Intanet Da Rayuwar Hausawa!

Intanet da Rayuwar Hausawa:

A makon da ya gabata mun yi tattaki zuwa dakin bincike don sanin alakar da ke tsakanin fasahar Intanet da harshen Hausa, da kuma lokaci ko shekarar da wannan fasaha ta samu riskuwa da kasar Hausa. Daga karshe kuma muka kwararo bayanai kan yaduwar shi kanshi harshen Hausan cikin duniyar gizo; har muka gabatar da sunayen wasu daga cikin gidajen yanan sadarwan da aka gina su cikin harshen Hausa. Da wannan, watakil wani zai yi tunanin ko fasahar Intanet ta shafi rayuwar al’ummar Hausawa a halin yanzu. Wannan shine abinda muke son dubawa a wannan mako. Bisimillah, wai an hada malamai fada:

Alal hakika samuwan daidaikun gidajen yanan sadarwa na harshen Hausa da kuma yawan mashakata tsallake-tsallake a biranen kasar Hausa ba shine ke nuna cewa fasahar Intanet ta shafi rayuwarsu ba, ko kadan. Duk da yake fasahar sadarwa ta Intanet na iya shafar rayuwar al’umman Hausawa ta bangarori da dama, amma samun hakan a halin yanzu na da kamar wuya, wai gurguwa da auren nesa. A wannan kasida zamu dubi dalilan da suka sa hakan ba zai yiwu ba a yanzu, da kuma abinda ya kamata a yi don samuwar hakan Sai dai kafin nan, ga wata ‘yar gajeriyar shimfida don munasaba.

A kasida ta biyu cikin jerin kasidun da muka gabatar a wannan shafi, mun nuna amfanin Intanet ga kowace al’umma, musamman ga al’ummomin kasashen da suka ci gaba a fannin tattalin arzik’in kasa, wadanda kuma ta nan ne Intanet ya samo asali da bunkasar da yake kan yi a halin yanzu. Gabatar da harkokin kasuwanci da siyasa da ilimi da bincike da sauran harkokin ci gaban rayuwa duk abubuwa ne da a wadannan kasashe ake iya yinsu ta hanyar sadarwa ta Intanet. Bayanai har wa yau sun nuna cewa wadannan huldodin ana yin su ne cikin manyan harsunan duniya, irinsu Turancin Ingilishi da harshen Mandarin (na kasar Sin) da yaren Hindu (na kasar Indiya) da Jafan da Dutch da Rashanci da Faransanci da Italiyanci da kuma Larabci. Wannan, a takaice, na yiwuwa ne saboda samuwar abubuwa guda uku, dangane da wadannan harsuna, a cikin Intanet. Da wannan zamu iya cewa Intanet ya shafi rayuwarsu gaba daya, don babu wani bangare na huldodin rayuwa wanda basu iya yinsa ta Intanet, illa nadiran.

Wadannan hanyoyi guda uku kuwa sune: samuwar haruffan wadannan harsuna (fonts) cikin masarrafan kwamfuta, da yawaitan gidajen yanan gizo na harkokin rayuwa – hajoji da sauransu – na wadannan harsuna cikin Intanet da kuma uwa uba samuwar babban manhajar kwamfuta cikin wadannan harsuna, wanda hakan ta sa suka zama kamar sune yaren Intanet (Web Browser) yayin da Intanet din ya habbaka. Yadda zaka shigar da kalmomin turanci cikin Intanet ka nemo bayanai masu dimbin yawa, haka zaka sanya haruffan Hindu don nemo bayanai. Har wa yau, a kasar Sin (China) bayanan baya bayan nan sun nuna cewa Sinawa (Chinese) sun fi amfani da haruffansu da kuma gidajen yanan neman bayanai na harshen Mandarin don neman bayanai da kuma saye da sayarwa da sauran huldodin rayuwa fiye da yadda suke amfani da kalmomi ko haruffan turanci don gabatar da irin wadannan huldodi ta hanyar gidajen yanan turanci irinsu Yahoo! da Google da Hotbot da sauransu. A sharhinta na ranar Asabar, 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2005, tashar talabijin CCTV9 na kasar Sin, ta nuna cewa kashi arba’in da biyar cikin dari (45%) cikin Sinawa na amfani ne da gidajen yanan neman bayanai da saye da sayarwa na harshen Mandarin, yayin da gidajen yanan turanci irinsu Yahoo! da Google dsr suka kwashi sauran kason. Wannan, har wa yau, tasa gidajen yanan sadarwa na Matambayi Ba Ya Bata (Search Engine) da saye da sayarwa irinsu Yahoo! da Google suka shahara, saboda suna da sashen harsuna da dama irinsu Mandarin da Hindu da Jamusanci dsr. A takaice dai, ba komai ya sa harkokin hada-hada suka yawaita cikin wadannan harsuna ba sai don samuwan wadannan abubuwa uku cikin masarrafan kwamfuta wanda ko dai sun samu ne ta hanyar kamfanin Microsoft (a matsayin babban manhajar kwamfuta - Operating System cikin wannan harshe) ko kuma ta gidajen yanan sadarwa na Yahoo! da Google na shafukan da suka kirkira cikin wadannan harsuna a Intanet.

Dangane da bayanan da suka gabata, a bayyane yake cewa yaduwan harshen Hausa a Intanet, bai da wani tasirin da za a iya gwama shi da sauran harsunan da muka kawo misalansu a sama. Wannan ya faru ne saboda harshen Hausa bai samu irin gatan da wadannan harsuna suka samu ta hanyoyin nan guda uku ba. Duk da yake akwai bayanai da shafukan yana na harshen Hausa cikin Intanet. To amma ba wasu shafuka bane da suka kai suka kawo. Tunda ba zaka iya saye da sayarwa ba cikin harshen Hausa a Intanet. Ba zaka iya samo bayanan Hausa ba zunzurutu ta amfani da haruffan Hausa cikin Intanet, kamar yadda zaka iya in da haruffan turanci kayi amfani. Duk wadannan na bukatan wanzuwar bakaken Hausa cikin masarrafan kwamfuta a karo na farko. Sai samuwar babban manhajar kwamfuta cikin harshen Hausa (operating system). A karo na uku kuma yawaitan gidajen yana ya Allah na saye da sayarwa ne ko na huldodin rayuwa kowace iri, cikin harshen Hausa. Wannan zai ba duk mai mu’amala da wannan harshe daman yin duk wata hulda na rayuwa cikin harshen Hausa a Intanet. Zaka nemi duk irin bayanan da kake so ta amfani da haruffan Hausa ka samu.

A kasidarsa mai take: Hausa and Information and Communication Technologies, wacce ya gabatar a taron kara ma juna sani kan adabi da al’adun Hausa, wacce Sashen Nazarin Harsunan Najeriya dake Jami’ar Bayero ta shirya daga 13 – 16 na watan Disamba, 2004, Farfesa Abdallah Uba Adamu yayi doguwar bita kan irin kokarin da suka yi ta yi wajen ganin harshen Hausa ya samu hawa wadannan martabobi guda uku, don samun yaduwa da bin sahun sauran harsunan duniya a duniyar Intanet. Duk da yake an samu ci gaba ta wasu bangarori, har yanzu akwai sauran rina a kaba, musamman ma na abinda ya shafi yaduwar gidajen yanan gizo na hada-hadan kasuwanci da neman bayanai cikin harshen Hausa. Gidajen yanan da muke dasu cikin harshen Hausa a yanzu duk da karancinsu, na al’adu ne da adabi da kuma addini. Wasunsu ma masu su ba a nan Najeriya suke ba. Wasu kuma ma, kare da karau, masu su Turawa ne masu sha’awan harshen Hausa; malamai a Jami’o’in Turai da Amurka. A bangaren Majalisun Tattaunawa kuwa, cikin Majalisu sama da dubu daya da ake dasu a Yahoo!, wadanda al’umman Hausawa suka bude suke tattaunawa cikinsu duk basu wuce hamsin ba. Duk da haka ma, cikin kasa da hamsin din nan, wasu daga cikinsu da Turanci ake tattaunawa dasu ba da Hausa ba – duk da yake masu tattaunawan Hausawa ne galibinsu.

