Yadda Kasashe Ke Sanya wa Fasahar Intanet Takunkumi (3)

Yaya Tasirin Takunkumin Yake?

Kamar yadda bayanai suka gabata a makonnin baya, akwai hanyoyi da dama da kasashe ko hukumomin kasashe suke ta bi don ganin sun dabaibaye wannan fasaha mai saurin yaduwa a duniya. Duk da cewa hakan yana tasiri sosai wajen hana wadanda ake karewa daga samun bayanai, sai dai ga dukkan alamu da sauran rina a kaba. Abinda wannan ke nufi shine, duk da karfin iko da doka da wasu kasashe ke amfani da ita, mai karatu zai yi mamakin jin cewa “sanya wa fasahar Intanet takunkumi, da kuma cin nasara wajen yin hakan, ba abu bane mai sauki, ko ma a gajarce, ba abu bane mai yiwuwa”. Bayanin dalilai kan rashin yiwuwarsa kuwa shine abinda wannan kasida ta wannan mako za ta mayar da hankali a kai.

Kasashen duniya masu sanya wa fasahar Intanet takunkumi na yin hakan ne ta manyan hanyoyi guda biyu. Hanya ta farko ita ce ta yin amfani da dokar kasa wajen haramta wa mutane amfani da fasahar gaba daya, ko wani bangare nashi, ko wasu gidajen yanar sadarwa na musamman – kamar yadda yake faruwa a kasashe irinsu Bama, da Kiuba, da Kasar Sin da ma sauran kasashe. Hanya ta biyu kuma ita ce ta yin amfani da manhajojin kwamfuta da nau’ukan fasahar kwamfuta, wajen sanya wa fasahar takunkumi, a boye ko a bayyane. Bayani kan nau’ukan da suke amfani da su kuwa ya gabata a makonnin da suka shige. Sai dai kuma duk da wannan tsauri, har yanzu da sauran kalu-bale ga masu yin hakan. Rashin samun natsuwarsu, sanadiyyar waskiyar da ake wa wadannan hanyoyin da suke amfani da ita, yafi natsuwar da suke samu na cewa sun dakufe tasirin fasahar. Mu fara da hanyar farko mu gani.

Hanyar Amfani da Dokar Kasa

Idan mai karatu bai mance ba, a kashin farko da muka faro mun yi bayani kan wasu dalilai guda uku da suka kebance fasahar Intanet, suka kuma bata tasiri ta kololuwa wajen mamaye duniya da tursasa wa mutane amfani da ita, suna so ko basu so, sama da sauran hanyoyin sadarwa. Sanadiyyar wadannan dalilai ne ta sa a kasar Amurka da Ingila da wasu kasashen Turai, hukumomi suka fara tunanin sanya dokoki kan magance wasu matsaloli da a tunaninsu wannan fasaha ta samar a cikin al’umma. A kasar Amurka misali, an sha kawo kudurori a majalisar kasar da ke neman a mayar dasu doka don dasashe wa fasahar tasiri musamman kan kananan yara. Amma da zarar an fara tafka muhawara, sai wadanda ke adawa da hakan su rinjaya, a watsar da lamarin. Babban dalilin da a kullum masu adawa ke bayarwa kuwa shine: da wani mizani za ayi amfani wajen sanya wa wannan fasaha doka ta musamman? Domin fasahar Intanet ta kunshi kafafen yada labaru da fadakarwa masu yawa? Shin, da dokar masu aikin jarida za a yi mata hukunci ko da na kafaden rediyo da talabijin? Idan aka yarda da cewa fasahar Intanet kafa ce ta yada labarai ta hanyar jaridu, yaya za a yi da gidajen talabijin da ke da tashoshi bila-adadin a ciki? Yaya za a yi da kafar sadarwa ta rediyo ita ma da ke da tashoshi a ciki? Idan aka ce su ukun su dauki hukunci daya, to ai akwai kafar sadarwa ta hanyar tarho, ita kuma yaya za a yi da dokokinta? Sun daina amfani a kafar Intanet kenan? A wannan bangaren kenan.

A daya bangaren kuma, wasu suka ce mu sallama cewa dukkan kafofin yada labarai na rediyo da talabijin da jaridu da tarho doka daya suke rayuwa karkashinta, to ai a cikin Intanet akwai harkokin kasuwanci, da tallace-tallace, da rubuce-rubuce masu hakkin mallaka, da mu’amala a tsakanin kasashe, da kuma sirrin jama’a masu tafiyar da harkokin kansu da na jama’a, su kuma yaya za a yi da su? Domin dokokin da dillalan tallace-tallace (Advertisement Agencies) ke amfani dasu sun sha bamban nesa ba kusa ba, da wadanda kafafen yada labarai ke amfani dasu. Sannan kuma a daya bangaren, marubuta da ke dora hajojinsu a kasuwannin Intanet ko a shagunan saye-da-sayarwa na Intanet yaya za a yi dasu? Sannan Intanet ta zama wata kafa ce ke sawwake wa dillalan miyagun kwayoyi harkar kasuwanci da sadarwa a tsakaninsu, shin, a dauki Intanet a yi mata hukunci da dokokin kama masu wannan sana’a, sanadiyyar sadarwa kawai da suke yi a tsakaninsu, ba tare da shedar ganin hajojin da suke tallatawa a tsakaninsu ba? Domin kowa ya san akwai bambancin tsakanin “dokar sadarwa” da “dokar hana yaduwar miyagun kwayoyi”; da wanne za a yi musu hukunci idan hakan ta taso? Da dai sauran takaddamomi da aka ta yi kan wannan al’amari. A karshe dai ba a samu wata matsaya amintacciya a tsakanin masu goyon bayan a sanya doka da masu adawa da yin hakan ba. Abinda kawai yake bayyane a halin yanzu shine, ga dukkan alamu kowace kasa ta daukar wa kanta abinda ko hanyar da take ganin itace tafi dacewa da halin da al’ummarta ke ciki. Wannan kuwa ita ce yin amfani da manhajojin kwamfuta ko wasu tsare-tsare masu taimaka musu wajen sanya kariya ga wannan dodo da ke hana su bacci. Tunda hanyar amfani da doka taki ci, a dokance, to yaya ake fama da wadannan manhajojin kwamfuta da a yanzu kasashe suka shahara wajen amfani dasu, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a kasidar baya?

Hanyar Amfani da Manhajojin Kwamfuta

Wannan hanya ga dukkan alamu ita ce ta dan yi tasiri wajen hana mutane a wasu kasashe amfani da wannan fasaha gaba daya ko ta wasu bangarorin. Amma duk da haka, masu amfani da ita na fuskantar matsaloli masu dimbin yawa. Da farko dai, yin amfani da tsarin toshe wata kwamfuta ta hanyar adireshin gidan yanar sadarwa, watau IP Blocking abu ne da a farko yayi tasiri sosai wajen hana shiga wasu gidajen yanar sadarwa. Amma kuma da tafiya tayi nisa sai ‘yan Dandatsa ko kwararru kan harkar kwamfuta suka sake bullo da wata dabara don waske wannan hanya. Wannan hanya kuwa ita ce ta samar da wasu adireshin da ke iya isar da mai neman gidan yanar sadarwar kai tsaye zuwa gidan yanar ba tare da adireshin farko ba. Misali, a wasu kasashe haramun ne shiga ko yin mu’amala da gidan yanar sadarwa ta Google. Don haka idan ka shigar da adireshin gidan yanar sadarwar, manhajar da ke lura da kwamfutocin kasar zata toshe adireshin, ya zama ka kasa isa gidan yanar gaba daya. Da kamfanin ya fahimci hakan, sai ya samar da wasu adireshin da ke iya isar da masu neman gidan yanar sadarwar a kasar da aka haramta, wanda kuma wannan manhaja da kasar ke amfani da ita bata sansu ba.

Wasu kasashe kuma na amfani ne da tsarin tace adireshin kwamfutar da ke isar da mutane zuwa wasu gidajen yanar sadarwa. Wannan tsari shi ake kira DNS Filtering. Da tafiya tayi nisa sai masana kan harkar kwamfuta da ‘yan Dandatsa suka nemo wata hanyar kuma. Wannan hanya kuwa ita ce ta hanyar shigar da adireshin gidan yanar sadarwa a siffarsa ta asali. Ma’ana, kowane adireshin gidan yanar sadarwa asalinsa lambobi ne na kwamfutar da ke dauke da gidan yanar sadarwar, kamar haka misali: 890.32.9.21. Sai a juya wadannan lambobi zuwa adireshi kamar haka, misali: www.adireshina.com, saboda saukin ganewa da haddacewa. Domin idan aka barsu a yadda suke, ba kowa bane zai iya hardace lambobin gidajen yanar sadarwa da yawa. Su kuma wadannan manhajojin kwamfuta masu tace adireshin gidajen yanar sadarwa suna amfani ne da adireshi mai dauke da haruffa, ba mai dauke da lambobi ba. To su kuma masu son waske wadannan manhajoji sai su rika shigar da lambar gidan yanar kawai kai-tsaye. Domin ko ka shigar kai-tsaye a siffar lambobi, ko ka shigar a siffar haruffa, duk daya ne a wajen kwamfutar da ka shigar mata; nan take zata nemo maka gidan yanar sadarwar. Amma manhajojin da ke tace adireshin basu iya sanin haka, don haka sai a waske su ta wannan hanya.

Wasu kuma suka rika amfani da tsarin tace rariyar likau, watau Uniform Resource Locator Filtering, ko URL Filtering, a Turancin kwamfuta, don tabbatar da cewa ba a kai ga wasu kasidu ko nau’ukan bayanai da ke cikin wani gidan yanar sadarwar ba. Bambancin wannan tsari da wadanda suka gabace shi shine, a wannan tsarin wasu kan shigar da rariyar likau din kasida ko bayanai ne kai tsaye, misali: http://www.garageman.com/mechanic, ko kuma http://mini.opera.com. Idan ka shigar da adireshin rariyar likau makamancin wannan, ba nufinka bane shiga zauren gidan yanar. Kai tsaye za a zarce da kai shafi mai suna “Mechanic”, ko kuma “Opera Mini”, a gidan yanar sadarwar. Hukumomi masu amfani da wannan tsarin taciya suna adawa ne da wasu kasidu da ke wasu gidajen yanar sadarwa ko shafuka, amma ba gidan yanar ba gaba daya. Ta wani bangaren sai mu ga kamar sunyi wa mutane adalci, ta hanyar sanya wa shafin da suke nufi kadai takunkumi. Ka ga wannan zai ba duk wanda ke son ziyartar gidan yanar damar yin hakan, muddin ba wancan shafin zai je ba. To amma duk da haka su ma basu tsira da waskiya ba. Nan take masana suka bullo da tsarin amfani da wasu haruffa ko kuramen bakake masu suna Escape Characters, don shiga wadannan shafuka haramtattu kai-tsaye ba tare da wasu matsaloli ba.

A wasu lokuta kuma sai suka bullo da tsarin da ke lura da kalmomin da mai ziyara ke ta’ammali dasu a matsayinsa na wanda ya fito daga wata kasa, a shafin da ya shiga. Da zarar manhajar ta cafke wasu cikin kalmomin da aka ce mata ta toshe daga kwamfutocin da suke neman bayanai ta hanyarta daga wasu kasashe, to sai ta yanke hanyar sadarwar da ke tsakaninta da kwamfutar da take mika wadancan bayanai gareta, nan take. Wannan tsari, wanda a turance ake kira Packet Filtering shi ma bai kai gaci ba; nan take aka bullo da hanyar waske shi. Wannan hanya kuwa ita ce tsarin Virtual Private Network, ko VPN a gajarce. Wannan tsari asalinta hanya ce ta sadarwa a tsakanin kwamfutoci da ke baiwa mai neman hanyar sadarwa a cikinta wani irin matsayi na musamman, tayi masa “dodorido”. Misali, idan wasu ‘yan kasar Sin na son shiga wani gidan yanar sadarwa wanda a kasarsu haramtacce ne, kuma gwamnati ta-kasa-ta-tsare ta hanyar wadannan manhajoji na tacewa, sai suyi amfani da wannan tsari ta VPN. Aikinta shine sauya adireshin kwamfutarka mai nuna daga kasar da ka fito, ta mayar da kai bako, mai ziyartar shafin daga wata kasa daban ba wacce kake ciki ba. Idan shafin a kasar yake kuma haramun ne ga ‘yan kasar, sai tsarin ya nuna cewa kai daga kasar Ingila kake ko Jamus ko wata kasar Afirka, wadda kuma nan take za a bata hanya zuwa shafin.

Matsalar Rarrabewa Tsakanin Kalmomi

Idan muka koma kan kalmomin da wadannan kasashe ko hukumomi ke amfani dasu wajen “gane sawun” wanda suke son kamawa kuwa, nan ma zamu ga akwai matsala, babba kuwa ba karama ba. Wannan yafi faruwa a kasashen da ke amfani da harshen turanci, ko masu son tace bayanan da ke dauke cikin harshen turanci. Kamar yadda bayanai suka gabata a kai, akan shigar da kalmomi ne ga wadannan manhajoji na tacewa, don su yi amfani da kalmomin wajen sanya tarko da cafke duk wanda ya sanya kalmomi irinsu. To a wasu lokuta a kan samu wasu kalmomi da a zahiri suna cikin jerin wadanda aka haramta nema ko ta’ammali dasu, amma kuma a daya bangaren sai a ga sun dace da sunayen wasu kamfanoni ko hukumomin gwamnati ko sunayen wasu shahararrun mutane masu mutunci ko wadanda basu ji ba basu gani ba. Wannan matsala tafi aukuwa wajen tace kalmomin batsa a Turai. Misali, galibin lokuta an sha sanya wa Kalmar “Penis” takunkumi, saboda an dauka kalma ce da ta kunshi batsa ko abinda ya shafe shi kadai. Amma kuma da tafiya tayi nisa, sai ya bayyana cewa hakan yana tasiri wajen toshe bayanan da ke makare cikin gidan yanar sadarwar wani kamfani da ke birnin Yorkshire mai suna Penistone, saboda Kalmar “Penis” da ta zo a farkon sunan kamfanin. Haka gidan yanar sadarwa na Yahoo! ya dade yana toshe haruffan “CP” a matsayin sunan da wani zai iya sanyawa a Majalisun Tattaunawa na Yahoo (watau Yahoo Groups), wadanda tuni a Turance an san suna ishara ne zuwa ga kalmomin Child Pornography, watau harkar batsa da ta shafi kananan yara. Amma kuma hakan yayi tasiri wajen toshe majalisar Kungiyar ‘Yan Jaridar Kasar Kanada, watau Canadian Press, wanda suka killace da haruffan “CP”. A duk shekara an kan toshe gidajen yanar sadarwa da basu-ji-ba-basu-gani-ba, cikin kuskure, ta wannan hanya. Wannan, kamar yadda mai karatu zai gani, ba karamar matsala bace ga masu neman sanya wa wannan fasaha takunkumi.

