan tsari, wayarka na iya amsar sakonnin Imel ko text a yayin da kake Magana da wani. Sai dai kawai ka gansu sun shigo. Kana iya karbar rubutattun sakonni fiye da daya a lokaci guda. Hakan ya faru ne saboda tsarin na amfani ne da hanyoyi fiye da daya wajen karba ko aikawa da wadannan sakonni. Ba ruwansa da layin da kake karbar sakonnin kira na sauti, sam. Sai dai kuma, mu a nan galibi, kamfanonin sadarwarmu na amfani da ita ne kawai don bayar da damar shiga ko mu’amala da fasahar Intanet. Kamfanin sadarwa ta Glomobile da MTN duk suna da wannan tsari na GPRS, amma kamar yadda na zayyana a sama, idan ba wayoyin salula na musamman irinsu Black-berry ba, ba a iya amfani da ita sai wajen shiga Intanet kadai. Amma a sauran kasashe ana amfani da wannan tsari wajen karba da aikawa da sakonnin text, da sakonnin Imel da kuma yin hira da abokinka ta hanyar gajerun sakonni, watau Instant Chat.

Dangane da nau’in wayar salula, akwai yanayin sadarwa iri uku ta amfani da fasahar GPRS. Akwai wayoyin salula masu karfin karbar kira na sauti ko murya da kuma karba ko aikawa da sakonnin text, duk a lokaci guda. Ma’ana, kana Magana, sannan kana rubuta sakon text, idan ka gama rubutawa, ka aika dashi nan take, ba tare da layin da kake Magana da abokinka ya yanke ba. Wadannan wayoyin salula sune ke martaba na farko, a sahun wayoyin salula masu amfani da fasahar GPRS, watau Class A kenan. Sai dai kuma basu yadu sosai ba, watakil sai nan gaba. Sai kuma wadanda ke biye dasu, watau Class B, wadanda idan kana amfani da fasahar GPRS, ta amfani da Intanet ko sakonnin text, sai kira ya shigo, to wayar zata tsayar da wancan layin da kake karbar sako ko kake mu’amala da Intanet, don baiwa layin da ke karbar kira damar sadar da kai da wanda ke kiranka. Wadannan sune kusan kashi tamanin cikin dari na ire-iren wayoyin da ake amfani dasu a yanzu. Sai nau’i na karshe, watau Classs C, wadanda idan kana son amfani da fasahar GPRS, to dole sai ka shiga cikin wayar, ka saita ta da kanka. Da zarar ka saita ta, to ba wanda zai iya samunka, sai in ka gama abinda kake, ka sake saita ta zuwa layin karbar kira na sauti ko murya (voice call).

Wannan fasahar sadarwa ta GPRS dai na cikin fasahohin da suka kara wa wayar salula tagomashi da kuma karbuwa a duniya. Domin ta sawwake hanyoyin yadawa da kuma karbar sakonni ba tare da mushkila ba.