A bangaren dora harshen Hausa cikin babban manhajar kwamfuta (Operating System) kuwa, shima ba a kai ko ina ba. Duk da yake kamar yadda Farfesa Abdallah Uba Adamu ya nuna ne cikin kasidarsa, cewa babbar matsalar da wannan aiki ke fuskanta shine na rashin tallafin kudi da kuma cikakkiyar mayar da hankali musamman a bangaren wadanda suke da halin yin hakan; ko dai saboda rashin kasancewarsu a nan gida Najeriya ko wasu dalilai na daban. Cikin shekaran 2004, wani bawan Allah mai suna Muhammad Alimu ya farkar da wani kokari da aka assasa tun shekarn 1994, na samar da allon rubutun kwamfuta cikin harshen Hausa wanda ya sanya ma suna HausaWord 1.6, wanda yayi amfani da iliminsa na manhajar kwamfuta, watau Computer Programming, wajen samar dashi. Kamar yadda shima Farfesan yayi nashi kokari wajen karasa ko dora haruffan Hausa (irinsu K’, B’, TS, D’ dsr) cikin tsarin masarrafan kwamfuta. A halin yanzu ya samar da wannan tsari wanda ya sanya ma suna Abdallah TTF (watau True Type Font). Ina daya daga cikin wadanda suke amfani da wannan tsari a halin yanzu. Har wa yau, kamfanin Microsoft ta fara aiki kan kirikiro babban manhajarta na Windows, cikin harshen Hausa. Wannan aiki ya kankama a halin yanzu. Haka kamfanin Google ita ma. Wannan na kunshe ne cikin shirin da ta ke yi na dora dukkan harsunan duniya a masarrafansu. Nan gaba zamu kawo bayanai kan wannan kokari da take yi, da kuma hanyoyin da take bi wajen cin ma burinta kan hakan.

Bayan samuwan wadannan kuma har wa yau akwai wani abu guda da ya kamata harshen Hausa ya samu, watau daidaito. Da akwai bukatan daidaita Hausa cikin Intanet kamar yadda aka yi a rubuce, don dukkan mai neman bayanai ya samesu a fuskar da suka kamata. Don haka ya zama dole a samu kungiyoyi da masana da kuma gwamnatocin Arewa su hada kansu wajen ganin cewa Hausa ya samu hayewa matakan da suka kamata don tabbata a duniyar Intanet. Don dukkan kokarin da na zayyana mana a baya, ko dai mutum daya ne ya zauna yayi ko kuma k’ungiya ce ta masana, kamar yadda su Farfesa Abdallah suka yi, wajen shigar da haruffan Hausa cikin masarrafan kwamfuta. Babu inda zamu je in har abin ya ci gaba da zama a haka. Dole sai an samu masu daukan nauyi da kudi da kuma wadanda zasu zage dantsensu wajen yi ma Hausa gata a wannan zamani da kowace al’umma ke kokarin ganin an santa ta kowace fuska. Duk da kokarin da kamfanoni irinsu Google da Microsoft da Wickipedia, duk da haka ina ganin bai kamata mu shantake ba da wannan. Don na farko, su wadannan kamfanoni suna kokarin yin hakan ne don habbaka kasuwancin hajojinsu, kuma ba lalai bane Hausa ya samu dukkan gatan da yake bukata, misali, na abinda ya shafi daidata lahaja, dole sai mun shigo ciki da dai sauran abubuwa da suka kamata mu yi ma kanmu. Babban misali ma shine kan abinda kamfanin wayar salula na NOKIA ta yi, wajen shigar da harshen Hausa cikin kananan wayoyin tafi-da-gidanka, watau NOKIA 1600. Gurbataccen lahajar Hausa ce a ciki, duk da cewa sun yi kokari su ma. Don haka ban gushe ba wajen kira ga Gwamnatocin Arewa - Kano, Katsina, Kaduna, Sokoto, Kebbi dsr – wajen ganin sun kai ma Malam Muhammad Alimu da sauran masu himma ta wannan fuska, dauki. Allah Ya datar damu, amin.

Abdullahi Salihu Abubakar (Baban Sadiq)

Anguwar Hausawa, Garki Village

P. O. BOX 11617

Garki 900001

Abuja.

080 34592444

Absad143@yahoo.com, salihuabdu@yahoo.com

Sanarwa!

Majalisar Marubuta Littafan Hausa na Intanet (http://groups.yahoo.com/group/marubuta) ta fara shirye-shiryen bukin karrama marubuta littafan Hausa daga shekarar 1934 – 2006. A halin yanzu ana kan aiko da sunayen alkalan da zasu tantance gwarazan marubutan ne, wanda za a gudanar a majalisar a wani lokaci da za a ambata nan gaba. A kan gudanar da zaben net a hanyar Imel, da zaran an samu gwani kuma, sai a shirya gagarumin biki don mika kyaututtuka ga wadanda suka yi nasara. Don haka, duk mai sha’awar shiga wannan gasa/buki, yana iya shiga majalisar a adireshin da ke sama.

Sabbin Nau’ukan Talabijin daga Kamfanin LG

A layin sabbin kayayyakin lantarki da ta fitar cikin wannan wata, kamfanin LG ta kara kirkiro nau’ukan talabijin mai shafaffen fuska, watau LCD kusan ashirin, daga masu girman inci 32, 37, zuwa 40.

Har wa yau, kamfanin ta kara ma wasu nau’ukan girma da kuma armashi, irinsu LC7, wacce ta kara masa girma daga inci 26 zuwa 47. Sannan kuma ta kirkiro nau’una LB4D mai girman inci 32, 37, 42 da kuma 47. Wannan ya sa kamfanin LG a gaba-gaba wajen ingantattun Talabijin na zamani masu shafaffen fuska, bayan kamfani SONY.

Shahararrun Wayoyin Salula a Shekarar 2006

Kamfanin C-NET (www.cnet.com), wacce ke lura da kuma nazari kan sabbin kayayyakin fasahan sadarwa a duniyar Intanet ta fitar da gwarazan wayoyin tafi-da-gidanka da suka yi fice a shekaran 2006. Zaben, wanda kamfanin ta gudanar mai taken C-NET Editor’s Top Cell Phones, ya fitar da wayoyin salula guda goma daga kamfanin wayoyin tafi-da-gidanka irinsu NOKIA, Sony Ericsson, LG, Samsung, da kuma Motorola. Wayoyin NOKIA 5300 Express Music, da Sony Ericsson K790a, da kuma LG CU500, su suka zo na daya da na biyu da kuma na uku. Sauran sun hada da LG enV (VX9900), Nokia N80, Sony Ericsson W810i, Samsung SGH-D900 (Black Carbon), NOKIA 6133, LG LX550 (Fusic), da kuma Motorola i880. A sakamakon da ta bayar a gidan yanan sadarwanta, C-NET ta bayyana cewa wadannan wayoyi na salula su suka yi tashe wajen karko da kyau da kuma inganci a shekarar 2006.