Wasu Hanyoyin

Bayan haka, yadda wasu kamfanoni suka gina manhajojin kwamfuta na musamman masu taimakawa wajen tace adireshin gidajen yanar sadarwa ko makamancin haka, to su ma ‘yan Dandatsa da sauran masu kishin ganin an sakar wa fasahar Intanet mara tayi walwala yadda take so, sun gina manhajoji masu taimakawa wajen wannan waskiya, ba tare da mai yin hakan ya sha wata wahala ba. Wani abin sha’awa ma shine wadannan manhajoji da suka gina ko kirkira, kyauta ake bayar dasu. Abinda kawai ake bukata shine ya zama kana da kwamfuta wacce zaka sanya mata; ka huta da hayaniyar hukumomin taciya da takunkumi. Manhajar farko ita wacce ake kira Java Anan Proxy (JAP), wacce aikinta shine taimaka maka shiga kowane irin shafin yanar sadarwa ne ba tare da wata matsala ba. Idan ka shigar da adireshin gidan yanar da kake son shiga, kana zuwa kaga an toshe, to manhajar da kanta zata karkatar da akalar kwamfutarka zuwa ga wanda ke amfani da irin wannan manhaja a Intanet, a ko ina yake, tayi amfani da manhajar da ke kwamfutarsa, don taimaka maka shiga shafin, karfi da yaji. Akwai ire-iren su, irinsu: Virtual Private Network, da Psiphon, duk garken su daya.

Bayan manhajar JAP da dangoginta, akwai wasu gidajen yanar sadarwa kuma masu amfani da kwarewa irin ta kwamfuta da tsarin sadarwa don zama dillalai ga duk wanda ke son shiga wani shafin da aka haramta ko samun wani littafin da asali sayar dashi ake yi ba kyauta ake bayar dashi ba, ko kuma kaiwa ga wata kasida mai muhimmanci da yake nema. Duk wata manhajar kwamfuta da ka san ana sayar da ita, komai tsaurin masu ita, ana iya samunta ta wadannan gidajen yanar sadarwa da ake kira Proxy Sites. Galibinsu na ‘yan Dandatsa ne masu ganin haramun ne ace wai bayanan da ke Intanet sai mai kudi ko sai “wane-da-wane” kadai zasu iya isa garesu ko mallakarsu. A cewarsu ya kamata ace komai kyauta ne. A ire-iren wadannan gidajen yanar sadarwa baka bukatar sai ka san adireshin gidan yanar da kake son shiga, a a, ka shigar da kalma kawai mai siffata abinda kake so, za a binciko maka shi nan take, ka saukar da shi zuwa kwamfutarka ba tare da wata matsala ba. A wasu gidajen kuma kana iya shigar da lambobin kwamfutar da ke dauke da gidan yanar da kake so, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata. Domin manhajar tacewar bata gane ire-iren wadannan lambobi. Watakila kace ai baka san lambar adireshin kwamfutar ba, adireshinta mai dauke da haruffa kadai ka sani. Duk ba matsala. Akwai gidajen yanar sadarwa na musamman a Intanet wadanda aikinsu shine su taimaka maka wajen juya adireshin da kake son shiga, daga haruffa zuwa lambobi. Komai kake so dai, a takaice, akwai yadda za a yi ka same shi a Intanet.

Wadannan su ne irin kalu-balen da hukumomin gwamnatoci masu son sanya wa wannan fasaha takunkumi ke bi a takaice. Kuma kamar yadda mai karatu ya gani, ba abu bane mai sauki. Wannan ke nuna mana cewa shi dan Adam tarbiyyarsa ake fara yi, kafin a hana shi kaiwa ga abinda ba a so ya taba ko gani. Amma idan aka ce an barshi da tunaninsa ne kadai, amma a hana a shi a aikace, to zai sake sauye tafarkin tunani, tunda ba a canza masa ita ba tun wuri. Hakan zai bashi damar waske duk abinda aka hana shi a farko, don aikata abinda yake ganin shine daidai a gareshi. Mai karatu zai ga haka a aikace cikin kasidar karshe da ke tafe, inda zamu kawo bayanai na misalai kan kasashe daban-daban da irin yadda suke shan kashi a hannun jama’a masu waske dabarunsu. A dakace mu!

Wsikun Masu Karatu

Assalaamu Alaikum Baban Sadiq, wai shin da gaske ne wai idan wata ya cika kwanaki goma shabiyar, fadinsa kan kai fadin kwallon kafa? - 08022462133

Da farko dai, wata shine tauraron wannan duniya tamu. Wasu duniyoyin suna da taurari sama da guda daya. Abinda na sani shine, girman wata, idan aka kwatanta shi da girman wannan duniyar tamu, akwai bambanci ta fuska uku. Ya danganci inda ka kalli abin. Idan muka dauki fadi, Malaman Kimiyyan Sararin Samaniya suka ce wata na da fadin da ya kai kilomita dubu uku da dari hudu da saba’in da hudu (3,474km). A bangare daya kuma, wannan duniyar tamu na da fadin kilomita dubu goma sha biyu da dari bakwai da arba’in da biyu (12,742km) ne. Wannan ke nuna cewa wannan duniyar tamu tafi wata fadi da kusan kashi uku kenan. Da kuma a ce za a fafe wannan duniya tamu, a fafe wata, wannan duniyar tamu tafi wata zurfi, nesa ba kusa ba. Malaman kimiyyan sararin samaniya suka ce sai an zuba watanni guda hamsin cikin wannan duniya tamu, saboda zurfinta.

Ta bangaren fadin kasa ko fuska kuma, wata na da fadin tafiyar kilomita miliyan talatin da bakwai da digo tara (37.9m Sqr km) ne. A wannan duniya tamu kuma, idan aka dauki nahiyar Asiya kadai, tana da fadin tafiyar kilomita miliyan arba’in da hudu ne da digo hudu (44.4m Sqr Km). Da wannan, masana suka ce da za a kwance wata, a shimfide shi a filin da nahiyar Asiya take a yanzu, tsaf zai shige. Ba a maganar sauran nahiyoyin duniyar ma kenan.

Idan kuma muka koma ta bangaren nauyi, idan aka dora wannan duniya tamu a ma’auni ta bangaren dama, to sai an dora watanni guda tamanin da daya kafin nauyinsu ya rinjayi nauyin wannan duniya tamu. Wannan shine abinda ya samu. Da fatan ka gamsu.

SANARWA/TAYA MURNA

Shafin Kimiyya da Fasaha na taya masu karatu murnar shiga wata mai alfarma. Muna kuma rokon Allah da Ya karbi aiyukanmu, Ya kuma sa mu dace cikin dukkan ibadunmu, amin. Har wa yau, muna kara sanarwa cewa duk wanda ke da wata tambaya kan abinda ya shafi bude Imel a wayar salula, don Allah Ya aiko min da adireshin Imel dinsa, sai in aika masa da kasidar da muka gabatar a nan. Munyi hakan ne don kauce wa maimaita abu daya, kamar dai yadda bayanai suka sha maimaituwa a shafin. Na samu sakonni da yawa cikin wannan mako kan haka, don haka idan ka san ka aiko da sakon text don neman bayanai makamatan wannan kuma ban aiko maka da amsa ba ko baka ga an buga sakon a nan ba, to ka aiko min da adireshin Imel dinka, sai in aiko maka. Don Allah a yi hakuri da wannan sabuwar doka, saboda mu samu damar tabo wasu fannonin kuma. Mun gode.

Yadda Kasashe ke Sanya wa Fasahar Intanet Takunkumi (2)

Tsari da Nau’ukan Takunkumi

Kamar yadda bayanai suka gabata a kasidar baya, cewa duk da a yanzu ana zargin kasar Sin da wannan aiki kamar ita ce ta fara shi, kusan dukkan manyan kasashe da ma kananansu, sun dade wajen iya sanya wa wannan fasaha takunkumi a fili, ba ma a boye ba. Mai karatu zai fahimci hakan ne daga bayanan da ke nuna irin nau’ukan fasahar da kasashe ke amfani dasu wajen sanya kariya daga bayanan da ke dibge cikin wannan duniya mara kofar shiga balle na fita.

Kasashe sun sha bamban wajen nau’in sanya kariya ga bayanai. Da farko ma dai akwai nau’in takunkumin da ya shafi hana mu’amala da fasahar ma gaba daya, sai a idon gwamnati ko hukumominta. Sai nau’in da ya shafi hana shiga wasu gidajen yanar sadarwa, ta hanyar toshe adireshinsu daga kwamfutar da ke dauke dasu. Sai kuma wanda ya shafi toshe uwar garken da ke dauke da wasu shafuka na musamman. A karshe kuma akwai nau’in kariya da wasu kasashe ke amfani dashi ta hanyar hada kai da gidajen yanar sadarwa na Matambayi-Ba-Ya-Bata (Search Engine Sites), don su rika tace wasu kalmomi ko jumloli da al’ummar wata kasa ko wasu kabilu ke nema ta hanyar gidajen yanar sadarwasu. Wadannan su ne nau’ukan takunkumin da kasashe ke amfani dasu wajen sanya kariya ko hana amfani da wannan fasaha, a jimlace. Duk da yake akwai wasu hanyoyin da suka sha bamban da wadannan, wanda kasashe ko ma’aikatan leken asiri ke amfani dasu a boye idan suna neman wasu bayanai ko hana amfani dasu. Bayani zai zo kansu nan gaba.

Sannan kuma, dukkan wadannan nau’ukan kariya da ake sanyawa, ba kai tsaye ake yinsu ba, a a. Ana amfani ne da wasu masarrafai na kwamfuta da ke da kwarewa wajen yin hakan. Shahararriyar cikinsu ita ce masarrafar da kamfanin Secure Computing ke amfani da ita, mai suna SmartFilter. Wannan masarrafa ta shahara sosai, ta yadda galibin kasashe irinsu Saudiyya, da Amurka, da Burtaniya, da Sudan, da kasar Tunisiya ke amfani da ita wajen wannan aiki; a fili, ba ma a boye ba. Da ita ake tace nau’ukan gidajen yanar sadarwar da gwamnati ta haramta shigarsu. Da ita ake iya kare mai amfani da Intanet samun bayanai kan wasu kalmomi ko jumloli, kamar yadda yazo a sama. Sauran hanyoyin da wasu kasashe ke amfani dasu kai tsaye sun kumshi yin amfani da ‘yan Dandatsa (watau Hackers), da amfani da tsarin DDoS (watau Distributed Denial of Service) – wanda tsari ne da ya shafi yin amfani da wasu kwamfutoci da basu ji-ba-basu-gani ba a wata uwa duniya, don darkake wata kwamfutar da ke dauke da gidajen yanar sadarwar wasu, ta hanyar aiko mata da bukatun bayanai marasa kan gado babu kakkautawa, har sai ta sume.

Nau’in “Hana Mu’amala”

Wannan shine nau’in kariyar da wasu kasashe ke sanyawa don hana al’ummarsu mu’amala da fasahar Intanet gaba daya, sai yadda gwamnati ta so. Misali, a kasar Kuba (Cuba), gwamnati ta hana mu’amala da fasahar Intanet, kuma duk wanda aka kama shi yana yi, to zai dandana kudarsa kuwa. Gwamnatin kasar tayi haka ne saboda a cewarta, galibin abubuwan da ke tare cikin wannan fasaha na harzuka mutane ne suyi wa gwamnati bore, wanda kuma a tsarin dokar kasar, ba karamin laifi bane. Wannan bai hana a samu wasu ‘yan tsiraru da ke mu’amala da fasahar ba a boye, ko kuma hukumar gwamnati da ke amfani dashi. Amma ba kowa-da-kowa ba. Idan kuwa aka kama wani ya karya wannan doka, to zai fuskanci fushin gwamnati. Sauran kasashen duniya sun sha zargin gwamnatin kasar da laifin taka ‘yancin dan Adam ta wannan hanya, amma gwamnati tayi biris da wannan tuhuma ko zargi. A wannan tsarin, ba a barin kowa yayi amfani da fasahar, balle ma a kai ga kama ka da laifin shiga wani gidan yanar sadarwar da aka haramta. Wannan shine nau’in takunkumi na farko, kuma yafi shahara ne a kasashen da ke bin tsarin Kwaminisanci ko Gurguzu.

Nau’in “Killace Masu Mu’amala”

Wannan nau’in takunkumi shine wanda ya shafi tanada wuri na musamman don masu mu’amala da wannan fasaha su rika zuwa suna mu’amala da ita, a halin da gwamnati ko hukumar gwamnati ke lura da gidajen yanar sadarwar da suke shiga ko mu’amala dasu. A wannan yanayi dai ba a hana ka ba, amma kuma ba ka da hakkin mallakar wannan fasaha a gidanka, ko shagonka, ko kuma ofishinka, sai dai wuraren da gwamnati ta tanada. Kasar Koriya-ta-Arewa (North Korea) na amfani ne da wannan tsari, inda gwamnati ta killace wasu wurare da ake kira “Connection Spots”, don zuwa a yi mu’amala da wannan fasaha. A kasar, babu kamfanin da ke da hakkin hada kwamfutoci da Intanet sai hukumar gwamnati. Wannan nau’in takunkumi, kamar wanda ya gabace shi, galibin kasashen gabas ne suka fi amfani dashi (irinsu Koriya ta Arewa, da kasar Bama da sauran ire-irensu). Kamar wadanda suka gabace su a sama, gwamnatocin da ke killace masu mu’amala da wannan fasaha a wuri daya don lura da aiyukan da suke yi, sun sha suka da zargi daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam da kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Amma ko biris su ma basu yi ba.

