Monday, September 7, 2009

Fasahar Intanet ta Cika Shekaru 20

A cikin makon da ya gabata ne aka gabatar da bukukuwa tare da tarurrukan bita da nazarin ci gaban da fasahar Intanet ta yi cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata; watau daga shekarar 1989 zuwa 2009. Wadannan tarurruka sun samu halartar masu fada-a-ji a fannin fasahar Intanet tun daga jarinta zuwa wannan halin da take ciki. Shaharru cikin su sun hada da Farfesa Tim Berbers-Lee, wanda ake wa lakabi da “Baban Intanet” ko “Father of the Internet” a harshen Turanci, tare da abokan bincikensa, irin su Vinton Cerf., tsohon shugaban Hukumar da ke yin rajistar dukkan adireshin gidajen yanar sadarwa a duniya, watau “Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers”, ko “ICAAN” a dunkule. Wannan mako mun yi wa masu karatu guzurin muhimman ababen da aka tattauna ne, tare da tsokaci na musamman kan rayuwar fasahar Intanet daga shekarar 1989 zuwa wannan lokaci da muke ciki. Muna kuma taya masu karatu murnar cikar fasahar Intanet shekara ashirin da kafuwa. A sha karatu lafiya.

An Kaddamar da Tarurruka

Daga cikin muhclip_image002imman abubuwan da aka gudanar wajen wannan biki na farin cikin cikan fasahar Intanet shekaru ashirin, akwai tarurruka da aka gudanar na tsawon kwanaki biyar (daga Litinin, 20 zuwa Jumu’a, 24 ga watan Afrailu). Wadannan tarurruka an kaddamar da su ne a birnin Madrid da ke kasar Andalus (Spain), inda Yariman birnin Austirias, shugaban Jami’ar Universidad Politécnica de Madrid da ke Madrid, kuma Sakataren Hukumar Yada Labarai na kasar ya halarta, tare da gabatar da jawabin bude taro. Manyan baki wajen wannan biki sune iyayen wannan fasaha ta Intanet, wadanda suka kirkira, tare da haddasa dalilan da suka kawo shaharar wannan fasaha a wannan zamani. Na farko shine Farfesa Tim Berners-Lee, wanda dan kasar Ingila ne, masani kuma dan baiwa kan ilimin fasahar sadarwa da kwamfuta. Shi ne ya kirkiri fasahar “World Wide Web” – ko “www” – tare da fasahar da ta sawwake shiga wani shafin yanar daga wani shafin, wacce ake kira Hypertext Markup Language (ko HTML a dunkule), aikin da ya fara tun shekarar 1989 zuwa 1991. Bayan haka, akwai Mr. Vinton Cerf, abokin aikin Farfesa Tim, tare da Injiniya Cailliau, wadanda da taimakon su ne aka samu kirkirar wadannan fasaha na World Wide Web da kuma Hypertext Markup Language, wacce ke dauke da ka’idar Hypertext Transfer Protocol, ko HTTP, a dunkule. Tare da su kuma akwai shugabannin manyan kamfanonin fasahar sadarwa da ta kwamfuta da Intanet, irinsu Microsoft da Google, da Yahoo!, da dai sauransu.

Bayan kwashe kwanaki biyar ana tattaunawa, taron ya yi tsokaci kan irin ci gaban da wannan fasaha ta samu tsawon wannan lokaci. Musamman kan abinda ya shafi tsarin ginin shafukan yanar gizo, da ci gaba wajen tsara tushen adireshin gidajen yanar sadarwa, watau Top Level Domains (TLDs), da kuma ci gaba wajen yaduwar harkar kasuwanci da siyasa da ilimi da sauransu. Taron ya kuma nuna rashin jin dadinsa wajen yadda masu amfani da fasahar Intanet a halin yanzu ke rasa sirrinsu, musamman kan abinda ya shafi leken asiri kan bayanan mutane da wasu hukumomi suke yi a duniya da sunan dokar kasa ko yaki da masu miyagun akidu. Ya kuma nuna cewa babbar kalubalen da ke fuskantar masu hakkin habaka wannan fasaha a yanzu ita ce yadda mutane zasu rika samun “ingantattun bayanai” da suke bukata. A karshe dai mahalarta taron sun lura da cewa, sabanin lokutan baya, a halin yanzu a bayyane yake cewa fasahar Intanet ta zama wani bangare na rayuwar kashi ashirin cikin dari na mutanen da ke rayuwa a wannan duniya tamu.