Labaru Kan Sabbin Kayayyaki da Hanyoyin Sadarwa na Zamani

Mako mai zuwa in Allah Ya yarda, zan rinka turo labarai kan sabbin kayayyakida kuma hanyoyin fasahar sadarwa na zamani, bayan kasidun da nake aikowa kan fasahar Intanet. Wannan zai dada kara ma mai karatu ilimi kan halin da ake ciki a fagen fasahar sadarwa na zamani. Don haka a dakace ni!

INTANET DA HAUSAWA!

Hausawa da Intanet

A yau ga mu dauke da bayanai kan dangantakar Bahaushe ko harshen Hausa, da kuma fasahar Intanet. Wadannan bayanai na da matukar muhimmanci wajen taimaka ma mai karatu sanin inda zai rinka zuwa lilo lokaci-lokaci. A yau zamu dubi zuwan Intanet kasar Hausa; yaushe Intanet ya riske mu? Ta ina, kuma wace shekara? Sannan zamu samu bayanai kan yaduwar harshen Hausa cikin Intanet, da nau’ukan bayanan da ke makare cikin Intanet kan harshen Hausa da al’adun Hausawa, in Allah Ya yarda.

Tarihin Intanet a Nijeriya:

Tarihin zuwan Intanet Nijeriya, ba ma kasar Hausa kadai ba, gajere ne ba wani mai tsawo ba. A Nijeriyance burbushin sinadarin Intanet ya fara diga kasan nan ne a shekarar 1990, lokacin da Jami’ar Ilorin (University of Ilorin) da ke jihar Kwara ta samu jonuwa da fasahar sadarwa ta wasikar Imel (e-mail), ta taimakon Jami’ar Mc Master dake kasar Kanada (Canada). Bayan shekaru uku (1993) sai gwamnatin tarayya ta hada Nijeriya da sauran kasashen duniya (musamman Amurka), da gamammiyar hanyar sadarwa ta Imel na duniya, watau POP3. Wannan tasa ake iya aikewa da kuma karban sakonnin Imel a Nijeriya, amma ta Kwalejin Fasahar Yaba (Yabatech) da ke Legas kadai.

To amma fasahar Intanet, dungurungun dinta, ta iso kasan nan ne cikin shekarar 1998. Daidai wannan lokaci Hukumar Sadarwa ta Kasa (NITEL) ta bayar da lasisin kafa mashakatar tsallake-tsallake (cyber café) ga kamfanoni masu sha’awan yin hakan wajen arba’in (40). Sai dai duk da hakan, wadanda suka samu daman budewa basu wuce guda goma ba; tsakanin Legas da Abuja. Wannan tasa fasahar Intanet bata samu kutsawa Arewacin Nijeriya ba sai cikin shekaran 2001, lokacin da ta samu riskuwa da Jalla Babbar Hausa, Ta Dabo Tumbin Giwa – Kano.

Yaduwar Intanet a Kasar Hausa:

A halin yanzu Intanet ya fara yaduwa cikin Jihohin Arewacin Nijeriya. Don a kalla ba a rasa mashakatar tsallake-tsallake (cyber café) guda biyu a kusan dukkan manyan biranen jihohin Arewa. Mafi yawancin masu shiga Intanet na yin hakan ne ta dayan hanyoyi uku: Hanya ta farko itace ofis. Mafi yawancin ma’aikatan gwamnatin tarayya da na jihohi na mu’amala da Intanet ne a ofishoshinsu. Wannan ya faru ne saboda samuwar kwamfutoci cikin kayayyakin aikin hukumomin gwamnati. Daga Jami’o’i zuwa ofisoshi; daga asibitoci zuwa dakunan karatu (libraries), zaka samu kwamfutoci da aka jona su da layukan Intanet. Wasu jihohin, musamman irinsu Jigawa, suna da cibiyoyin karantar da ilimin kwamfuta. Wasu gwamnatocin ma suna da gidajen yanan sadarwa. Dukkan wadannan na daga cikin abubuwan da suka kawo mutane kusa da wannan fasaha.

Hanya ta biyu kuma ita ce ta mallakan kwamfuta tare da jona ta da layin Intanet. Sau tari zaka samu mafi yawancin manyan ma’aikatan gwamnati da masu hannu da shuni a Arewa, suna da kwamfuta da layin Intanet jone dashi. Ko dai ya zama su suke amfani dashi ko kuma ‘ya’yansu.

Hanya ta uku kuma ita ce ta mashakatar tsallake-tsallake (cyber café). A farkon al’amari, Hukumar Sadarwa ta Kasa (NITEL) ce kadai ke hada mutane da wannan fasaha, bayan layin tarho da take bayarwa. To amma da ya fara yaduwa sai aka samu kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ke da kayayyakin fasahar hada kwamfutoci da Intanet ta hanyar Tauraron Dan Adam, watau Broadband. Wadannan kamfanonin su ne Internet Service Providers, kuma su ke hada masu mashakatar tsallake-tsallake (cyber café) da Intanet. Masu sha’awan shiga kuma su je su biya kudi don sayen lokaci (daga minti talatin zuwa awanni biyar), don lilo a giza-gizan sadarwa na duniya. Wadannan mashakatar tsallake-tsallake su suka ci gaba da yaduwa a manyan biranen Arewacin Nijeriya, musamman birnin Kano, Kaduna, da kuma Jas, kamar yadda yake bayyane a jadawalin da ke kasa. Daya daga cikin dalilan da suka haddasa haka kuwa shine yaduwan harkokin kasuwanci da yawan jama’a.

L.
Gari/Birni
Yawa
Ranar Bincike
1.
Kano
120
Disamba, 2004
2.
Kaduna
160
Fabrairu, 2006
3.
Jas
80
Fabrairu, 2006
4.
Bauchi
13
Fabrairu, 2006
5.
Katsina
7
Fabrairu, 2006
6.
Gombe
5
Maris, 2005
7.
Gusau
4
Janairu, 2005
8.
Lafiya (Jihar Nasarawa)
5
Maris, 2005
9.
Keffi (Jihar Nasarawa)
4
Janairu, 2005
10.
Birnin Kebbi
4
Fabrairu, 2005
11.
Hadeja
3
Janairu, 2005
12.
Bidda
2
Fabrairu, 2005
13.
Kazaure
1
Fabrairu, 2005
14.
Yola
5
Maris, 2005
Yawan mashakatar tsallake-tsallake dake wasu birane a Arewacin Nijeriya

A jadawalin da ke sama, na gabatar da gajeren bicike ne kan yaduwan mashakatar tsallake-tsallake a jihohin Arewa, cikin wasu lokuta da suka gabata. Kuma daga bayanan da na samu, a tabbace yake cewa bayan biranen Kano, Jas da Kaduna, akwai karancin mashakatar tsallake-tsallake a mafi yawancin garuruwan. Bayan haka, ‘yan wadanda ake dasu ma suna fuskantar matsaloli iri-iri; daga karanci ko rashin ingancin wutar lantarki, zuwa rashin ciniki. Matsala musamman irin na rashin ciniki ya faru ne sanadiyyar dalilai kamar haka:

Wasu daga cikin mutane, musamman wadanda karatun Hausa suka iya kadai, sun dauka Intanet wata fasaha ce da sai wanda ya kware a harshen turanci kadai zai iya amfani da ita. Basu da masaniyar cewa kashi sittin cikin dari na masu lilo da tsallake-tsallake a duniyar gizo basu iya rubutu ko karatu da harshen turancin Ingilishi ba; daga Faransanci, Jamusanci, Rashanci sai Sinanci. Wasu kuma sun iya turancin, amma suna ganin tunda basu taba mu’amala da kwamfuta ba, to basu ba Intanet kenan. Basu da masaniyar cewa Intanet wata fasaha ce da bata bukatar wata kwarewa ta musamman kafin a fara amfani da ita. Akwai kuma wadanda sha’awa ne basu dashi kan harkan Intanet din. Don haka ba abinda zai hada su dashi. Wadannan bangare basu da masaniyar cewa nan gaba, ko sun so ko sun ki, sai sun yi alaka da wannan Fasaha; alakar kai-tsaye ko waninsa. Kashi na karshe kuma sune wadanda ke da sha’awa da kuma wayewa kan fasahar Intanet, sai dai su matsalarsu ta tattalin arziki ce; ma’ana basu da kudin da a kullum zasu rinka shiga don neman bayanai da sauran mu’amala makamantan hakan. Mafi yawancin wadanda ke wannan dabaka su ne dalibai. Domin a mafi yawancin biranen da mashakatar tsallake-tsallake ke da karanci, zaka samu cewa kudin sayan lokaci kudi ne mai yawa, wanda kuma dole ce tasa hakan, su ma masu shagunan kokari suke su fita uwar kudi, ba ma maganan riba ake ba.

A takaice dai, a bayyane yake cewa yanzu ne Intanet ya fara yaduwa a kasar Hausa, kuma daga lokacin da wutan lantarki ya inganta, yanayin samun mutane ya habbaka, kuma aka kara wayar da kan jama’a ta kafofin ilmantarwa dangane da muhimmancin wannan fasaha, yawan masu amfani dashi zai haura sama, wanda hakan zai kara habbaka yaduwar mashakatar tsallake-tsallake a biranen Arewacin Nijeriya gaba daya.

Yaduwan Harshen Hausa Cikin Intanet:

Wani abin farin ciki da mai karatu zai so ji shine, bayanai cikin harshen Hausa sun fara hawa giza-gizan sadarwa na duniya ne shekaru kusan goma kafin fasahan Intanet ya diro kasar Hausa. Kuma a halin yanzu ana samun yaduwan gidajen yanan sadarwa na zallan harshen Hausa, duk da yake akwai wadanda na turanci ne, masu dauke da bayanai kan al’umman Hausawa da adabinsu. Ga wasu daga cikin rukunnan da ke da munasaba da hakan:

Al’adun Hausawa:

Akwai gidajen yanan sadarwa da aka gina su don yada adabi da al’adun Hausawa. Kusan a takaice ma irin wadannan gidajen yanan sadarwa su suka fara bayyana a sahun gidajen yanan da ke dauke da bayanai cikin harshen Hausa. Wasu daga cikin masu ire-iren wadannan gidajen yanan Hausawa ne ‘yan Najeriya da ke kasashen waje, sai kuma wadanda ke nan gida Najeriya. Kashi na uku kuma su ne Turawa, ko ‘yan wasu kasashe daban masu sha’awan bincike ko nazari kan harshe da al’adun Hausawa, irinsu: Dandali (www.dandali.com), mallakan Dr. Salisu Danyaro Soron Dinki, wanda ke Amurka, da kuma Gumel (www.gumel.com), da gidan yanan sadarwa da aka gina don yada tunani da rubuce-rubucen Marigayi Abubakar Imam (www.abubakarimam.com). Har wa yau akwai wasu gidajen yanan dake dauke da kasidu masu munasaba da Arewacin Nijeriya da rayuwar Bahaushe, irinsu: Gamji (www.gamji.com) wanda Dr. Ismaila Iroh ya kirkira. Sai kuma shafin yanan kungiyan ‘yan Arewa da ke kasashen waje (‘yan jarida ne mafi yawancinsu) mai suna Amana Foundation (www.amanaonline.com). Sai kuma Kanoonline (www.kanoonline.com) wacce su Farfesa Abdallah Uba Adamu suka assasa, don yada sanayya kan kasar Kano da gewayenta. Bayan wadannan akwai wasu kuma da ke dauke da adabin Hausawa, duk da yake da harshen Turanci aka rubuta su suma. Misali, wani Malami dan kasar Jafan ya kwafe Kamus din Hausa (wanda Likita Bergery ya rubuta shekarar 1952, mai kuma dauke da kalmomi sama da dubu arba’in) zuwa shafin yanan gizo, dake http://maguzawa.dyndns.ws. In kana bukatar ma’anan kalma, sai ka shigar da kalmar, ka tambayo, zaka samu bayanan da ke dauke da ma’anar kalmar.

Addini:

A karo na farko, an dora fassaran Al-kur’ani mai girma cikin harshen Hausa wanda marigayi Sheikh Abubakar Mahmud Gumi yayi, wanda kuma har wa yau Matattarar Buga Al-kur’ani mai girma ta Sarki Fahad da ke Kasar Saudiyyah ta dauki nauyin bugawa. Za a iya samun wannan Al-kur’ani cikakke a gidan yanan hukumar dake www.qurancomplex.com. Har wa yau, za a samu wannan bugu a shafin gidan yanan www.divineislam.com, ta amfani da masarrafan kwafan bakaken Hausa wanda wani bawan Allah mai suna Jamal Al-Nasser ya tsara. Bayan nan, akwai fassararren Littafin Linjila (Bible) shima a wannan rariyar: http://visionneuse.free.fr/index.htm?version=HUA.

Mujallu/Jaridu/Gidajen Rediyo dsr:

Akwai mujallu da jaridun Hausa dake da gidajen yanan sadarwa a duniyar gizo. Bayanan da ke dauke cikinsu duk da harshen Hausa aka zuba su. Akwai gidan yanan sadarwa ta jaridar Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo - http://www.newnigeriannews.com/gaskiya/index.htm - da ta Mujallar Fim, watau mujallar da ke fitowa wata-wata, dauke da labarun Fina-finan Hausa – www.mujallar-fim.com – da gidajen yanan sadarwa na Sashen Hausa na gidajen rediyon turai da Amurka, irinsu BBC - http://www.bbc.co.uk/hausa/ - da Jamus - http://www2.dw-world.de/hausa/ - da Muryar Amurka, watau VOA - http://www.voanews.com/hausa/ - da dai sauransu.

Gwamnatoci:

Bayan haka, akwai wasu daga cikin gwamnatocin da ke Arewacin Nijeriya da ke da gidajen yanan sadarwa, wadanda su ma ke dauke da bayanai kan al’adun Hausawa. Sai dai wasu daga cikin bayanan da turanci aka zuba su. Jihohin Zamfara da Kaduna da Sakkwato na daga cikin jihohin da ke da gidajen yanan sadarwa a duniyar gizo.