Nau’in “Tace Abin Mu’amala”

Wannan shine shahararren nau’in takunkumin da kasashe ke amfani da shi a yau. Kamar yadda mai karatu ya gani, nau’i ne da ya shafi haramta wa mai mu’amala da Intanet wasu gidajen yanar sadarwa ko shafukan yanar sadarwa. Wannan tsarin mu’amala ya shafi shiga gidan yanar sadarwan, ko debo abinda ke ciki, ko kuma zuba bayanai a gidan yanar. A wannan nau’i na takunkumi, ana iya toshe duk wani tsarin mu’amala da kake yi da Intanet. Tsarin takunkumin ya shafi “tace” gidajen yanar sadarwa ne, ta hanyar toshe wadanda aka haramta, ko kuma toshe bayanan da kake mu’amala dasu a gidan yanar, bayan ka shiga. Kawai sai ka ga an ce maka: Connection Time Out. Ko kuma ka ga an rubuta maka: Error 505 – Gateway Time Out. Sakonni makamantan wadannan na ishara ne ga wani nau’i na toshe abin mu’amala a gidan yanar sadarwar da ka shiga, a kasar da kake, ko kuma a ofishi ko ma’aikatar da kake. A wannan tsari, ana amfani ne da masarrafar tacewa, watau Filtering Software, irin na kamfanin Secure Computing, watau SmartFilter, ko kuma Green Dam Youth Escort da kasar Sin ke kokarin fara amfani da ita yanzu.

Aikin wadannan masarrafai ya danganci abinda kake so. Kana iya amfani dasu wajen toshe lambar kwamfutar da ke dauke da wasu gidajen yanar sadarwa, watau IP Address, ta yadda duk wanda ya sanya adireshin don nemo gidan yanar sadarwar, ba zai samu ba, balle har ya iya shiga. Wannan tsari shi ake kira “IP Blocking”. Sannan ana iya amfani da wadannan masarrafai wajen tace dukkan iyayen garken (servers) da ke dauke da wasu gidajen yanar sadarwa. Wannan tsari shi ake kira “DNS Filtering”. Wannan tsari yana toshe hatta manhajar Imel da zaka shiga don aikawa da sakonni, ko kuma ka’idar da ke sadar da kai da Intanet ko kuma na Imel, (watau HTTP, da POP, da kuma FTP). Bayan haka, da wadannan masarrafai ana iya tace wasu shafuka na musamman da ke wasu gidajen yanar sadarwa, ta hanyar aiyana wasu kalmomi ko jumloli na musamman. Wannan tsari shi ake kira URL Filtering, kuma dashi ne kasashe ke amfani wajen toshe gidaje da shafukan yanar sadarwar batsa da caca da wasu kalmomi da suka shafi siyasar kasar, irinsu Kalmar “Tibet”, da “Dale Lama” a kasar Sin. Idan ka nemi bayanai masu dauke da wadannan kalmomi, kuma a kasar Sin kake a lokacin, baza ka samu bayanai ba ko aranyo! Wadannan kalmomi akan shigar dasu ne cikin masarrafar, a kuma nuna mata cewa duk sadda wani ya nemi bayanai ta masarrafar lilonsa, watau Browser, to ki toshe duk bayanan da ke dauke dasu. Bayan wannan, hukumomin kasar kan hada baki da kamfanoni irinsu Google da Yahoo, wajen wannan aiki.

Wasu kasashen kuma kan ajiye wasu gingimarayen kwamfutoci ne, watau Massive Gigabyte-Servers, masu tafkeken mizani, wajen shigar da shafukan yanar sadarwar da take ganin haramun ne mutanenta su shiga. Da zarar ta shigar da wadannan adireshi, sai ta sanya wa wadannan kwamfutoci masarrafar tacewa, ta kuma jona su da babban layin Intanet da ya shigo kasar daga sauran kasashen duniya, watau Internet Backborn. Muddin a kasar kake, da zarar ka nemo wani shafi ko gidan yanar sadarwa, wadancan kwamfutocin ne zasu cafke adireshin, sai sun duba, idan bai dace da wanda ke cikinsu ba, sannan su sake shi, har ya isar da kai gidan yanar sadarwar. Wannan tsari shi ake kira “Proxy Farm”. Kuma dashi ne Hukumar kasar Saudiyya ke amfani a halin yanzu. A kasashe irinsu Masar da Koriya ta Kudu da Singafo kuma, gwamnati na amfani ne da Mashakatar Lilo da tsallake-tsallake, watau Internet Cafes, wajen tace ire-iren gidajen yanar sadarwar da masu ziyara ke ziyara. Idan kaje mashakatar lilo da tsallake-tsallake, da zarar ka nufaci gidan yanar sadarwar da gwamnati ta hana mu’amala dashi, shafi zai budo inda ake bukatar ka shigar da lambarka na kasa, watau Identity Number (mai dauke da dukkan bayanan da suka shafeka a matsayinka na dan kasar), ko kuma kwafi din fasfo dinka, idan bako ne kai matafiyi, sannan a bude maka hanya ka shiga. Suna haka ne don sanin wa da wa suka shiga shafi kaza, kuma me-da-me suka yi a shafin? Idan bayan wasu lokuta aka samu matsala tsakanin gwmanati da masu gidan yanar, za a iya komawa baya, a duba tarihin wadanda suka shiga shafin. Duk wanda sunansa ke ciki ana iya tuhumarsa kai tsaye. Dankari!

Wasu Nau’ukan

Bayan nau’ukan takunkumi da bayaninsu ya gabata, akwai wasu nau’ukan da ba kowa ya sansu ba, saboda ba a fili ake yinsu ba; don galibi da wata manufa daban ake aiwatar da su. Ire-iren wadannan nau’ukan takunkumi na wucin-gadi ne; ma’ana lokaci-lokaci ake amfani dasu don cinma wata buri. Galibin masu leken asiri a Intanet, na kasashen Jamus da Rasha da Sin da Amurka da Burtaniya da Andalus, da Koriya ta Arewa duk suna amfani da wannan tsari a boye. Wannan tsari kuwa shine yin amfani da kwararru kan fasahar Intanet wadanda galibi ‘yan Dandatsa ne, don darkake wasu gidajen yanar sadarwa, da hana shigarsu gaba daya. Ire-iren wadannan gidajen yanar sadarwa dai sun shafi wasu kamfanoni ne ko kungiyoyin addini ko kuma wasu kasashe masu amfani da tsarin siyasa da ta sha bamban da nasu. Misali, an sha tuhumar kasar Sin da yin amfani da ‘yan Dandatsa wajen toshewa ko kuma darkake gidajen yanar sadarwar ‘Yan Awaren lardin Tibet masu neman ‘yan cin kai. Har wa yau, kasar Masar tayi amfani da su wajen toshewa da kuma darkake gidan yanar sadarwa ta kungiyar Ikhwaanul Muslimoon (Muslim Brotherhood), watau kungiyar su Marigayi Hasan Al-Banna. Haka kasar Amurka da sauran kasashen Turai, duk suna amfani da ‘yan Dandatsa wajen aiwatar da wani abinda a zahiri sanya wa wannan fasaha takunkumi ne. Wannan tsari shi ake kira “Cyber Espionage” a Turancin kwamfuta. Sai dai abin bakin ciki, ko kadan ba a kawo wannan a matsayin laifi da take hakkin dan adam na fadin albarkacin baki.

Wasikun Masu Karatu

Malam na ziyarci sabon shafin matambayi-ba-ya-bata na “Bing”, sai ya kasa bude min wani gidan yanar sadarwa, amma Google ya bude shi. To shin me ya ja haka ne? – Ahmad Muhammad Amoeva, Kano: 08066038946

Malam Ahmad ban fahimci tambayarka ba sosai. Ai gidajen yanar sadarwa na Matambayi-ba-ya-bata basu budo maka gidajen yanar sadarwa kai tsaye, sai dai su nemo maka abinda ka tambaye su, ta hanyar Kalmar da ka jefa musu. Idan kuwa suka aiko maka da jawabin tambayarka (Search Results), to ya rage wa kwamfutarka ta budo maka; ba hakkin gidan yanar da ya nemo maka rariyar da kake so bane. Ta yiwu a lokacin da ka tambaya, ko ka nemi shafin da aka nemo maka ya bude, siginar Intanet da ke tattare da kwamfutarka ta dauke, sai daga baya ta dawo. Allah sa na fahimce ka sosai.

Salam Baban Sadik, ya aiki don Allah ya ake saita Imel a waya, kuma idan Imel ya dade ba a yi amfani dashi ba yana lalacewa? - Bashir Ahmad, Kano: 08032493020

Malam Bashir barka da war haka, na kuma gode da sakonninka, ina samunsu sosai. Na kuma tabbata ka samu amsar wannan tambaya taka, wacce na aika nan take bayan ka aiko da wannan sako. A gaida su Umma da kowa da kowa. Na gode.

Assalaamu Alaikum, Abban Sadiq ya kokari? Allah yasa mu dace, amin. Malam ni dai har ya zuwa wannan lokaci shiru nake ji kan kumbon Nijeriya, wanda ya bace. Ina aka kwana ne a kan maganarsa, ko kuma ya bi shanun sarki shikenan? - Khaleel Nasir Kuriwa Kiru, Kano: 07069191677 (GZG274)

Malam Khaleel watakil ka mance. Ai a wannan shafin muka sanar da matsayin da gwamnatin tarayya ta dauka, cewa an daidaita da kamfanin da ya gina wancan kumbon da ya lalace (ba bacewa yayi ba), zasu sake gina wani a madadinsa, da ma wasu guda biyu da aka shirya dasu tun kafin nan. Wannan shine abinda hukuma ta sanar. Da fatar ka gamsu.

Baban Sadik, muna amfana da rubuce-rubucenka a wannan jarida ta AMINIYA mai albarka. Allah yayi sakayya. A ci gaba. - Abdullahi Aminu (Baban Auwal), Keffi, Nassarawa: 08035974923

Malam Abdullahi muna godiya da irin wannan karfafa gwiwa da ake mana. Tabbas babu wanda ya cancanci yabo da musamman irin Allah madaukakin sarki, wanda ke horewa da kuma sawwake lokaci da damar yin hakan. Muna kara godiya gareshi. Mun gode.

NEMAN AFUWA KAN ZIYARA

Na tabbata masu karatu basu mance ba da sanarwar da na bayar makonni uku da suka gabata, cewa zan kawo ziyara a Katsina da Zariya. Ina gab da yin hakan ne sai rikice-rikicen da suka faru a wasu jihohin Arewa suka bullo, don haka na dakata. A halin yanzu kuma aiyuka sun sake dabaibaye ni. In Allah ya yarda zan sake sanarwa idan na na tabbatar da tafiyar. Don haka a min hakuri, kuma ina godiya ga wadanda suka rubuto ko aiko sakonnin tes don min maraba. Allah Ya hada fuskokinmu da alheri, amin.

Yadda Kasashe ke Sanya wa Fasahar Intanet Takunkumi (1)

Mabudin Kunnuwa

Cikin watan Yunin da ya gabata ne sauran kasashen duniya, musamman ma turai da Amurka suka kafa wa kasar Sin kahon zuka da azalzala cewa ta taka dokar dan Adam, sanadiyyar sabuwar dokar da ta fitar a farkon watan, cewa daga yanzu duk wata kwamfuta da za ta shigo kasar a matsayin kayan sayarwa ko amfani, dole ne kamfanin ko dillalin da zai shigo da ita ya sanya mata wata masarrafar tacewa da ta tanada mai suna Green Dam Youth Escort. Wannan masarrafa ta kwamfuta aikinta shine lura da gidajen yanar sadarwar da mai amfani da kwamfutar ke ziyarta, da kuma tabbatar da cewa ta hana shi shiga wasu gidajen yanar sadarwa na batsa, kamar yadda hukumar sadarwar kasar ta sanar. Wannan, inji gwamnati, shine dalilin bullo da wannan sabuwar doka. Kuma tuni hukuma ta fara aiki kafada-da-kafada da kamfanonin shigo da kwamfuta kasar, irin su Apple, da Microsoft Inc. da dai sauransu, don ganin sun fara shigar da wannan sabuwar manhaja ko masarrafa cikin dukkan kwamfutocin da zasu shigo dasu kasar don sayarwa ko aiki dasu nan gaba.

Yin wannan sanarwa ke da wuya sai kwararru kan harkar kwamfuta da Intanet a kasar, da kuma sauran hukumomin kasashen Turai suka fara surutun cewa ba komai kasar ke son yi ba illa dakushe fadin albarkacin baki, musamman ma ta hanyar siyasa. Wannan suka kuwa ya samo asali ne daga irin zargin da ire-iren wadannan kasashe suka saba yi kan kasar Sin wajen alakarta da shugabannin al’ummar Tibet da na Taiwan masu neman ‘yan cin kai, wadanda kuma ke samun goyon baya daga kasashen Turai da sauransu. Hukumar kasar Sin dai bata juya baya daga wannan ra’ayi ba ko kadan, sai ma kara kaimi da take yi wajen hadin kai da kamfanonin kasashen Turai da na Asiya masu shigowa da kwamfutoci cikin kasarta, don tabbatar da cewa sun bi doka. Tace dole ne ta kare al’ummarta daga irin ashararancin da ke tattare da wannan fasaha ta Intanet, na abinda ya shafi batsa; kowane irin nau’i ne kuwa.

A nasu bangaren, marubuta kan fasahar Intanet da kwamfuta sun ci gaba da nuna munin wannan abu da kasar Sin ke kokarin yi, da cewa yana cikin himmar da kasar ke yi ne wajen ganin ta hana, ko kuma a kalla ta sanya wa wannan fasaha mai muhimmanci takunkumi, (ta hanyar lura da irin gidan yanar sadarwar da ake ziyarta, tare da irin bayanan da masu mu’amala da Intanet din ke zubawa kan abinda ya shafi hukuma) wanda kuma yin hakan laifi ne mai girma, a cewarsu, kuma take ‘yancin dan Adam ne wajen fadin albarkacin baki ko samun bayanai. Sai dai kuma yana da muhimmanci mai karatu ya fahimci cewa, wannan laifi da ake ikirarin kasar Sin na kakarin kutsawa cikinsa, akwai kasashe sama da hamsin – ciki har da kasar Amurka da Ingila da Faransa da Jamus da Rasha da Isra’ila – da tuni sun yi kaurin suna a hukumance wajen kare irin nau’in bayanan da ke Intanet, ta hanyoyi dabam-daban. In kuwa haka ne, wannan ke nuna lallai akwai wata matsala kenan gamammiya dangane da tasirin wannan fasaha. Don me wadancan kasashe da ma kowace kasa ke kokarin sanya wa wannan fasaha takunkumi? Wasu hanyoyi ake bi wajen yin wannan aiki? Wai shin, zai ma yiwu a sanya wa wannan fasaha takunkumi har hakan yayi tasiri? Wadannan, da ma wasu tambayoyi masu muhimmanci ne wannna kasida za ta yi kokarin amsawa cikin wannan silsila mai matukar muhimmanci. Da farko za mu fara da dalilan da ke sa kasashe ke daukan wannan mataki.