“Yanzu Fasahar Intanet ta Fara Bunkasa” – A Cewar “Baban Intanet”

Farfesa Tim Berners-Lee, wanda ake clip_image004wa lakabi da “Baban Intanet” yace a yanzu ne wannan fasaha ta Intanet ta fara bunkasa a duniya. Ya gabatar da wannan furuci ne a lokacin taron murnar cika shekara ashirin da kirkirar sabuwar fasahar Intanet da ake amfani da ita yanzu, wanda aka yi a makon da ya gabata a birnin Madrid na kasar Andalus. Wannan bayani yazo ne a daidai lokacin da ake ta murnar bunkasar mamaki da wannan fasaha ke kan yi a duniyar yau, da kuma cewa, shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, kwamfutocin da ke dauke da shafukan Intanet a duniya basu wuce talatin ba, amma a yanzu ana da kwamfutoci masu dauke da gidanjen yanar sadarwa (websites) sama da miliyan dari takwas, a cewar Hukumar Lura da Bunkasa tsarin Sadarwa ta Duniya, watau International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Bayan haka, ga shi yanzu kusan galibin mutane a kasashen yamma rayuwarsu ta ta’allaka ne da wannan fasaha, wajen saye da sayarwa ko wajen taskancewa da amfana ko kuma yada bayanai. Baban Intanet yace duk da wannan yawa na masu amfani da wannan fasaha, kimarsu bata wuce kashi ashirin cikin dari ba (20%) na masu amfani da fasahar a duniya. In kuwa haka ne, inji Farfesa Tim, wannan ke nuna cewa da sauran rina a kaba kenan.

Farfesa Tim yace yanzu ne fasahar za ta fara bunkasa, sanadiyyar samuwar wayoyin salula masu dauke da ka’idar mu’amala da Intanet da ake kerawa a yanzu. Ya nuna cewa galibin mutane da ke rayuwa a kasashe masu tasowa basu fara amfani da wannan fasaha ko ba. Domin a kididdigar da Hukumar Lura da Bunkasa tsarin Sadarwa ta bayar, kashi biyar cikin dari (5%) ne kadai ke mu’amala da wannan fasaha a nahiyar Afirka. Yace nan gaba galibin mutane zasu rika fara mu’amala da fasahar Intanet ne ta hanyar wayar salula, maimakon hanyar kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, watau Laptop. Hakan kuwa zai samu ne sanadiyyar saukin farashi da kuma saukin mu’amala da wayoyin salula ke dashi kan kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka.

Daga cikin ci gaban da Farfesa Tim Berners-Lee yayi maraba dasu akwai yaduwar gidajen yanar sadarwa masu sawwake hanyoyin neman bayanai, watau gidajen yanar sadarwan Matambayi-ba-ya bata kenan, ko Search Engine Sites, irinsu Google, da Yahoo!, da kuma MSN. Yace babban abinda zai kara bunkasa wannan fasaha bayan samuwar hanyoyin mu’amala da ita, shine samuwar ingantattun bayanai cikin sauki, a gidajen yanar sadarwa masu saukin mu’amala. Ya kuma nuna rashin jin dadinsa da yadda galibin masu amfani da fasahar Intanet ke rasa sirrinsu, wanda hakkinsu ne a yayin da suke mu’amala da wannan fasaha, sanadiyyar dokokin wasu gwamnatoci da ke aikin leken asiri ko tattara bayanan masu mu’amala a Intanet ba tare da saninsu ba, duk da sunan kare lafiyar al’umma ko kuma nemo hanyar magance wasu masu miyagun akidu. Duk wannan, a cewar Farfesa Tim, na cikin matsalolin da ke kalubalantar ci gaban wannan fasaha idan ba a yi hattara ba.