Majalisun Tattaunawa:

Akwai “Majalisun Intanet” inda ake tattaunawa kan al’adu da addini da harkokin rayuwa daban-daban, wadanda kuma kusan duk da Hausa ake tafiyar da su. Su wadannan majalisu Hausawa ne suka kirkirosu, hakan kuma ya faro ne tun shekaran 1999, lokacin da Farfesa Abdallah Uba Adamu dake tsangayar horar da Malamai a Jami’ar Bayero, Kano, ya bude “Majalisar Hausa”, don tattaunawa kan al’adu da rayuwar Hausawa. Kawo zuwa yanzu, an samu majalisu sama da talatin, wadanda kuma mambobinsu sun karade kusan dukkan jihohin Arewacin Nijeriya, da kuma sauran Hausawa da ke kasashen waje – Amurka, Ingila, Nijar, Ghana, Indiya, Sin, Austiraliya dsr.

Cikawa:

Wannan, a takaice, shine bayani kan alakar da ke tsakanin harshen Hausa da Fasahar Intanet. A hankali zamu rinka dauko wadannan gidajen yanan sadarwa na Hausa, don yin bayanai kan abubuwan da suke dauke dasu. Hakika akwai labarai masu kayatarwa da kuma ilmantarwa. A dakace ni!


Abdullahi Salihu Abubakar (Baban Sadiq)
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Tower 421, Constitution Avenue,
Central Business District
Garki – Abuja.
080 34592444
absad143@yahoo.com, salihuabdu@yahoo.com
http://the-global-media.blogspot.com

TAMBAYOYIN MASU KARATU

Tambayoyin Masu Karatu

Shimfida:

A kasidar da ta gabata wancan mako, mun kawo bayanai kan yadda kwamfuta take, da karikitanta da kuma ruhin, ko ran da ke gudanar da rayuwarta gaba data. Har daga karshe muka sanar da mai karatu cewa asalin masu kera gangar-jikin kwamfuta, watau Hardware, sune kwararru kan kimiyyar lantarki (Electrical Engineers). A yayin da Computer Programmers, a nasu bangaren, ke da hakkin ginawa da kuma dora mata ruhin da ke taimaka mata gudanar da ayyukanta gaba daya, watau Software. Bamu karkare kasidar ba sai da muka kawo rabe-rabe da kuma dukkan nau’ukan kowannensu. A yau kuma ga mu dauke da amsoshi kan wasu daga cikin tambayoyin da masu karatu suka aiko.

Tambaya ta farko:

Mai tambayar farko, wanda ya bugo ta wayar salula, yana cewa:

Ina yawan samun sakonnin Imel (e-mail) daga wasu mutane da ban sansu ba, kuma sun cika mani wuri. Yaya zan yi dasu?

Amsa:

To, a takaice dai ire-iren wadannan sakonni ana kiransu “Spam”, a turance, ma’ana, sakonnin da mai karbansu bai bukace su ba. Ko don baya tsammanin samunsu daga wadanda suka aiko masa ko kuma bai ce a aiko masa su ba, gaba daya. Idan mai karatu bai mance ba, a kasidarmu ta Wasikar Hanyar Sadarwa mun yi bayani kansu. Ire-iren wadannan sakonni sun kasu kashi uku:

Kashi na farko sune sakonnin tallace tallace. Zaka iya gane su ne daga irin taken (Subject) da suke dauke dashi. Wasu da sunayen hajar da ake tallata maka suke zuwa. Misali, ba abin mamaki bane ka ga an aiko maka da sako mai take: “That Nokia N93 Series You Requested”. Af, kaji shirme! Yaushe nace ku aiko mani da wata wayar Nokia N93? To haka zaka yi ta ganin su, da take iri-iri. Idan baka saba karban ire-iren wadannan sakonni ba, sai ka yi ta damun kanka wajen sanin wanda ya aiko maka su, kuma baza ka sani ba. Domin ba sunan mutum zaka gani ba. Idan ma da sunan mutum aka rubuto maka, sai ka ga wani irin suna ne, wanda bai dace a ce sunan mutum bane. Intanet kenan! Wadannan sakonnin tallace-tallace kenan, masu gayyatarka don dubawa ko gwadawa ko kuma karanta wani sako, wanda ke da alaka da wasu hajoji da ake tallata maka. Abinda ya rage mai karatu ya tambaya shine: shin ta yaya wadannan mutane suka samu adireshin Imel dina? Wa ya basu, a takaice?

Da farko dai, kafin su samu adireshin Imel dinka, dole ne ya zama ko dai kai ka kai kanka gidan yanan sadarwansu, ka shigar da adireshin don bukatar wani abu gidan yanan sadarwa, ko kuma wani abokinka ya bayar da adireshin, don yana son aiko maka da wani sako. Ga misali mai saukin fahimta. Akwai katinan gaishe-gaishe, watau Greetings Card, wanda na Intanet ya sha banban da irin wanda muke dasu a bayyane. Idan kaje gidajen yanan sadarwansu don aika ma wata budurwanka ko abokananka sakonnin Barka da Sallah ko Ramadan ko Barka da Sabuwar Shekara, a misali, dole ne ka shigar da adireshin Imel dinka, kai mai aikawa. Sannan ka shigar da adireshin Imel din wadanda kake son aika musu, ko da su nawa ne kuwa. To a nan, kaga da kanka ka shigar da adireshin, amma baka san mai zai je ya dawo ba. Su kuma a gidan yanan sadarwansu, suna da manhaja ko masarrafan da ke tara musu ire-iren adireshin Imel din da masu ziyara suka shigar. Wadannan adireshin suke amfani dasu wajen tallata hajarsu.

Kashi na biyu su ne sakonnin da ke tattare da jakunkunan bayanai, watau attachment. Zaka ga mutum ya aiko maka da sako, amma da zaran ka bude ba za ka ga komai ba, sai attachment. Idan ka bude shi, to zai rikita maka kwamfutarka. Domin ire-iren wadannan sakonni suna dauke ne da rikittatun bayanai, watau Virus, wadanda ke haukatar da kwamfuta. Don haka idan ka samu sako irin wannan, daga wajen wanda baka sani ba, da kuma take mai rikitarwa, kada ka bude, sam sam. Wadanda ke aiko da ire-iren wadannan sakonni su ne masana manhajar kwamfuta, watau Computer Programmers, wadanda bayaninsu ya gabata a kasidar wancan mako. Yadda suke samun adireshin mutane kuwa shine, suna kutsawa ne cikin ma’adanan kamfanonin da ke dauke da manhajar Imel, irinsu Yahoo! Gmail, Hotmail da sauransu, don tsamo adireshin mutane, ba tare da masu gidan yanan sun sani ba. Hakan na faruwa ne saboda irin kwarewan da wadannan masana suke dashi. Masu irin wannan aika-aika ana kiransa Hackers ko kuma Crackers, kamar yadda aka sansu a kasashen Turai. Idan an kama su suna wannan aiki, gidan yari ake kaisu, ko kuma a dora musu tara mai dimbin yawa su biya.

Kashi na uku su ne sakonnin da ke zuwa da tsararren wasika, inda mai sakon ke neman ka taimaka masa shigo da wasu kudade cikin gida Nijeriya, ko kuma ka aiko masa da nambar taskar bankinka (Account Number), don ya aiko maka da wasu kudade, a takaice. Wadannan ‘yan zamba-cikin-aminci ne, watau 419. Su kuma suna samun adireshin mutane ne ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Daya daga cikin ire-iren wadannan hanyoyi shine, ta hanyar Gidan Yanan Sadarwan Yahoo! Musamman Yahoo! Profiles, inda zaka samu adireshin mutane kyauta, cikakku. Zaka samu adireshin mutum, da kasar da ya fito, da jinsinsa da dai sauran bayanai. Masu wannan aika-aika dai mazambata ne, kuma idan ka sauraresu, har ka amince musu, zaka sha mamaki. Akwai ‘yan Nijeriya da dama a cikinsu, ana kiransu Yahoo Boys, kuma Hukumar EFCC ba ta saurara musu ko kadan idan ta kama su. Don haka da zaran ka samu ire-iren wadannan sakonni da bayaninsu ya gabata a sama, ka share (Delete) su kawai, kada ma ka bude su.