Don Me Ake Sanya Wa Intanet Takunkumi?

A takaice, tsarin hana shigar da wasu bayanai na musamman cikin Intanet, ko kayyade yanayin samunsu ga jama’ar wata kasa ko al’umma, ko kuma hana mu’amala da wannan fasaha ta Intanet yadda mai yin hakan ke so, ko toshe ka’idar da ke sadar dashi ko wani gidan yanar sadarwa na musamman, shi ake nufi da sanya wa fasahar Intanet takunkumi, watau Internet Censorship kenan, a Turancin kwamfuta. Wannan aiki kuwa ba wani bane ke yi illa gwamnatocin kasashe ko hukumomin da ke wakiltarsu. Amma takunkumin da wasu ke sanyawa a gidajen yanar sadarwarsu, ta yadda baka iya ganin wasu bayanai ko samunsu, musamman a gidajen yanar sadarwar kasuwanci ko wasu harkokin kudi, ba a kiran shi da Internet Censorship. Amma wanda kasashe ke yi yana shafan hatta asalin fasahar ne, kamar yadda mai karatu zai karanta nan gaba. Kasashen Turai da sauran dokokin da ke bayar da kariya ga bayanai na ilimi da samunsa a ko ina ne a duniya sun haramta sanya kowace irin kariya ce da ke iya taimakawa wajen kare al’ummar kowace kasa daga samunsu. Suka ce bai kamata a haramta karatun kowane irin littafi ba, ko shafin yanar sadarwa, ko wani shiri na talabijin ko gidan rediyo, wai don yana dauke da abinda a al’adar mutanen ko addininsu ake ganin haramun ne ko canfi ne mummuna. A tunaninsu dole ne a baiwa kowa ‘yan cin fadin albarkacin bakinsa, muddin hakan bazai kawo tashin hankali a kasa ko al’umma ba. To amma duk da haka, me yasa wadannan kasashe musamman, ke sanya wa wannan fasaha mai dauke da dimbin ilimi takunkumi su kansu?

Akwai dalilai da yawa. Da farko dai yana da kyau mai karatu ya fahimci irin tasirin da wannan fasaha ke dauke dashi, wanda hakan tasa kusan kowace kasa ke ganin “dole” ne ta sanya mata takunkumi ta wasu hanyoyin, ko dukkan hanyoyi, kamar yadda wasu kasashen ke yi. Akwai siffofi guda uku da suka bambanta wannan fasaha da sauran hanyoyin sadarwa irinsu talabijin da rediyo da kuma mujallu da jaridu. Siffar farko ita ce “gamewa”; da zarar ka fara mu’amala da wannan fasaha, za ka ji ka ne cikin duniya tsundum. Baka jin akwai wani kariya tsakaninka da kowace kasa ne a duniya. Kana iya ziyartar kowace kasa, ka samu bayanai kan al’ummarta, da irin abinda hukumomi ke yi na kyautatawa ko munanawa. Kana iya mu’amala da mutanen kasar, kaji ra’ayinsu, su ma su ji naka. Wannan ke nufin duk al’adunsu da akidunsu, da addininsu, da kuma yanayin rayuwarsu, kana iya gani ko sani nan take. Duk wannan har wa yau, kana iya yinsa ne ba tare da ka samu fasfo da biza din zuwa kasar ba. A takaice dai cikin ‘yan mintina da dakiku kana iya zagaye kasashen duniya ta hanyar wannan fasaha.

Siffa ta biyu ita ce siffar “jakar magori”; ma’ana duk hanyoyin sadarwar da suka rigayi fasahar Intanet bayyana, a halin yanzu ta lakume su. Don haka idan kana son karanta jarida, kafin mai saye a kan titi ya gani ya saya, zaka iya karantawa. Idan kana son kallon shirye-shiryen talabijin, duk kana iya kallo. Idan kana son sauraron shirye-shiryen gidajen rediyo, su ma duk akwai su kyauta. Idan kana son buga waya daga kasarka zuwa kowane kasa ce a duniya, kana iya cikin sauki ko ma a kyauta. Duk wannan, da fasahar Intanet a kwamfuta kana iya mu’amala dasu nan take, ba tare da ka biya kudi ba. Hatta gidajen talabijin na kudi (irinsu CNN, da BBC da sauransu) masu amfani da tauraron dan Adam, kana iya samunsu kyauta, ka kalli shirye-shiryen, ko karanta duk abinda ke gidajen yanar sadarwarsu. Siffa ta karshe ita ce siffar samar da hanyoyin kirkire-kirkire. Abinda wannan ke nufi kuwa shine, sanadiyyar bayyana da yaduwar wannan hanyar sadarwa ta Intanet, da dama cikin mutane sun samu aikin yi a ciki, ta hanyar gina gidajen yanar sadarwa, ta hanyar saye-da-sayarwa, ta hanyar rubuce-rubuce, ta bayyanar kusan dukkan fannonin rayuwa da sabuwar hanyar aiwatar dasu cikin sauki, duk ta hanyar wannan fasaha. Wannan tasa fasahar Intanet ta sha bamban wajen tasiri ga jama’a ko al’umma, idan ka hada tasirin sauran hanyoyin sadarwar da bayaninsu ya gabata. Don haka akwai al’adu kala-kala a ciki. Akwai addinai kala-kala a ciki. Akwai rayuwa iri-iri a ciki. Akwai nau’ukan siyasa iri-iri a ciki. Akwai hanyoyin koyo da sarrafa abubuwa kala-kala a ciki. Wasu su yi daidai da abinda wata kasar ke so, wasu kuma su saba wa yanayin al’ada ko addini ko siyasarta. Sannan ba a nan wannan tasiri ta tsaya ba kawai, wannan fasaha bata san iyakan da ke tsakanin kasa-da-kasa ba, balle ta nemi izni wajen shigar da bayanan da ke cikinta, ko kuma tantance irin bayanan da al’ummar kasar ke so. Da zarar ka shiga kawai shikenan, duk abinda ke ciki kana iya mallaka ka sarrafa, ko yi mu’amala dashi kai tsaye, kuma nan take ba tare da bata lokaci ba.

Sanadiyyar wadannan siffofi da fasahar Intanet ta siffatu dasu da kuma tasirin da fasahar ke haifarwa, tasa kowace kasa ke da irin hanyar da take bi wajen ganin ta cin ma burinta na shugabancin siyasa ko addini ko kuma dora al’ummarta kan abinda take ganin shine daidai wajen mu’amala da wannan fasaha. Wasu kasashe kan kayyade tsarin amfani da Intanet a kasarta ne don kautar da su daga miyagun al’adun wasu kasashe. Wata kuma kan kayyade ne don wata manufa ta siyasa. Ire-iren wadannan kasashe sun hada da manyan kasashen Turai da Amurka da kuma kasashen Asiya, irinsu Koriya ta Arewa, da Sin, da Biyetnam da Rasha da dai sauransu. Masu kayyade fasahar Intanet don kaucewa gurbatuwar akida ko addini kuma galibi suna Gabas-ta-Tsakiya ne, irin su kasar Saudiyya da Yaman da Siriya da dai sauran kasashe. Kasashe irinsu Iran kan kayyade sanadiyyar siyasa da kuma addini. Haka kasashe irinsu Isra’ila da Turkiyya. A takaice dai kowace kasa na da irin nata manufa da ke sa ta kayyade abubuwan da ke cikin fasaha na ilimi ko abin mu’amala.

Don haka masu bincike kan tasirin fasahar Intanet suka kasu kashi biyu; wasu na ganin kuskure ne babba idan aka ce haramun ne kowace kasa ta hana al’ummarta amfanuwa da wani nau’i na bayanai da ke cikin Intanet. Saboda al’adu sun sha bamban; addini ya sha bamban; akidu sun sha bamban; haka nau’in siyasa ya sha bamban. Kuma tun da kowace kasa tsarinta daban, kuma bazai taba yiwuwa kowace al’umma ta zama daya ba, dole ne, a cewar masu wannan ra’ayi, kowace gwmanati ta kare al’ummarta daga abinda take ganin zai gurbata musu tunani ko akidu ko al’adu; komai dadinsa kuwa, kuma duk yadda al’ummar ke jin dadinsa kuwa. Domin abincin wani, guban wani ne. hagun wani, shine daman wani. Gabas din wani, shine yamman wani. Kuma a bayyane yake cewa abubuwan da ke cikin wannan fasaha shi ma a cakude yake. Masu ra’ayi na biyu kuma suka ce a a, bai kamata kowace gwamnati ko hukuma ta kayyade wa al’umma abinda zasu gani ko karanta ko kuma yi mu’amala dashi ba. Wannan, a cewar masu wannan ra’ayi, shiga hakkinsu ne. Abinda kawai za ta yi shine ta ilmantar dasu kan abinda zai amfane su ko kuma cutar dasu. Suka ce idan gwamnati bata yi ba, to wajibi ne ga kowane uba ko maigida ko kuma duk wani mai dauke da alhakin wanda ke karkashinsa, da ya tarbiyyantar dasu da dora su kan abinda yake ganin shine daidai a garesu. A takaice dai, ko ma wani ra’ayi ne daidai, a bayyane yake cewa kusan dukkan kasashe sun kasa hakuri wajen barin wannan fasaha sake waiwai. Shi yasa, kamar yadda mai karatu zai karanta a gaba, kusan rabin kasashen duniya – talakawansu da masu kudinsu, musulmansu da wadanda ba musulmai ba – sun kirkiri hanyoyi dabam-daban wajen sanya kariya daga irin bayanai ko nau’ukan abubuwan mu’amala da ke cikin fasahar Intanet. In kuwa haka ne, to don me za a kafa wa kasar Sin kahon zuka?

An Zargi Hukumar Burtaniya da Aikin Dandatsanci

Cikin makonni biyu da suka gabata ne kwamfutoci sama da dubu dari da ke warwatse a kasashen duniya suka shiga halin kaka-nikayi sanadiyyar aikin dandatsa nau’in Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) da a farko aka zargi gwamnatin Koriya ta Arewa da aikatawa. Wannan hari, wanda ya darkake kwamfutocin jama’a masu jone da Intanet wadanda kuma galibinsu Iyayen Garke ne (Servers), inda ya sumar dasu ko kuma sanya su cikin yanayin da basu iya bayar da bayanan da ake bukata daga wasu kwamfutocin, ya dauki tsawon mako guda ne yana ta aukuwa a lokuta daban-daban.

Bayan farko-farko sun bayyana cewa ana zargin gwamnatin Koriya ta Arewa ce da kai wannan hari, ta yin amfani da ‘yan Dandatsar kasarta wajen yin hakan. Hujja ita ce ganin galibin kwamfutocin da aka darkake su a kasar Amurka da Koriya ta Kudu suke, wanda a cewar masu lura da siyasar duniya, na iya zama hujja tabbatacciya. Amma a makon da ya gabata sai ga wani kwararre kan harkar kwamfuta da kariyar bayanai dan kasar Biyetnam mai suna Mr. Nguyen, yana bayyana cewa bayanai tabbatattu sun nuna cewa asalin kwamfutar da aka yi amfani da ita wajen tursasa kwamfutocin jama’a don kai wa sauran kwamfutoci hari, wanda shine abinda wannan tsari na DDoS ya kumsa, na nuna daga kasar Burtaniya take. Yace a lokacin da wannan al’amari ke faruwa yayi sa’ar cafke adireshin kwamfutoci biyu cikin takwas da ake amfani dasu wajen aiwatar da wannan ta’addanci, inda ya samu lambar daya daga cikinsu (watau IP Address – 195.90.118.x) na sahun adireshin kwamfutocin da ke kasar Burtaniya ne. Ya kara tabbatar cewa “kai a takaice ma dai, wannan adireshi na kwamfutar kamfanin Global Digital Broadcast ne, daya cikin manyan kamfanonin da ke kasar Burtaniya. Ya zuwa lokacin hada wannan rahoto dai, wannan kamfani ko Gwamnatin Burtaniya babu wanda ya fito ya karyata ko gasgata wannan ikirari da Mr. Nguyen yayi.

Wannan sanarwa da Mr. Nguyen ya bayar cikin wannan mako ya sha bamban da wadanda kafafen watsa labarai suka bayar a baya, inda galibin masana harkar tsaron kwamfuta a Amurka da sauran kasashen Gabas suka zargi Gwamnatin Koriya ta Arewa da hannu cikin wannan aiki. Yace ya gano cewa wannan ta’addanci ya samo asali ne daga kasar Burtani ta hanyar yin nazarin jakunkunan sirrin kwamfutocin (Log Files) da aka yi amfani dasu wajen kai wannan hari. Bayanai daga wadannan jakunkuna sun nuna cewa wannan hari ya shafi kwamfutoci sama dubu dari da sittin da shida da dari tara ne da guda takwas (166,908) da ke warwatse cikin kasashe saba’in da hudu a duniya. Mr. Nguyen dai yace masu wannan aiki, ko ma wa ya sa su, sun tsara harin ne ta yadda a duk bayan mintuna uku, wadannan kwamfutoci takwas na darkake kwamfutocin jama’a ne ta amfani da wannan tsari. An sanar da cewa kasashen da suka fi samun wannan hari sun hada da kasar Koriya ta Kudu, da Amurka, da Sin, da Jafan, da Kanada, da Ostiraliya, da Filifin, da New Zealand da kuma Biyetnam. Manya cikin kwamfutocin da aka dardake tare da sumar dasu sun hada da kwamfutar da ke dauke da gidan yanar sadarwar Hukumar Sifiri ta Kasar Amurka, da na Hada-hadan kasuwanci, da wacce ke dauke da gidan yanar sadarwar Shugaban Kasar Koriya ta Kudu, da ta Majalisar Koriya ta Kudu, sai kuma wacce ke dauke da gidan yanar sadarwar Hukumar Sojin Amurka da ke kasar Koriya ta Kudu.