“Bunkasar Wayar Salula Zai Sawwake Samuwar Fasahar Intanet” - Inji Injiniya Vinton Cerf

Daya daga cikinclip_image006 kwararrun da suka kirkiri sabuwar fasahar Intanet da ake amfani da ita a yanzu, watau Injiniya Vinton Cerf., ya tabbatar da cewa samuwa tare da yaduwar wayoyin salula masu inganci shi zai kara sawwake tsarin mu’amala da fasahar Intanet, musamman a kasashen Afirka. Injiniya Vinton ya bayar da wannan tabbaci ne a taron kwanaki biyar da aka gudanar don murna da kuma nazarin bunkasar sabuwar fasahar Intanet da suka kirkira tare da abokansa, shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, wanda aka yi a birnin Madrid na kasar Andalus. Injiniya Vinton Cerf dai shine tsohon shugaban hukumar da ke lura da yin rajistan tushen adireshin yanar gizo, watau Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICAAN), a yanzu yana aiki ne da kamfanin Google Inc. (www.google.com), inda yake shugabantar sabuwar shirin kamfanin na bunkasa babbar manhajar wayar salula ta Android da suka gina shekarar da ta gabata.

Hankulan masana harkar fasahar sadarwa ta zamani dai yanzu ya koma ne kan wayoyin salula da tasirin yaduwarsu wajen samar da damar shiga da kuma mu’amala da fasahar Intanet. A nasa bangaren, Injiniya Robert Cailliau, daya cikin masanan da suka kirkiri wannan fasaha ta Intanet, yace: “daya daga cikin manyan abin farin cikin da ya samu cikin wannan zamani shine samuwar fasahar Intanet cikin manhajojin wayoyin salula irin na zamani. A yanzu kam, muna iya mu’amala da bayananmu ta hanyar wayoyin salula, duk sadda muke bukata, kuma a ko ina ne.” Bayanai dai na nuna cewa akwai a kalla wayoyin salula sama da biliyan uku a duniya a yanzu, kuma galibinsu duk suna dauke ne da tsarin sadarwa ta Intanet. Wannan shi zai kara wa fasahar Intanet bunkasa da tagomashi, domin saurin yaduwar wayoyin salula da saukin mu’amalarsu sun zarce na tasirin kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka. A halin yanzu, bayan wayoyin salula da ke bayar da wannan dama, akwai wasu kayayyakin fasaha da ake iya sarrafa su ta hanyar fasahar Intanet, irinsu na’urar Firji, da na’urar dumama abinci (microwave). Duk ana iya mu’amala da su tare da sarrafa su ta hanyar fasahar Intanet.

A karshe dai Injiniya Vinton Cerf yace nan gaba za a ci gaba da samun kayayyakin fasaha da ake amfani dasu a cikin gida masu kuma taimaka wa mutane amfani da fasahar Intanet. Wannan, a cewar masana, na cikin dalilan da zasu kalubalanci tasirin kwamfutar kan tebur da ta tafi-da-gidanka, wajen bunkasar Intanet a duniya. “Zamu ci gaba da samun hanyoyin mu’amala da Intanet, tare da yawan masu amfani da fasahar, da yawaitan masu mu’amala da fasahar ta hanyar wayoyin salula, da yawan hajojin saye da sayarwa a Intanet, tare da kayayyakin da zamu iya sarrafa su ta hanyar Intanet”, in ji Injiniya Vinton Cerf.

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