Hanya ta karshe ita ce, ka tsara akwatin wasikar sadarwanka na Imel, ta inda duk lokacin da wani sako makamancinsu ya shigo, za a kautar dashi zuwa wata jaka mai suna Bulk, cikin jerin jakunkunan da ke hannun hagu, a zauren wasikar sadarwanka. Don yin haka, da zaran ka shigo zauren wasikar sadarwanka (Mail Home), ka dubi can sama daga hannun damanka, zaka ga inda aka rubuta Options, sai ka matsa. Shafi zai budo mai dauke da tsare-tsare iri-irin don tsare jakar wasikar sadarwanka. Sai ka duba bangaren hagu daga sama, zaka ga an Spam Protection. Idan ka matsa, zai budo maka zaka tsare jakan wasikar sadarwanka daga sakonnin Spam, in Allah Ya yarda. Idan ma akwai wadanda ka rike adireshin Imel dinsu, kuma ba ka son su rinka aiko maka da sakonni, sai ka matsa inda aka rubuta Block Addresses, kasan Spam Protection kenan. Zaka samu inda zaka shigar da adireshinsu. Kai da ganin sakonninsu kuma, sai lokacin da ka cire sunayensu daga wannan wuri. Dankari!


Tambaya ta Biyu:

Mai tambaya ta biyu shine Malam Baffa Kofar Mata, da ke Kano, kuma ga abinda yake cewa:

As salaamu alaikum Baban Sadiq, muna matukar jin dadin bayananka, Allah Ya saka. Ina son bayani a Kan Voice over Internet Protocol, VOIP.

Amsa:

Babban Magana! Amsar wannan tambaya na iya cinye dukkan wannan shafi, a gaskiya. Don haka a yanzu sai dai mu dan tabo abinda ya sawwaka. To, kamar dai yadda mai karatu ya ga tambayar, yana son ai masa bayani ne kan Voice Over Internet Protocol, watau “ka’idar” da ke taimakawa wajen sadar da murya, maimakon bayanai ko haruffa, ta hanyar Intanet. Idan masu karatu basu mance ba, a kasidar farko mun tabbatar da cewa haruffa ne ke wucewa ta hanyar wayoyin kebul, zuwa kwamfuta, sannan su bayyana a matsayin rubutu ko hotuna da sauransu. Amma Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP), fasaha ne da ke taimakawa wajen aikawa da sakonnin sauti ta amfani da tsari mafi sauri na Intanet, watau Broadband, a turance, maimakon amfani da wayar tangaraho, watau Analog Phone. Maimakon kayi amfani da tarho, wajen kiran wani mai tarho irin naka, a tsarin VoIP kana iya amfani da kwamfuta mai jone da Intanet, don kiran abokinka mai dauke da wayar tarho (na kasa ne ko wayar tafi-da-gidanka, watau Salula). Sinadarai biyu dake kulla wannan alaka sune fasahar Intanet da kuma ka’idar Internet Protocol (IP), watau ka’idar da ke karban sakonni daga wata kwamfuta zuwa wacce ke dauke dasu.

A tsarin aikawa da sakonni na sauti daga tarho zuwa tarho, idan ka danna lambobin wayar wanda kake son Magana da shi, sai nau’uran adapter ta sadar da kai da wanda kake son Magana. Da zaran ka fara Magana, wannan na’ura ta Adapter zata sarrafa muryarka zuwa siginar wuta, wacce wayar abokin maganarka zata karba, don jiyar da shi abinda kake fadi, kai tsaye. Wannan wayar tarho kenan, wacce muka saba amfani da ita. Amma idan ta fasahar VoIP ce, kana bukatar a kalla abubuwa uku; na farko hanyar saduwa da Intanet ta tauraron dan Adam, watau Broadband. Wannan aikinsa shine aikawa da sakon sauti cikin gaggawa. Idan babu wannan hanya, to babu yadda za a yi ka iya kiran wani ta kwamfutarka. Abu na biyu ita ce kwamfuta, matsakaiciya wacce zaka jona mata layin Intanet. Idan babu kwamfuta, ana iya amfani da na’urar adapter. Sai kuma layin tarho, wanda akwai kamfanoni na musamman da ke bayar da su. Daga taswiran da mai karatu ke gani, zai iya fahimtar alakar da ke tsakanin kwamfuta da makalutun sadarwa (Modem ko Adapter), dangane da abinda ya shafi hadawa da yin amfani da fasahar VoIP. Da zaran ka kira wayar abokin maganarka, sai adapter ta isar da sakon, ta hanyar sarrafa sautinka, ta cilla ta ga wayar tarho ko kuma kwamfutarsa, ta hanyar Intanet, wanda tauraron dan Adam ke daukawa don isarwa.

Idan kana da layin tarho na fasahar VoIP, a duk inda mutum yake, zaka iya buga masa waya ku yi Magana, kuma kowace irin tarho yake rike da ita. Idan kuma yana da layin tarho irin naka ne, tazo cikin sauki; zaka iya kiransa ta kwamfutarsa, ku zanta. Hakan ya danganta ne da irin nau’in yarjejenin da ke tsakaninka da kamfanin da ke bayar da wannan layi. Fasahar VoIP na daya daga cikin sabbin hanyoyin da suka dada sawwake saduwa a tsakanin mutane ko hukumomi ta hanyar saduwa ta tarho. Sai dai wani hanzari ba gudu ba, wannan fasaha ta takaitu ne matuka ga kasashen Turai da Amurka. Kuma daga cikin matsalolin da ke tattare da wannan fasaha shine; idan babu wutan lantarki, ba a iya amfani dashi. Sannan idan babu Intanet, ko kuma kamfanin sadarwanka (ISPs) sun samu matsala, to kai da buga waya sai an samu wuta, ko kuma yanayi ya kyautata.

A nan zamu dakata zuwa wani mako. Ayi hutun sallah lafiya. BARKA DA SALLAH!

Abdullahi Salihu Abubakar
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Tower 421, Constitution Avenue,
Central Business District,
Garki – Abuja.
080 23788040
absad143@yahoo.com, salihuabdu@yahoo.com

KWAMFUTA DA MANHAJOJINTA!

Kwamfuta da Manhajojinta

Shimfida:

Kafin in ce komai, zan fara neman gafara daga wadanda suka aiko mani da wasiku don neman bayanai, wanda kuma har ya zuwa wannan lokaci da nake wannan rubutu, ban basu amsa ba. Hakan ya faru ne saboda zirga-zirga da nayi ta yi cikin makonni biyu da suka gabata, sanadiyyar jarrabawa da kuma tafiya da nayi zuwa birnin Ikko (Lagos). Zan aiko da wadannan sakonni cikin yardan Ubangiji, sai dai maimakon in aika musu kai tsaye, zan rubuto amsoshin gaba daya don kowa ya karu dasu, don sun shafi kasidar wannan mako ne. Don haka a gafarce ni.