Shi dai tsarin Distributed Denial of Service, ko DDoS a takaice, hanya ce da ‘yan Dandatsa ke amfani da ita wajen aika sakonnin bukatar bayanai (requests) na bogi, zuwa wata kwamfuta mai dauke da gidan yanar sadarwa. Wadannan sakonnin bukatar bayanai suna zuwa ne da yawa a lokaci a guda, domin dan Dandatsan na yin hakan ne ta hanyar bai wa wasu kwamfutoci da ke wata uwa duniya umarni ta hanyar kwamfutarsa, su kuma su yi ta aikawa da sakonnin, babu kakkautawa. Da zarar sakonnin sun yi yawa ga wannan kwamfuta da ake ta todada mata, sai kawai ta fara saibi. Kafin kace kwabo ta sume. Idan haka ta kasance, babu yadda za a yi ta iya aiwatar da sadarwa tsakaninta da sauran kwamfutocin da ke giza-gizan sadarwa ta duniya. Domin komai zai tsaya ne cak! Galibin kamfanoni kan yi amfani da ‘yan dandatsa a boye, wajen darkake kwamfutocin abokan hamayyarsu a kasuwanci, ta wannan hanya ko tsari, don ya zama su kadai ake iya shiga gidan yanar sadarwarsu, su yi ta yin ciniki babu kakkautawa.

Za a Fara Karban Sakon “Text” a Matsayin Sheda a Kotunan Nijeriya

Wani sabon kuduri da aka gabatar a majalisar Dattijai na neman da a yi wa dokar Kafa Sheda a Kotu ta shekarar 1945, watau 1945 Evidence Act, gyarar fuska wajen fadada hurumin nau’ukan bayanan da alkali zai iya karba a matsayin sheda daga wajen mai kara ko wanda ake kararsa, kafin ya yanke hukunci. Wannan kudiri da ya samu bitar farko a majalisar ranar Talatar makon da ya gabata, na neman Majalisar ne ta amince da gyarar fuskar da yake neman a yi wa dokar, wacce a cewarsa ta tsufa, musamman idan aka kwatanta hurumin da ta baiwa masu kawo kara ko gabatar da shedu na bayanai (documented evidence) ga alkali a kotu, da kuma irin ci gaban da ake kan samu musamman a fannin fasahar sadarwa.

Wannan doka mai suna 1945 Evidence Act dai ta kayyade cewa alkali bazai amince da kowane irin rubutatten bayani ba sai na asali, watau Original Document, mai dauke da tambarin yatsu (thump print) ko kuma sa hannu (signature), wanda hakan ke tabbatar da ingancinsu. Idan kuwa aka dauki wannan kaidi da dokar tayi, sai a ga cewa bayanan kafa hujja da suka samo asali daga Intanet ko kwamfuta ko wayar salula ko kuma wadanda ke taskance cikin ma’adanan kwamfuta irinsu Flash Drive, da Hard Disk Drive da sauransu, duk baza a karbe su a matsayin abin kafa hujja ba a kotu.

Wanda ya dauki nauyin wannan kudiri, watau Sanata Sola Akinyele, ya bayyana muhimmancin wannan gyarar fuska cikin wasikar neman magoya baya da ya raba wa abokanan aikinsa. A ciki yace yin hakan ya zama dole, ta la’akari da irin zamanin da muke ciki, mai dauke da hanyoyin taskancewa da samar da bayanai ta fuskoki daban-daban. Ya nuna cewa lallai akwai nakasu sosai wajen nau’ukan bayanan da alkali zai iya amincewa dasu a matsayin sheda. Yin amfani da wannan doka a halin da take ciki, a kuma cikin wannan zamani da muke ciki na iya haddasa salwantar hakkoki da dama. Domin, a cewarsa, akwai bayanai masu muhimmanci da inganci da ke taruwa sanadiyyar rayuwar yau da kullum da muke yi ta hanyar kasuwanci, musamman, wadanda kuma dokar Nijeriya ta amince a yi su. Idan har bayanan da suka shafi wadannan harkoki na kasuwanci basu da amfani a wajen alkali don kawai sun sha banban da nau’ukan bayanan da ake nema, to lallai hakkoki da dama zasu salwanta.

Don kara tabbatar da dalilansa, Sanata Sola ya kawo misali mai jawo hankalil ga duk wanda ya san tsarin sadarwa musamman na zamani a yau. Yace mu kaddara Malam “A” ya aika wa Malam “B” sakon Imel kan cewa ya bashi kwangilar kashe Malam “C” a kan kudi dala dubu dari biyu da hamsin ($250,000), ya kuma sanar dashi cewa ya aika masa da wadannan kudade ta hanyar aikawa da kudi na zamani da ya shafi kayan sadarwa, watau Electronic Money Transfer, don gabatar da wannan aiki ba matsala. Ana cikin haka, sai wani masanin harkar kwamfuta ya tsinci wannan sako na Imel da Malam “A” ya aika wa Malam “B”, kuma ganin an sanya rana da lokacin da za a zo a kashe Malam “C”, kuma ya san shi, sai kawai ya sanar dashi a boye. Nan da nan, sai Malam “C” ya sanar da ‘yan Sanda halin da yake ciki. Aka yi kwanton bauna, daidai lokacin da aka ajiye za a aiwatar da wannan kisa, sai ‘yan sanda suka cafke Malam “B” a gidan Malam “C”, da wuka da kuma igiya, watau kayayyakin aikinsa na kisa kenan. A wannan hali, ko an je kotu sai dai ran Malam “C” ya baci, domin dukkan hujjojin bayanai da zai gabatar basu cikin hurumin 1945 Evidence Act.

Da farko dai sakon Imel din da Malam “A” ya aika wa Malam “B” a cikin kwamfuta take, kuma ma ko da an buga sakon (printing) a jikin takarda, babu tambari ko sanya hannun wanda ya rubuta, balle ya zama hujja ga Malam “C”. Haka bayanan da ke nuna cewa Malam “A” ya aika wa Malam “B” kudi, wadanda banki zai gabatar ko wadanda Malam “C” zai kawo daga banki, duk tsarinsu daya ne da na Imel. Da wannan, Malam “A” zai tsira, don babu tabbatacce ko “karbabben” hujja da ke nuna cewa akwai hannunsa wajen wannan ta’asa. Idan ma ya ga dama, yana iya cewa sharri aka masa, ya kuma shigar da kara kan bata suna, in yayi nasara ya kwashi kudi. Shi kuma Malam “C” bai da hujja, in ma yayi sa’a Malam “A” bai shigar da karar bata suna a kansa ba kenan. Wanda zai kwana ciki kawai shine Malam “B”, wanda yaje aiwatar da aikin. Shi ma, idan yana da baki zai iya fitar da kansa, don bai fara komai ko ba. Don haka sai dai a bar Malam “C” da fargaba. Har wa yau, da ace Malam “B” ya yi gaugawa wajen aiwatar da wannan kisa, ko an kama shi sanadiyyar hujjojin da aka samo daga wadannan hanyoyi ko kayayyakin sadarwa, ba abinda za a yi wa Malam “A”. Haka zai tafi; salin-alin. Wannan ke nuna cewa wannan doka tamu ta tsufa, kuma dole a yi mata gyarar fuska. Domin a sauran kasashe ba haka lamarin yake ba.

Shahararrun sassan da ke neman gyarar fuska a wannan doka dai sun hada da sashi na biyu (Section 2), wanda ke bayanin nau’ukan bayanan da alkali zai iya karba a matsayin bayanan kafa hujja a kotu, inda kuma wannan kuduri ke neman a sanya cewa: “su kumshi bayanan da aka samo daga kwamfuta da sauran kayayyakin sadarwa”. Sai sashe na uku (Section 3), wanda shine ya killace ko kayyade ma’anar bayanai na hujja da alkali zai iya karba daga mai kara ko wanda ake tuhuma. Dangane da wannan sashe, wannan kuduri na neman da a fadada ma’anar “bayanai na hujja” daga “rubutattun bayanai kadai”, zuwa “rubutattun bayanai da ma wadanda ke makare a cikin kayayyaki ko hanyoyin sadarwa na zamani (irinsu kwamfuta, da Intanet, da wayar salula da ma’adanan bayanai)”. Wadannan, da ma wadansu daban, sune bangarorin da wannan kuduri ke son a musu gyaran fuska muddin ya samu karbuwa a majalisar. Har yanzu dai Majalisar Dattajai bata sanya ranar sauraron wannan kuduri a kashi na biyu ko ba. Idan har aka tattauna kuma a karshe aka samu amincewar kashi biyu cikin uku na mambobin majalisar, wannan kuduri na iya zama doka.

Duk da cewa yi wa wannan doka gyarar fuska na da muhimmanci, musamman idan muka yi la’akari da yadda galibin tsarin kasuwanci da sadarwa tsakanin jama’a ke bunkasa a yau, sai dai a daya bangaren kuma dole ne gwamnati ko kuma masu gabatar da wannan kuduri su yi hattara. Idan an yi wa masu gabatar da bayanan hujja da aka samo daga kwamfuta ko wadanda aka samo daga bankuna na hujjojin aikawa da karban kudade ta hanyar sadarwar zamani gata wajen wannan gyarar fuska, a daya bangaren kuma dole ne a kayyade irin nau’in sakon Imel din da za a iya kafa hujja dashi. Domin hanyoyin kirkirar Imel na bogi da aikawa da sakonnin bogi ta hanyar amfani da manhajojin Imel na kyauta (irinsu Yahoo!, da Gmail da Hotmail) suna nan da yawa. Wannan tasa ma da dama cikin ma’aikatu ke bude wa ma’aikatansu adireshin Imel na musamman, wanda ke dauke da manhajojin kamfanin ko ma’aikatar ke amfani dasu, don aikawa da sakonni kan abinda ya shafi aiki. Da wannan, duk abinda ya faru ana iya sanin mai adireshin Imel din cikin sauki. Kai ko da tare sakon da wani ma’aikaci ya aika aka yi a hanya, akwai manhajoji da ke iya nuna cewa an samu matsala nan take. Kuma ma’aikatar na iya daukan mataki nan take, ba tare da bata lokaci ba.

Amma ta amfani da adireshin Imel na kyauta wajen kafa hujja kan wani laifi ko ikirari da wani yayi na bukatar tsananin binciken kwararru kafin tantance gaskiya ko rashin gaskiyar wanda abin ya shafa. Haka abinda ya shafi sakonnin “text”, dole a samu cikakken bayanai kan irin nau’ukan sakonnin text din da suka dace a yarda dasu a matsayin bayanan hujja a kotu. Dole ne hukuma ta shigar da irin rawar da kamfanonin sadarwar wayar salula zasu taka wajen tabbatar da gaskiyar sakonnin da ake takaddama kansu ko son gabatar da su a matsayin hujja. Wannan shine abinda ake yi a wasu kasashe don tabbatar da hakkin jama’a. Amma idan aka bar abin galala, to za a samu rudani mai yawa, inda wasu zasu yi ta gabatar da sakonnin karya, don sun san ba tuntubar kamfanin waya za a yi ba. Wannan zai dada tsawaita lokacin yanke hukunci saboda daukaka kara da wasu zasu rika yi, ta inda a karshe ma mai hakki ya rasa hakkinsa.

A karshe dai, wannan gyarar fuska zai kawo dauki ga hakkokin jama’a, musamman kan abinda ya shafi tabbatar da hakkin wani ko korewa, kamar dai yadda Sanatan ya kawo misali don tabbatarwa. A daya bangaren kuma, muddin wannan kuduri ya samu wucewa zuwa matsayin doka, to dole ne hukuma ta tabbata an kayyade nau’ukan bayanai tare da fayyace rawar da kamfanonin sadarwa zasu taka wajen tabbatar da ingancin sakonni ko bayanan da ake tutiyar sun fito ne daga kamfanoninsu.

Fasahar Ma’adanar Bayanai a Tarihin Dan Adam (1)

Zamunnan Baya

Dan Adam bai gushe ba a matsayinsa na halitta mai rai, mai kai-komo, mai irada da kuma kokarin ganin cinma manufofinsa a doron wannan kasa, wajen taskancewa ko kuma “adana” bayanan da ke kumshe da manufofinsa da ya cinma a baya, da wadanda yake kokarin ganin ya aiwatar da su, da kuma wadanda a nan gaba yake son aiwatarwa. A zamanin farko, dan Adam ya siffatu ne da dabi’ar taskance bayanai ta hanyar kwakwalwarsa kadai. Duk abinda zai iya tunawa, to shi ne bayanin da yake da iko a kansa. Wadanda ya mance su kuma, sun tafi kenan. Idan ba tuna su yayi ba sa’adda yake da bukatarsu, to sai dai wani lokaci.

Da tafiya tayi nisa, sai zamani ya sauya. Shagulgula suka dabaibaye dan Adam har ta kai ga ya fara gajiya wajen dogaro da kwakwalwarsa kadai don adanawa ko taskance bayanan da yake bukata wajen tafiyar da rayuwarsa ta yau da kullum. Wannan tasa, cikin hikimar da Allah ya bashi na tunani, ya kirkiri hanyar alamanta bayanansa kan abubuwan da ke muhallinsa. Misali, idan yana bukatar tunatar da kansa kan wani abu, sai yayi alama mai nasaba da wannan abin da yake son tunawa a jikin dutse ko tafin hannunsa ko jikinsa ko kuma fatan dabbobi da bawon itatuwan da ke gewaye dashi. Har wa yau, wadannan alamu da yake yi basu takaitu ga abubuwan da ke muhallinsa kadai ba, hatta ga jikinsa yana yi, don tunawa da dangi ko dan uwansa. Mun sha samun labarai kan abinda ya shafi asalin zane da mutane ke yi. Da dama aka ce ya samo asali ne daga alama da dangi ke yi wa ‘yan uwansu, don gane su, ko kuma wadanda fataken bayi ke yi bayin da suka saya, don hana su cakuduwa da na fatake ‘yan uwansu.

Wannan zamani shi ma bai gushe ba sai da dan Adam ya samu fikira wajen iya rubutu da kuma karanta abinda ya rubuta. Nan take sai ya sauya hanyar taskance bayanansa; daga zane ko alama da yake yi a saman karikitan da yaci karo dasu a muhallinsa ko kuma jikinsa, zuwa amfani da fasahar rubutu a kan duwatsu ko fatu ko makamantansu. Wannan tsari na rubutu da ya kirkira shi ma ya taimaka masa sosai wajen kawo masa ci gaba. Domin daga nan ne ya fara taskance fasahar yin abubuwa, da tarihi, da tsarin tafiyar da rayuwa a irin muhallin da yake, da dai sauran hanyoyin ci gaba.

Bai tabbata a kan haka ba, sai da Allah Ya sake hankaltar dashi wata hanyar daban. Hakan kuwa ya faru ne bayan wasu karnoni, sa’adda ya kirkiri fasahar rubutu da karatu a kan takarda tare da tara su waje daya a matsayin littafi, don ci gaba da tafiyar da rayuwa yadda ta kamata. Wannan tsari ya dada saukake hanyoyin da dan Adam yake bi wajen taskance ilimi da tafiyar da rayuwarsa, sama da hanyoyin baya. Domin yana cikin hanyar da tafi kowacce dadewa yana amfani da ita wajen taskance ilimi har zuwa wannan zamani da muke ciki. Domin ta hanyar littafai ne ya ci gaba da taskance ilimin kimiyya da fasaha da tarihi da hanyoyin mulki. Har wa yau bai tsaya a nan ba, a littafai ne yake taskance wakokinsa, da hotunansa, ta taswirorinsa, da duk wata alama da ke iya taimaka masa wajen tafiyar da rayuwarsa a ilmance.

Zamanin Yau

Tsakanin karni na shatakwas zuwa shatara, sai ya fara samo wasu hanyoyi da ya fara bi wajen taskance wasu nau’ukan bayanai na musamman, maimakon littafi da yake amfani da shi a baya. Misali, ya kirkiri wasu nau’ukan fasahar taskance wakoki ko sauti ko murya, ta yadda zai rika sauraronsu a duk lokacin da ya bukace su, ba sai ya rera su da kanshi ba, sabanin yadda abin yake in da a rubuce suke a littafi. Haka ya kirkiri fasahar da yake amfani da ita wajen samar da hotuna da taswira, sabanin lokutan baya da yake amfani da yatsun hannunsa wajen zana su ko yin tambarinsu a kan littafai ko shafin takarda. Sannan da tafiya tayi nisa, sai ya kirkiri fasahar taskance hotuna masu motsi, watau na bidiyo kenan, tare da hanyar yin hakan a aikace: watau fasahar aikin talabijin kenan. A yau kam, cikin taimakon Allah, dan Adam ya wayi gari da wasu fasahohi masu dimbin tasiri wajen taskance masa dukkan abinda ya kirkira na bayanai: daga rubutu, da hotuna masu motsi da daskararru, zuwa zane da taswira (maps), duk yana iya taskance su cikin ma’adana guda daya, mai daukan bayanai masu dimbin yawa, mai kuma amfani da wutar lantarki. Wannan ma’adana mai wannan tsari ita ake kira Digital Storage System.

Wadannan nau’ukan kayayyakin fasahar ma’adana da dan Adam ya kirkira dai sun hada da faya-fayan garmaho (Gramophone Records), da kaset na rediyo da bidiyo, da faya-fayan CD da na DVD, zuwa ma’adanar Floppy Disks, da Zip Disk, da Flash Drive, da Memory Card, da kuma uwa uba Hard Disk Drive, watau babbar ma’adanar kwamfuta kenan, wacce ke taskance dukkan manhajojin da ke dauke cikin kwamfuta, a kunne take ko a kashe. Wadannan hanyoyin taskance bayanai da a yau galibinsu ke kai-komo a hannayenmu, na da hannu wajen haddasa ci gaban da aka samu ta hanyar ilimi, da saukin samunsa, da haddasa kirkire-kirkiren kimiyya da fasaha da sauran nau’ukan ilimi. Kuma dukkan wannan kokari, kamar yadda zamu karanta nan gaba, dan Adam yayi su ne sanadiyyar wayewa da yake samu ta hanyar sauyin zamani, da kuma darasi da yake dauka wajen amfani da abubuwan da ya kirkira a baya: shin suna biyan bukata ko basu biya? Sannan ya sauya musu sifa ko yanayi, har aka kawo ga zamanin yau. A karshe, hakan ya dada haddasa masa ci gaba mai girma da tasiri a rayuwarsa, ta yadda ya wayi gari babu abinda ke masa hidima sai wadannan kayayyakin fasaha.

Idan mai karatu na biye damu a wannan shafi mai albarka, zai samu bayanai filla-filla kan kowanne daga cikin nau’ukan ma’adanan da sunayensu ya gabata a sama. Da wannan, zai ga irin ci gaban da aka samu, da irin yadda fasaha ke tasiri a rayuwar dan Adam wajen haddasa kikire-kirkire a fannoni da dama. Wannan har wa yau ke nuna cewa dan Adam halitta ne mai dauke da dimbin tunanin ci gaba da wayewa da kuma kirkire-kirkire. Amma kuma babu abinda ke jawo masa wadannan siffofi sai neman ilimi da kuma gwada abinda ya koya, watau aiki da ilimin kenan. Duk al’ummar da ta bi wannan hanya na daukan ilimi da kwatanta shi, za ta ci gaba. Wacce kuma ta karanta kadai bata kwatanta ba, ko kuma ta ma ki karatun gaba daya, sai dai kallo. Allah kiyashe mu! A ci gaba da kasancewa tare dace mu.

Fasahar Intanet: Daga Shekarar 1989 - 2009

Makonni biyu da suka gabata ne aka gabatar da bukuwa da tarurrukan bita da nazari da kuma tsokaci kan cikar fasahar Intanet shekaru ashirin (1989 – 2009) da bazuwa a duniya. Kamar yadda labaru suka gabata a wannan shafi kan tarurrukan da aka gabatar da tsokacin da aka yi, mu ma a namu bangaren zamu yi gajeren tsokaci kan ci gaban da wannan fasaha ta samu tsawon wannan lokaci. Dangane da ci gaba kan tsari da kimtsi da tasiri, fasahar Intanet ta wuce manyan marhaloli ne guda uku, tsawon wannan lokaci. Wadannan marhaloli na kumshe ne da irin kirkire-kirkiren da aka yi wajen habaka wannan fasaha, tare da renonta da kuma kayatar da ita don bayar da tasirin da take kan bayarwa a wannan zamani da muke ciki. Wannan tasa kusan duk cikin nau’ukan kayayyakin fasahar sadarwa, babu wanda tasirinsa ya kamo na fasahar Intanet ko kadan. A halin yanzu ga takaitacciyar tsokaci nan kan wadannan marhaloli.

Marhalar Haihuwa da Shayarwa da Yaye (1964 – 1989)

Duk da yake wasu bayanan tarihi na nuna cewa tunani kan kirkirar fasahar Intanet ya samo asali ne shekaru kusan dari da suka gabata, sai dai abinda ya fi shahara kuma yafi zama shaida shine cewa wannan fasaha ta samo asali ne cikin shekarar 1964, bayan yakin duniya na biyu, watau lokacin da Hukumar Tsaron Kasa ta Amurka ta samar da tsarin sadarwa mai suna ARPANET, don taimaka wa hukumar aikin sadarwa tsakaninta da sauran ma’aikatanta da ke sauran jihohin kasar. Zuwa shekarar 1984 aka raba wannan hukuma zuwa gida biyu, inda aka fitar da wani bangare na musamman don hukumar tsaro, wanda aka sanya wa suna MILNET. Daya bangaren kuma aka bar shi sake, malaman jami’o’i da sauran jama’an gari suka fara jona kwamfutocinsu don aikawa da kuma karban bayanai. Har zuwa shekarar 1989, babu wani tsayayyen gidan yanar sadarwa da kowa ke iya shiga daga kowace kasa a duniya. Illa dai galibin mutane suna mu’amala ne da bayanan da ke cikin kwamfutocin da ke kasashensu; ko dai a ma’aikata ko hukumar da suke aiki. Duk da yake akwai manhajojin kwamfuta (computer software) da masana kwamfuta suka ta ginawa don aiwatar da sadarwa a tsakaninsu, a kuma kasashensu, musamman masarrafar hira da kuma manhajar tattaunawa a majalisu, watau Internet Relay Chat da kuma Listserver Softwares. Da haka mutane suke aiwatar da sadarwa a tsakaninsu. Kuma galibin masu wannan ma malaman makaranta ne ko masana kan ilimin kwamfuta da fasahar bayanai da ke cibiyoyin bincike a Amurka da sauran kasashen Turai.

Duk tsawon wannan lokaci, babu shafuka masu launi, ba a iya mu’amala da sauti ko kuma hotuna masu motsi da daskararru. Abinda kawai mutane ke mu’amala da shi shine tarin bayanai tsagwaronsa, watau Plain Text. Har wa yau, babu wani tsari da ke sawwake wa mutane samun bayanai a tare wuri daya, daga wata kasa zuwa wata kasa, kai tsaye. Kowa na mu’amala ne da bayanan da ya tara a kwamfutarsa, ko na ma’aikatar da yake aiki, ko na hukumar gwamnatin kasarsa, idan a nan yake aiki. Wannan na cikin abinda ya tayar wa Farfesa Tim Berners-Lee, wani masanin kwamfuta da ke aiki a Cibiyar Binciken Nukiliyan Nahiyar Turai (watau CERN) da ke kasar Suwizaland hankali. Yai ta tunanin yadda za a samu wata hanya da za ta sawwake hanyoyin neman bayanai daga wani shafin zuwa wani; a ko ina ne kuwa. A matsayinsa na kwararre kan harkar kwamfuta, bai tsaya bata lokaci wajen tunani ba kadai, sai ya tsara kasida mai dauke da hanyoyin da za a bi wajen kirkirar masarrafar da zata sawwake wannan aiki, nan take. Ya sanya wa kasidar take: Information Management: A Proposal (Shawarwari kan yadda za a magance matsalalin ta’ammali da bayanai). Da ya gama sai ya mika wa maigidansa don yayi nazari. Bayan ya duba, sai ya umarce shi da ya tsara manhajar da yayi hasashen zata iya kawo sauki wajen wannan aiki. Nan take sai Farfesa Tim ya samu abokanan aikinsa: Vinton Cerf, da kuma Robert Cailliau, wanda su ma masana ne, kwararru wajen harkar, don su taimaka masa.

Marhalar Balaga da Kuruciya (1989 – 1999)

Bayan shekaru biyu da fara aiki, sai wannan gungu na masana (watau Farfesa Tim da abokanan aikinsa) suka kirkiro wasu ka’idojin fasahar nemo bayanai da kuma fasahar inganta shafukan yanar sadarwa. Wannan fasaha ta neman bayanai da kuma samunsu cikin sauki ta hanyar shiga wani shafin daga wani shafin, ita ake kira Hypertext Transfer Protocol, watau HTTP kenan, wacce ke damfare da fasahar hada alaka tsakanin bayanan da ke wannan shafi na Intanet zuwa wani shafin dabam, watau Hypertext Markup Language, ko HTML a dunkule. Robert Cailliau ne ya jibinci hada kwamfuta ta farko da aka fara sanya mata shafukan yanar sadarwa ta Intanet (tare da sauran kwamfutocin da wannan Cibiyan Bincike), wacce kwamfutar Farfesa Tim ce, kuma a halin yanzu an ajiye ta ne a wani dakin tarihi dake kasar Ingila. A ciki aka yi gwajin wadannan manhajoji da ka’idar fasaha da suka kirkira, don tabbatar da cewa lallai komai yayi.

Samuwar wadannan fasaha ya haddasa bunkasar fasahar Intanet daga shekarar 1991 zuwa shekarar 1999. Daga lokacin aka fara gina gidajen yanar sadarwa kamar yadda muke dasu a yanzu. Dabarun gina shafukan yana mai suna HTML da su Farfesa Tim suka kirkira ne aka ta amfani dasu wajen wannan aiki. Wannan ya bayar da damar mu’amala da shafuka masu launi, da hotuna masu launi da taswirori da bidiyo da sauran kyale-kyalen da muke gani a yau a shafukan yanar sadarwa. Fasahar HTTP kuma ta sawwake nemo shafukan yanar sadarwa a duk inda suke a duniya, sabanin yadda tsarin yake a baya. An kuma samu yaduwar manhajoji masu amfani da wannan ka’ida ta nemo bayanai a gidajen yanar sadarwa, irinsu Manhajar lilo da tsallake-tsallake, watau Web browser, irinsu Internet Explorer, Nescape Navigator, Mozilla, da dai sauransu. Har wa yau, harkokin kasuwanci sun yadu fiye da yadda ake tunani, har ta kai galibin kamfanoni a kasashen yamma sun koma kasuwanci ta hanyar Intanet, saboda tasirin da ke tattare da wannan sabuwar fasaha.

A wannan marhala ko zamani ne aka samu shahararrun gidajen yanar sadarwa na Matambayi Ba Ya Bata, watau Search Engine Sites, irinsu Yahoo!, da Google, da kuma MSN a misali. Hakan ya dada samar da hanyoyin taskancewa da koyon ilimi sosai. A takaice dai masana tarihin Intanet sun sanya wa wannan marhala suna The Internet Boom Period, ma’ana marhalar bunkasa da kuma ci gaban fasahar Intanet. Saboda inganci da kuma habaka tsarin gina gidan yanar sadarwa da aka ci gaba da samu a wannan marhala, an wayi gari gidajen yanar sadarwa na wakiltar mai gidan yanar wajen karba da kuma amsa tambayoyi ko neman karin bayani da masu ziyara ke aikowa a kowane lokaci ne. Nau’ukan gidajen yanar sadarwar da aka yi ta amfani da su a wannan marhala su ake kira Dynamic Web, saboda tasirinsu wajen yin mu’amala da mai ziyara ba tare da uban gidan ya sa baki ba. Nau’in fasahar Intanet din wannan marhala kuma aka rika yi mata lakabi da Web 2.0. Wannan tasiri da fasahar Intanet tayi a wannan zamani ya jawo hankulan gwamnatocin kasashen duniya musamman a turai da gabas ta tsakiya, wajen lekawa da kuma lura da abinda mutane ke yi. Wannan, a cewar Farfesa Tim Berners-Lee, wuce gona da iri ne.