A yau kuma ga mu dauke da bayanai, a takaice, kan kwamfuta da manhajojinta. Duk da yake wannan shine abinda ya kamata a ce mun fara dashi, amma dokin sanin Intanet da karikitanta ne suka shagaltar da mu. Don haka tunda mun kawo wani matsayi ko mataki wajen sanin hakikanin Intanet da yadda ake tafiyar da rayuwa a kanta, dole mu koma tushe, ko mazaunin da wannan fasaha ke dogaro wajen aiwatar da dukkan abinda zamu ci gaba da kawo bayanai kansu. Wanann ya sa zamu yi bayani kan Kwamfuta, ita kanta, da kuma ruhin da ke gudanar da ita. Na tabbata daga lokacin da mai karatu ya karanta wadannan bayanai, insha’Allahu zai samu sauyin mataki, wajen fahimtar darussan da zasu biyo baya. Mu je zuwa, wai mahaukaci ya hau Kura.

Kwamfuta:

Kwamfuta na’ura ce mai aiki da kwakwalwa, wajen karba da sarrafawa da adanawa da kuma mika bayanai, a sigogi daban-daban. Wannan shine ta’arifin kwamfuta a takaice. Bayan haka, kwamfuta na tattare ne da manyan bangarori guda biyu; bangaren gangan jiki, wanda aka fi sani da Hardware, a turance. Sai kuma bangaren ruhi ko rai, wanda ake kira Software, shima a turance. Kafin mu yi nisa, mai karatu zai ji ana fassara kalmomin turancin nan, sabanin yadda zai gansu ko yake ganinsu a cikin kamus (Dictionary). Hakan ya faru ne saboda a yanzu muna cikin wani zamani ne mai suna “turban masana”, ko Information Highway, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a kasidar Matambayi Ba ya Bata. A wannan zamani, kalmomin harsunan duniya zasu yi ta sauyawa ne iya gwargwadon fannin ilimi ko rayuwar da ake amfani da su. Don haka sai a kiyaye.

To, duk da yake mun ce wannan kasida a kan Manhajan kwamfuta ne kawai, da yadda suke taimakawa wajen tafiyar da kwamfutar, zai yi wahala mu takaitu a hakan, ba tare da shigar da bayanai kan gangan-jikin kwamfutar ba. Tun da gangan-jikin ne ke rike da dukkan komai. Don haka, a yanzu ga takaitaccen bayani kan yadda gangan-jikin kwamfuta yake.

Gangan-jikin Kwamfuta (Hardware):

Wannan shine kwarangwal din da mai karatu ke gani, ma’ana karikitai ko komatsen da suka hadu suka zama kwamfuta, a bayyane. Sun hada da talabijin kwamfutar, watau Monitor, shine mai kama da TV da muke dasu a gidajenmu. Aikinsa shine nuna ma mai karatu sakamakon aiki ko nau’in mu’amalan da yake yi da asalin kwamfutar. Sai kuma allon shigar da rubutu, watau Keyboard, wanda ke taimakawa wajen shigar da bayanai. A samansa akwai dukkan haruffan da kake bukata wajen shigar da bayanan – daga bakake zuwa lambobi. Bayan wannan sai beran kwamfuta, watau Computer Mouse, wanda mai karatu zai yi saurin sabawa dashi; karami ne, dan kumbul, mai dadin mu’amala wajen haurawa ko gangarowa daga shafin da ake ciki; da kuma matsa rariyar likau ko mashigin da mai lilo da tsallake-tsallake ke son shiga, a gidan yanan sadarwa. Dukkan wadannan kayayyaki guda uku da aka ambata, dole a hada su da asalin kwamfutar, mai kama da akwati, wacce ake kira CPU. Ita ce tafi dukkan sauran nauyi, kuma tana hade ne da sauran ta hanyar wayoyi da ake jona ma CPU din ta baya; don kowanne daga cikinsu na da nashi ramin da aka tanada masa. Wannan abinda ya shafi kwamfuta kenan ta bangaren ganganjiki na waje. Amma da zaran ka bude kowanne daga cikinsu, babu abinda zaka gani sai wayoyi da karfuna da robobi da kuma ‘yan kananan gilasai masu haske. Wadannan ayayyaku duk ana kiransu Microchip. Har wa yau, akwai cibiya guda, wacce aikinta shine taimakawa wajen wadatar da wutar lantarkin da kwamfutar ke bukata. Wannan cibiya ita ake kira Transistor.

A daya bangaren kuma, dukkan wadannan karikitai da bayanansu suka gabata a sama, idan aka hada su a matsayin kwamfuta, suna da bangare uku. Bangaren farko shi ake kira Arithmetic and Logic Unit. Aikin wannan sashe shine sarrafa bayanai na abinda ya shafi lissafi da kuma tunanin kwamfuta. Akwai lokuta da zaka taba wani abu a jikin kwamfuta misali, sai ka ga ta aiwatar da wani aiki cikin gaggawa. Umarni ne maginin manhajarta ya bata, cewa, “duk lokacin da abu kaza ya zama kaza”, ko kuma “duk lokacin da aka bude abu kaza, ki rufe abu kaza ko bude kaza.” Wannan na bukatar tunani, wajen sanin me aka yi, kuma me ya kamata in yi, a misali. Duk kwamfuta na dauke da wannan fanni a Arithmetic and Logical Unit. Daga nan sai Control Unit, sashen da ke lura da hada kan bangarorin da ke karban umarni daga mai mu’amala da kwamfuta. Misali, idan na budo allon rubutu, watau Word, na kwafi abinda ke jiki bayan na rubuta. Sai kuma na budo allon lissafi watau Excel, na zuba abinda na kwafo daga allon rubutu, bangaren Control Unit ne ke da hakkin sadar da wadannan ayyuka tsakanin manhajojin biyu. Sai kuma sashe na karshe, watau Memory Unit, bangaren da ke adanawa da kuma mika dukkan bayanan da ke cikin kwamfuta. Idan mai karatu bai mance ba, a farko na bayar da ta’arifin kwamfuta da cewa: na’ura ce mai aiki da kwakwalwa wajen karba da sarrafawa da adanawa da kuma mika bayanai. . . To, bangaren da ke lura da adanawa da kuma mika bayanai shine ake kira Memory Unit. Ya kasu kashi biyu; akwai bangaren da ke dauke da tabbataccen ruhin kwamfuta, da kuma bangaren da ke lura da ruhin wucin-gadi na kwamfuta. Kada mai karatu ya damu, zai samu bayanai gamsassu a gaba. A yanzu wadannan sune bangarorin kwamfuta, a bayyane. Duk da muhimmancinsu, idan babu bangare na biyu, watau ruhi, karikitan banza kawai aka tara. Bayan su akwai abinda ake kira Peripherals ko kuma Auxiliaries. Wadannan su ne manne-mannen da ake ma kwamfuta don ba ta damar aiwatar da wasu ayyukan muhimmai, akwai irinsu na’urar buga bayanai, watau Printer da dai sauransu.