Marhalar Girma da Kasaita (2000 – 2009)

Wannan marhala shine zamani ko lokacin da muke ciki a yau, kuma banbancinsa ya wanda ya gabace shi shine, a yanzu ana kara inganta hanyoyin sadarwa ne, da kayatar da gidajen yanar sadarwa, da kuma dada jawo hankulan gwamnatoci wajen tare jama’a ko kuma sanya musu takunkumi wajen abinda suke fada ko mu’amala da su a wannan sabuwar duniya. Sannan tsarin gina gidajen sadarwa ya tashi daga yin amfani da dabarun HTML tsuransa, zuwa amfani da dabarun gina manhajar kwamfuta, watau Programming Languages, irinsu C, da C++, da JavaScript, Java Applets da ASP.Net, da Python da dai sauransu. Wannan tasa aka dada samun hanyoyin mu’amala da juna, da hanyoyin neman bayanai da kuma tsarin tafiyar da kasuwa masu kayatarwa. Misali, a shekarun baya, galibin mutane suna haduwa da juna ne ta hanyar manhajar hira, watau Instant Chat Machine, irinsu Yahoo Messenger da sauransu, sannan suna yawan mu’amala ta hanyar Majalisun Tattaunawa, watau Mailing Lists. Amma yanzu galibin hanyoyin shakatawa da yin abota masu bayar da damar zuba bayanai da hotuna, sun yawaita, kuma galibin mutane sun fi amfani dasu a yanzu. Misali, a yanzu mutane sun fi amfani da shafukan Facebook (www.facebook.com) ko MySpace (www.myspace.com), fiye da manhajojin Yahoo Messenger, sabanin yadda abin yake a baya.

Wani ci gaba da fasahar Intanet ta kara samarwa ko sawwakewa a wannan marhala shine tsarin mu’amala da fasahar ta hanyar sauran kayayyakin fasahar sadarwa irinsu wayar salula da sauran danginsu. Wannan shi ake kira Network Convergence a Turancin Kimiyya da Fasahar Sadarwa ta Zamani. Hakan kuma ya dada samar damar mu’amala da fasahar Intanet a karon farko ga miliyoyin mutanen da ke kasashe masu tasowa. Har wa yau, a daidai wannan marhala ne aka ci gaba da samun yaduwar gidajen talabijin da na rediyo, masu watsa labarai kai tsaye ko kuma taskantattu a gidajen yanarsu. Abu na karshe da ya dada bunkasa wannan zamani shine yadda masu mu’amala da wannan fasaha ta Intanet a matsayinsu na masu ziyara, suka wayi gari sune masu samar da bayanai, maimakon zamanin baya da ake zuba bayanai don masu ziyara. A halin yanzu akwai gidajen yanar sadarwa da dama masu amfani da bayanan da masu ziyara ne ke samar dasu kai tsaye. Wannan tsari shi ake kira User Content Generation. Kafin mu karkare, zai dace mai karatu ya san cewa, daga marhalar da ta gabata zuwa yau, daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da wannan bunkasa ta Intanet ya haifar, shine yawan sace-sace da kuma zamba cikin amince da ake yi a kasashen da musamman fasahar tafi yin tasiri a rayuwar al’umma. An samu yaduwar aikin dandatsa, watau Hacking ko Cracking, wanda ya samu shahara sosai, kamar dai yadda muka kawo kasidu kansa a baya.

Daga Nan Sai Ina?

Wannan ita ce tambayar da wasu suke yi kan wannan ci gaba da fasahar Intanet ke yi. Da dama cikin masana na shakkan yin hasashe kan makomar wannan fasaha. Ba don komai ba sai don ganin cewa zai yi wahala hasashenka yayi daidai a karshen al’amari, kamar yadda Bill Gates ya fada cikin littafinsa. Amma ga dukkan alamu, wannan fasaha za ta ci gaba ne da yaduwa, da kuma dada samar da sabbin hanyoyin yin abubuwa, wadanda ake zato da ma wadanda ba a taba tunaninsu ba. Wannan sai dai mu bar wa Allah masanin gaibu. A karshe, kafin a tashi taron murnar cikan Intanet shekara ashirin da aka yi a birnin Madrid, iyayen wannan fasaha sun nuna cewa muddin ana son masu mu’amala da wannan fasaha su samu cikakken ‘yanci, to sai hukumomin kasashe sun daina yin katsalandan wajen hana fadin albarkacin baki da wasu ke yi a Intanet, tare da shawo kan matsalar sace-sace da kuma cewa lallai ne masu gina gidajen yanar sadarwa ko masu sa a gina musu, su lura da cewa abu mafi muhimmanci da wannan fasaha yazo don samar dashi shine bayanai, kuma cikin sauki. Don haka su daina cika gidajen yanar sadarwarsu da kyale-kyale mai kawo cikas wajen isa ga bayanai da aka tanada a ciki.

Fasahar Intanet ta Cika Shekaru 20

A cikin makon da ya gabata ne aka gabatar da bukukuwa tare da tarurrukan bita da nazarin ci gaban da fasahar Intanet ta yi cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata; watau daga shekarar 1989 zuwa 2009. Wadannan tarurruka sun samu halartar masu fada-a-ji a fannin fasahar Intanet tun daga jarinta zuwa wannan halin da take ciki. Shaharru cikin su sun hada da Farfesa Tim Berbers-Lee, wanda ake wa lakabi da “Baban Intanet” ko “Father of the Internet” a harshen Turanci, tare da abokan bincikensa, irin su Vinton Cerf., tsohon shugaban Hukumar da ke yin rajistar dukkan adireshin gidajen yanar sadarwa a duniya, watau “Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers”, ko “ICAAN” a dunkule. Wannan mako mun yi wa masu karatu guzurin muhimman ababen da aka tattauna ne, tare da tsokaci na musamman kan rayuwar fasahar Intanet daga shekarar 1989 zuwa wannan lokaci da muke ciki. Muna kuma taya masu karatu murnar cikar fasahar Intanet shekara ashirin da kafuwa. A sha karatu lafiya.

An Kaddamar da Tarurruka

Daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da aka gudanar wajen wannan biki na farin cikin cikan fasahar Intanet shekaru ashirin, akwai tarurruka da aka gudanar na tsawon kwanaki biyar (daga Litinin, 20 zuwa Jumu’a, 24 ga watan Afrailu). Wadannan tarurruka an kaddamar da su ne a birnin Madrid da ke kasar Andalus (Spain), inda Yariman birnin Austirias, shugaban Jami’ar Universidad Politécnica de Madrid da ke Madrid, kuma Sakataren Hukumar Yada Labarai na kasar ya halarta, tare da gabatar da jawabin bude taro. Manyan baki wajen wannan biki sune iyayen wannan fasaha ta Intanet, wadanda suka kirkira, tare da haddasa dalilan da suka kawo shaharar wannan fasaha a wannan zamani. Na farko shine Farfesa Tim Berners-Lee, wanda dan kasar Ingila ne, masani kuma dan baiwa kan ilimin fasahar sadarwa da kwamfuta. Shi ne ya kirkiri fasahar “World Wide Web” – ko “www” – tare da fasahar da ta sawwake shiga wani shafin yanar daga wani shafin, wacce ake kira Hypertext Markup Language (ko HTML a dunkule), aikin da ya fara tun shekarar 1989 zuwa 1991. Bayan haka, akwai Mr. Vinton Cerf, abokin aikin Farfesa Tim, tare da Injiniya Cailliau, wadanda da taimakon su ne aka samu kirkirar wadannan fasaha na World Wide Web da kuma Hypertext Markup Language, wacce ke dauke da ka’idar Hypertext Transfer Protocol, ko HTTP, a dunkule. Tare da su kuma akwai shugabannin manyan kamfanonin fasahar sadarwa da ta kwamfuta da Intanet, irinsu Microsoft da Google, da Yahoo!, da dai sauransu.

Bayan kwashe kwanaki biyar ana tattaunawa, taron ya yi tsokaci kan irin ci gaban da wannan fasaha ta samu tsawon wannan lokaci. Musamman kan abinda ya shafi tsarin ginin shafukan yanar gizo, da ci gaba wajen tsara tushen adireshin gidajen yanar sadarwa, watau Top Level Domains (TLDs), da kuma ci gaba wajen yaduwar harkar kasuwanci da siyasa da ilimi da sauransu. Taron ya kuma nuna rashin jin dadinsa wajen yadda masu amfani da fasahar Intanet a halin yanzu ke rasa sirrinsu, musamman kan abinda ya shafi leken asiri kan bayanan mutane da wasu hukumomi suke yi a duniya da sunan dokar kasa ko yaki da masu miyagun akidu. Ya kuma nuna cewa babbar kalubalen da ke fuskantar masu hakkin habaka wannan fasaha a yanzu ita ce yadda mutane zasu rika samun “ingantattun bayanai” da suke bukata. A karshe dai mahalarta taron sun lura da cewa, sabanin lokutan baya, a halin yanzu a bayyane yake cewa fasahar Intanet ta zama wani bangare na rayuwar kashi ashirin cikin dari na mutanen da ke rayuwa a wannan duniya tamu.

“Yanzu Fasahar Intanet ta Fara Bunkasa” – A Cewar “Baban Intanet”

Farfesa Tim Berners-Lee, wanda ake wa lakabi da “Baban Intanet” yace a yanzu ne wannan fasaha ta Intanet ta fara bunkasa a duniya. Ya gabatar da wannan furuci ne a lokacin taron murnar cika shekara ashirin da kirkirar sabuwar fasahar Intanet da ake amfani da ita yanzu, wanda aka yi a makon da ya gabata a birnin Madrid na kasar Andalus. Wannan bayani yazo ne a daidai lokacin da ake ta murnar bunkasar mamaki da wannan fasaha ke kan yi a duniyar yau, da kuma cewa, shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, kwamfutocin da ke dauke da shafukan Intanet a duniya basu wuce talatin ba, amma a yanzu ana da kwamfutoci masu dauke da gidanjen yanar sadarwa (websites) sama da miliyan dari takwas, a cewar Hukumar Lura da Bunkasa tsarin Sadarwa ta Duniya, watau International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Bayan haka, ga shi yanzu kusan galibin mutane a kasashen yamma rayuwarsu ta ta’allaka ne da wannan fasaha, wajen saye da sayarwa ko wajen taskancewa da amfana ko kuma yada bayanai. Baban Intanet yace duk da wannan yawa na masu amfani da wannan fasaha, kimarsu bata wuce kashi ashirin cikin dari ba (20%) na masu amfani da fasahar a duniya. In kuwa haka ne, inji Farfesa Tim, wannan ke nuna cewa da sauran rina a kaba kenan.

Farfesa Tim yace yanzu ne fasahar za ta fara bunkasa, sanadiyyar samuwar wayoyin salula masu dauke da ka’idar mu’amala da Intanet da ake kerawa a yanzu. Ya nuna cewa galibin mutane da ke rayuwa a kasashe masu tasowa basu fara amfani da wannan fasaha ko ba. Domin a kididdigar da Hukumar Lura da Bunkasa tsarin Sadarwa ta bayar, kashi biyar cikin dari (5%) ne kadai ke mu’amala da wannan fasaha a nahiyar Afirka. Yace nan gaba galibin mutane zasu rika fara mu’amala da fasahar Intanet ne ta hanyar wayar salula, maimakon hanyar kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, watau Laptop. Hakan kuwa zai samu ne sanadiyyar saukin farashi da kuma saukin mu’amala da wayoyin salula ke dashi kan kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka.

Daga cikin ci gaban da Farfesa Tim Berners-Lee yayi maraba dasu akwai yaduwar gidajen yanar sadarwa masu sawwake hanyoyin neman bayanai, watau gidajen yanar sadarwan Matambayi-ba-ya bata kenan, ko Search Engine Sites, irinsu Google, da Yahoo!, da kuma MSN. Yace babban abinda zai kara bunkasa wannan fasaha bayan samuwar hanyoyin mu’amala da ita, shine samuwar ingantattun bayanai cikin sauki, a gidajen yanar sadarwa masu saukin mu’amala. Ya kuma nuna rashin jin dadinsa da yadda galibin masu amfani da fasahar Intanet ke rasa sirrinsu, wanda hakkinsu ne a yayin da suke mu’amala da wannan fasaha, sanadiyyar dokokin wasu gwamnatoci da ke aikin leken asiri ko tattara bayanan masu mu’amala a Intanet ba tare da saninsu ba, duk da sunan kare lafiyar al’umma ko kuma nemo hanyar magance wasu masu miyagun akidu. Duk wannan, a cewar Farfesa Tim, na cikin matsalolin da ke kalubalantar ci gaban wannan fasaha idan ba a yi hattara ba.

“Bunkasar Wayar Salula Zai Sawwake Samuwar Fasahar Intanet” - Inji Injiniya Vinton Cerf

Daya daga cikin kwararrun da suka kirkiri sabuwar fasahar Intanet da ake amfani da ita a yanzu, watau Injiniya Vinton Cerf., ya tabbatar da cewa samuwa tare da yaduwar wayoyin salula masu inganci shi zai kara sawwake tsarin mu’amala da fasahar Intanet, musamman a kasashen Afirka. Injiniya Vinton ya bayar da wannan tabbaci ne a taron kwanaki biyar da aka gudanar don murna da kuma nazarin bunkasar sabuwar fasahar Intanet da suka kirkira tare da abokansa, shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, wanda aka yi a birnin Madrid na kasar Andalus. Injiniya Vinton Cerf dai shine tsohon shugaban hukumar da ke lura da yin rajistan tushen adireshin yanar gizo, watau Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICAAN), a yanzu yana aiki ne da kamfanin Google Inc. (www.google.com), inda yake shugabantar sabuwar shirin kamfanin na bunkasa babbar manhajar wayar salula ta Android da suka gina shekarar da ta gabata.

Hankulan masana harkar fasahar sadarwa ta zamani dai yanzu ya koma ne kan wayoyin salula da tasirin yaduwarsu wajen samar da damar shiga da kuma mu’amala da fasahar Intanet. A nasa bangaren, Injiniya Robert Cailliau, daya cikin masanan da suka kirkiri wannan fasaha ta Intanet, yace: “daya daga cikin manyan abin farin cikin da ya samu cikin wannan zamani shine samuwar fasahar Intanet cikin manhajojin wayoyin salula irin na zamani. A yanzu kam, muna iya mu’amala da bayananmu ta hanyar wayoyin salula, duk sadda muke bukata, kuma a ko ina ne.” Bayanai dai na nuna cewa akwai a kalla wayoyin salula sama da biliyan uku a duniya a yanzu, kuma galibinsu duk suna dauke ne da tsarin sadarwa ta Intanet. Wannan shi zai kara wa fasahar Intanet bunkasa da tagomashi, domin saurin yaduwar wayoyin salula da saukin mu’amalarsu sun zarce na tasirin kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka. A halin yanzu, bayan wayoyin salula da ke bayar da wannan dama, akwai wasu kayayyakin fasaha da ake iya sarrafa su ta hanyar fasahar Intanet, irinsu na’urar Firji, da na’urar dumama abinci (microwave). Duk ana iya mu’amala da su tare da sarrafa su ta hanyar fasahar Intanet.

A karshe dai Injiniya Vinton Cerf yace nan gaba za a ci gaba da samun kayayyakin fasaha da ake amfani dasu a cikin gida masu kuma taimaka wa mutane amfani da fasahar Intanet. Wannan, a cewar masana, na cikin dalilan da zasu kalubalanci tasirin kwamfutar kan tebur da ta tafi-da-gidanka, wajen bunkasar Intanet a duniya. “Zamu ci gaba da samun hanyoyin mu’amala da Intanet, tare da yawan masu amfani da fasahar, da yawaitan masu mu’amala da fasahar ta hanyar wayoyin salula, da yawan hajojin saye da sayarwa a Intanet, tare da kayayyakin da zamu iya sarrafa su ta hanyar Intanet”, in ji Injiniya Vinton Cerf.

Muhimman Labaru Daga Kamfanin “Microsoft”

A yau kuma ga mu dauke muku da muhimman labaru kan wasu ci gaba da aka samu dangane da hajojin fasahar sadarwa a kamfanin Microsoft Inc. Muna mika godiyarmu ga masu bugo waya ko aiko sakonnin texts. Allah kara zumunci, amin. A ci gaba da kasancewa tare da mu.

Sabuwar Manhajar “Windows 7” ta Shiga “Marhalar Gwaji”!

Kamar yadda galibin masu karatu suka sani ne, babbar manhajar kwamfuta mai suna Windows Vista da kamfanin Microsoft Inc ya fitar shekaru biyu da wasu watanni da suka gabata bata samu karbuwa sosai ba, musamman idan aka kwatanta karbuwar da sauran ‘yan uwanta suka samu a baya. Dalilan da suka haddasa hakan kuwa ba wasu boyayyu bane: akwai matsalar rashin inganci da tabbas yayin da kake aiki a kanta, da matsalar cin makamashin kwamfuta, watau System Resources, da kuma matsalar saibi ko nawa, wanda shine ma abinda yafi bata wa masu amfani da manhajar rai fiye da komai. Wannan tasa kamfanin, duk da dimbin kudaden da ya kashe wajen tallace-tallace da soyar wa masu amfani da kwamfuta wannan manhaja, ya ga ba abinda ya dace illa ya fitar da wata sabuwar manhajar dabam, don dawo da karbuwar da yake da ita a idon masu amfani da manhajojinsa a duniya. Wannan shine babban dalilin da ya sa kamfanin ya fitar da sabuwar manhajar Windows 7, cikin watan Maris na wannan shekara, ga dimbin kwararru don su yi gwaji da aiko masa bayanai kan yadda manhajar take da wuraren da suka kamaci a yi gyara ko cire.

Da farko an kayyade yawan masu gwajin ne, kamar yadda kamfanin ya saba a baya. Daga baya kuma aka bar abin a bude “ga duk mai so”. Kana iya zuwa shafin kamfanin, ka sauko da manhajar kyauta, tare da alkaluman sirrin da za ka shigar don sanyawa a kwamfutar ka. Galibin masu yin wannan gwaji dai masana ilimin kwamfuta ne (Computer Programmers ko Developers) masu zaman kansu da wadanda ke aiki da wasu kamfanonin kwamfuta. A yayin da suke amfani da manhajar a kwamfutarsu, suna nazarin yanayin da manhajar ke aiki ne, da yadda take karbar umarni daga mai amfani da ita, da kuma juriyar da kananan manhajojin da ke tare da ita ke dasu wajen yin aikinsu. Duk sa’adda wata matsala ta auku a yayin wannan gwaji, kwamfutar kan aika wa kamfanin Microsoft muhimman bayanan da suka haddasa wannan matsala, don su gyara. Bayan haka, su kansu masu amfani da manhajar, a matsayinsu na kwararru, sukan gaya wa kamfanin inda suka ci karo da wasu matsaloli ko illolin da ke tattare da wasu manhajojin da suka gina cikin babbar manhajar. Wannan ta sa kamfanin ya tsawaita lokacin gwajin zuwa watan Yuli, sannan ya sake bayar da sanarwa cewa da zarar an shiga watan Yuni, duk kwamfutar da ke dauke da wannan babbar manhaja ta Windows 7 za ta rika kashe kanta duk awanni biyu. Don haka kada hankalin masu amfani da manhajar ya tashi, zuwa watan Yuli, zai fitar da wasu tsare-tsaren da zasu kara mata tagomashi har ta daina wannan dabi’a. Wadannan kare-kare su ne zasu taimaka wa manhajar har zuwa ashirin da biyu ga watan Oktoba na wannan shekara, lokacin da kamfanin zai fitar da manhajar zuwa shagunan sayar da kayayyakin kwamfuta ga masu bukata.

Ita dai wannan babbar manhaja ta Windows 7 ta zo ne don maye gurbin da manhajar Windows Vista ta kasa cikewa shekaru uku da suka gabata. A tabbace yake cewa kamfanin Microsoft ya lura da rashin karbuwar da wannan manhaja ta Vista ta ci karo dashi, shi yasa ya gaggauta fitar da wannan sabuwar Windows 7, don tserar da mutumcinsa a kasuwa. Babu bambanci a tsakanin manhajojin guda biyu ta fuskar asali. Alamar da ke nuna hakan kuwa ita ce: babu bambancin mizanin da ake bukata wajen sanya manhajar Windows Vista da na Windows 7. Duk kwamfutar da za a iya sanya mata manhajar Windows Vista, to haka ma za a iya sanya mata wannan sabuwar manhaja. Sai dai kuma, dangane da kananan manhajojin da ke kumshe cikinsu, akwai rata, nesa ba kusa ba. Misali, kamfanin Microsoft yayi aiki sosai wajen ganin ya kawar da galibin manhajojin da ke haddasa nawa da saibi ga manhajar. Ya cire manhajoji irinsu InkBall, da Windows Photo Gallery, da Windows Movie Maker, da Calendar, da Windows Mail, da kuma Windows Ultimate Extrars. Dukkan wadannan manhajoji an fitar dasu daga wannan sabuwar manhaja ta Windows 7, duk da cewa an kara wasu. Har wa yau, kamfanin ya kara wa manhajar tagomashi, inda ya tabbatar da cewa manhajar Windows 7 za ta fi Windows Vista sauri da dadin aiki. A karshe dai, kamar yadda ya sanar cikin makon da ya gabata, manhajar Windows 7 za ta yadu ga masu sha’awan saye ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba, in Allah Ya yarda.

An Fitar da Zubin Windows Vista Kashi Na 2

A daya bangaren kuma, kamfanin Microsoft ya fitar da zubin manhajar Windows Vista kashi na biyu, watau Windows Vista Service Pack 2 a Turance. Wannan zubi ya zo ne don kara wa manhajar tagomashi da sauri da kuma dadin aiki. Ire-iren nau’ukan kare-karen da ke ciki sun hada da hanyoyin bayar da kariya ga kwamfuta, da hanyoyin rage saibi da dadin aiki, da kuma hanyoyin kare mutumcin bayanai da lafiyarsu. Kamfanin yace akwai a kalla tsare-tsare sama da dari bakwai da ya tanada ya kuma dunkule waje guda, don kara wa masu amfani da manhajar kwarin gwiwa kan amfani da Windows Vista. Masu amfani da wannan manhaja na iya samun wadannan kare-kare ta hanyar Windows Update da ke tare da kwamfutocinsu, ko kuma su sauko da jakar da ke dauke dasu kai tsaye, daga gidan yanar sadarwar kamfanin, wanda ke http://www.microsoft.com.

Wannan kare-kare dai yazo ne shekara guda bayan fitar da zubin farko da kamfanin yayi, don kara tausasa masu amfani da manhajar sanadiyyar koke-koke da ake ta yi, wasu ma na ta hakilon juyawa zuwa tsohuwar manhajar da suke amfani da ita a baya, watau Windows XP. A rayuwar kamfanin Microsoft dai, manhajar Windows Vista ce ke da mafi karancin zango a kasuwa, watau shekaru uku rak, kafin kamfanin ya fitar da wata sabuwar manhaja. Wannan ya saba wa ka’idarsa a baya, inda manhajar Windows XP ta share a kalla shekaru shida kafin zuwan Vista. Har yanzu dai da dama cikin masu amfani da manhajar Windows basu bar amfani da nau’in Windows XP ba, saboda inganci, da sauri da kuma biyan bukata nan take. Wasu ma sun sayi kwamfutoci masu dauke da Vista, amma da gangar suka goge, don sanya manhajar Windows XP. “Biyan bukata”, a cewarsu, “ya fi dogon buri”!

Ya Kirkiri Sabuwar Manhajar “Matambayi Ba Ya Bata”

Ranar daya ga watan Yuni ne kamfanin ya kaddamar da gidan yanar sadarwa ta musamman mai dauke da manhajar “Matambayi Ba Ya Bata” – ko Search Engine Site a Turance – mai suna Bing (www.bing.com). Wannan sabuwar manhaja, wacce kamfanin ya kashe a kalla dalar Amurka biliyan daya wajen shiryawa da tsarawa, masarrafa ce mai dauke da hanyoyi masu sauki wajen neman bayanai – daga kasidu da hotuna, zuwa jakunkunan bayanai masu dauke da bidiyo. Wannan, a cewar kwararru kan harkar neman bayanai a Intanet, wata kalu-bale ce ga shahararriyar kamfanin neman bayanai a Intanet, watau Google.

Wannan gidan yanar “Matambayi Ba Ya Bata” na Bing, na cikin dimbin gidajen yanar sadarwa masu dauke da fasaha nau’uka dabam-daban da kamfanin Microsoft ya tanada don tallata hajojinsa. Masu lura da harkokin da ke kai-komo a Intanet suka ce wannan wani gwajin-dafi ne kamfanin ke yi, don dawo da martabarsa ta fannin hanyoyin neman bayanai a Intanet, abinda tuni kamfanoni irinsu Google da Yahoo! Suka yi fice a kai. A halin yanzu kamfanin Google ne ke dauke da kashi sittin cikin dari (60%) na yawan shafukan yanar da ake budowa ta hanyar manhajarta da ke www.google.com, a yayin da kamfanin Yahoo! Ke rike da kashi ashirin da biyu cikin dari (22%). A nasa bangaren kuma, kamfanin Microsoft na rike ne da ragowar kashi takwas din, cikin dari. Wannan tasa yake ta neman hanyoyin da zai samu karbuwa a idon masu neman bayanai musamman a duniyar Intanet.

A halin yanzu dai kamfanin Microsoft ya mallaki a kalla gidajen yanar sadarwar Matambayi Ba Ya Bata wajen guda hudu kenan dabam-daban, idan aka hada da Bing. Akwai MSN Search, da Live Search, da Windows Live Search, sai kuma Bing. Shafin Kimiyya da Fasaha ya ziyarci wannan sabon gidan yanar sadarwa da kamfanin ya kaddamar, inda yayi nazari kan nau’ukan fasahar da ke dauke cikinsa. Akwai dai matata, watau rariyar da mai ziyara zai iya amfani da ita don tace ire-iren amsoshin da yake so. Idan daga labarai kadai kake son amsarka, akwai inda za ka zaba. Haka idan hotuna kake so, ko bidiyo, duk kana iya zaba. Bayan nan kuma, akwai inda za ka tsara yanayin shafukan da baka son a maido maka idan kayi tambaya, duk kana iya tsara su a shafin Preferences, wanda ke can kuryar dama daga saman shafin. Kari a kan wadannan, babu tallace-tallace a shafin gidan yanar, irin wadanda mai neman bayanai ke cin karo dasu a gidan yanar sadarwa ta Google. Wannan na cikin ababen da zasu kara wa wannan sabuwar manhaja kwarjini a idon masu neman bayanai ingantattu, muddin kamfanin yayi nasara wajen kara inganta wadannan fasaha da ke dauke cikin wannan manhaja. Idan sauran masu hamayya dashi suka yi wasa kuma, sai ya sake hayewa kansu.

Sabuwar Manhajar Share Kwayoyin Cutar Kwamfuta

Kamfanin Microsoft ya sanar da cewa nan ba da dadewa ba zai fitar da wata sabuwar manhajar magance kwayar cutar kwamfuta (watau Anti-Virus Software) da masu amfani da manhajar Windows zasu rika amfani da ita. Wannan manhaja, wacce kamfani ya sanya wa suna Morro, za a bayar da ita ne kyauta, kuma tare da manhajar Windows za ta rika zuwa, a gine a ciki. Masu lura da ci gaban harkar sadarwar kwamfuta suka ce ana sa ran manhajar ta zo ne tare da sabuwar babbar manhajar Windows 7 da ke tafe cikin watan Oktoba mai zuwa.

Kamfanin yace wannan sabuwar manhaja zata rika aiki ne tare da sauran ginannun masarrafar Windows da ke boye, watau Windows Services, kuma kai tsaye za ta rika yin aikinta, a yayin da mai amfani da kwamfuta ke shawagi a giza-gizan sadarwa ta duniya. Da zarar ya doso shafin da ke dauke da kwayar cutar kwamfuta, a cewar kamfanin, wannan masarrafa za ta yi maza ne ta cafke, tare da nuna wa uwar-garken kamfanin Microsoft, don hana mai amfani da kwamfutar shiga hadari.

Sai dai kuma a nasu bangaren, kwararru kan harkar kwamfuta suka ce kamfanin bai bayyana nau’ukan masarrafar Windows din da zasu iya amfani da wannan masarrafa ba. Bayan haka, suka ce dole ne kuma ya sanar wa masu amfani da masarrafar ko zasu iya amfani da ita idan babu fasahar Intanet a like da kwamfutarsu. Domin idan ya zama sai da Intanet za a iya amfani, to kenan akwai matsala. A karshe suka ce har yanzu babu tabbas ko kamfanin zai iya jure lura da wannan masarrafa, tare da hakkokin jama’a da ke damfare da masarrafar da zai fitar. Domin kuwa kamfanin na daya cikin masu sakaci kan hakkokin masu amfani da fasaharsa.