Ruhin Kmwafuta

Ruhin kwamfuta, a takaice, shine manhaja ko masarrafan da ke sarrafa gangan-jikin da bayanansu ya gabata, Software. Kamar dai dan Adam ne; yana da kai, da kafa da baki da hanci da hannaye, amma idan babu rai a jikinsa, bai da banbanci da sharan da ke kan bola, wajen rashin motsi da tasiri. Manhajan kwamfuta ya kasu kashi biyu, muhimmai, shima. Akwai tabbataccen ruhi, wanda ya kasu kashi biyu shima; na farko shine wanda dashi ake kera ganganjikin; tun ran gini ran zane. Duk kwamfuta sabuwa, da shi take zuwa. Tun wajen kera ta ake tsofa shi a ciki. Sai dai wannan rai, sumammen rai ne, maras tasiri. Idan yana ciki za a iya kunna kwamfuta, amma babu abinda za a gani. Ba za ta iya yin komai ba, sai an sanya mata kashi na biyun, watau Operating System, ko OS, a takaice. Shi Operating System shi ake sanya ma kwamfuta, da zaran an sayo ta, ko harhada ta. Akwai su iri-iri; wanda muka yawaita amfani dashi a nan shine na Microsoft, watau Microsoft Windows. Akwai kuma UNIX da kuma MAC ko Macintosh. Wannan bangaren rai shi ake kira System Software, watau Babban Manhajar Kwamfuta, a takaice.

Aikinsu shine tafiyar da kwamfutar gaba daya, wajen karba da sarrafawa da adanawa da bayar da bayanai a sigogi daban-daban. Idan babu wannan bangare na rai, to babu abinda kwamfuta zata iya yi, gaba daya. Don haka, dukkan bangarorin kwamfuta na dogaro ne da juna, kamar jiki. Shi yasa a turance ake kiran kwamfuta kacokan da suna Computer System. Cikin wannan babban manhaja ake da dukkan manhajojin da ke taimaka ma kwamfuta yin mu’amala da mai mu’amala da ita wajen shigar da bayanai, ko nemo inda suke, da kuma tsarin sarrafa su, cikin hanyoyin mu’amala masu sauki. Wannan tsarin ake kira Graphical User Interface (GUI). Wannan na daga cikin abinda ya kara ma kwamfuta shahara wajen masu koyo da koyar da ita, kuma wacce ta fara bullo da wannan tsari ita ce kamfanin Microsoft na Bill Gates. Daga cikin ababen da ke dauke cikin babban manhaja har wa yau, akwai Device Drivers, watau “jami’an” da ke taimaka ma wasu makalen-makalen da ake ma kwamfuta don gabatar da wasu ayyukan, irinsu Diskett, CD Player, Speaker da Video. Daga karshe har wa yau, a babban manhaja ne ake samun manhajojin da ke taimaka ma kwamfuta mu’amala ko Magana da wata kwamfuta ‘yar uwanta – abinda ya shafi Intanet da karikitansa kenan - watau Networking Devices, ta hanyar wayoyin kebul da sauransu. Wannan shine takaitaccen bayani kan babban manhajan kwamfuta, watau System Software, wanda kwamfuta ke matukar bukatarsa, kafin tafiyar da kowane irin aiki a cikinta.

Sai kuma karamin manhajan kwamfuta, watau Application Software. Wadannan su ne masarrafan da ake sanya ma kwamfuta don gabatar da wasu ayyuka, irin su rubuta kasidu da yin lissafi da shirya mujallu ko jarida da dai sauransu. Su musamman ake sayo su, duk lokacin da aka tashi bukata, a sanya su cikin kwamfuta don yin aikin da ake so. Akwai irin su tunjin cikin Windows. Tana da masarrafan allon rubutu, watau Word, sai allon lissafi watau Excel. Har wa yau, akwai agogo da abin lissafi (Raskwana – Calculator), da abin wasan kwamfuta (Computer Games). Duk wadannan masarrafa ne masu zaman kansu da ke zuwa cikin babban manhajan kwamfuta na Windows Operating System. Da masarrafan Microsoft Word ne nake rubuta wadannan kasidu kafin aika ma Jaridar AMINIYA. Har wa yau, idan kaje banki, da zaran ka mika cakinka (cheque leaf), zaka ga kashiya ya karba, ya fara wasa da kwamfuta don tabbatar da cewa kana da kudi a taskanka. Masarrafan da ke taimaka masa wajen yin wannan aiki duk Application Software ne. Don haka, akwai su iri-iri; akwai na harkan kasuwanci, na koyon harsuna, da na gina gidan yanan sadarwa da koyon ilimin kwamfuta, da abin wasan kwamfuta, da likitanci da harkan lissafi da na runbun adana bayanai (Database), duk akwai su. Har wa yau, ana samun na koyon karatun Kur’ani, da na koyon Hadisi da duk wani ilimi da kake tunani. Wadannan masarrafa ko manhajoji, su ake kira Appalication Softwares, a turance. Kuma, tare da babban manhaja, su ne ruhi kuma abin dogaron kwamfuta, wajen tafiyar da rayuwa da kuma gudanar da aikinsa. Kuma dukkansu, da zaran an shigar dasu cikin kwamfuta, suna zarcewa ne zuwa ma’adanarta, watau Memory Unit, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a sama. Idan ka tashi aiki da su, kwamfuta zata kirawo maka su, da zaran ka matsa alamar (icon) da ke dauke dasu a fuskar talabijin kwamfutar (Desktop).

Masu Kerawa da Likitancin Kwamfuta:

Kafin mu karkare, yana da kyau mu san su waye ke da hakkin kera kwamfuta, a tsarin da take kai yanzu? Da farko dai, duk abinda ya shafi karikitan gangan-jikin kwamfuta, watau Hardware Devices, Injiniyoyi masana harkan lantarki da fasaha (Electrical Engineers) ne ke tsarawa da kerawa. Su suka san mazaunin kowace waya mai wuta, da kuma alakar kowanne da kowanne, wajen sadarwa. Sai kuma dangantakan da ke tsakanin Microchips, yan kananan na’urorin da ke cikin kwamfutar, da hanyoyin lantarki, watau Circuit. Har wa yau, daga cikin aikinsu, shine hada alaka tsakanin wadannan hanyoyi na wutar lantarki, da kuma sinadarin Silicon, wanda shine asalin kwakwalwan kwamfuta, wajen iya tunani da bin umarni da kuma adana bayanai. Allah Buwayi Gagara-Misali! Wadannan Injiniyoyin lantarki (Electrical Engineers), su ne da hakkin kerawa da kuma gyaran kwamfuta. duk da yake wasu na iya gyarawa, amma dole ne mutum ya koya, don kwamfuta ba kamar Talabijin ko Rediyo bane. Yadda ka san jikin dan Adam, haka kwamfuta take. Don haka take da ka’idoji wajen ajiyewa da kuma adana ta. Daga nan, sai Injiniyoyin manhajan kwamfuta, watau Computer Programmers. Su ma dai galibi zaka ga Injiniyoyin Lantarki ne, amma Masana Kimiyyar Kwamfuta sun fara yawaita a wannan fage yanzu, watau Computer Scientists. Sun kasu kashi biyu; akwai Masana Babban Manhajar Kwamfuta, watau System Programmers, wadanda ke gina babban manhaja kenan. Sai kuma Masana Masarrafan Kwamfuta, watau Application Programmers. Duk kusan ayyukansu iri daya ne, kwarewa ne kadai ya banbanta su. System Programmers na iya zama Application Programmers kai tsaye, amma ba dukkan Application Programmer bane zai amsa suna ko lakabin System Programmer. Babban aikinsu shine gina manhajojin kwamfuta da kuma lura dasu, wajen daidaita su da kuma gyatta su ta yadda za su yi daidai da zamanin da ake ciki. Ilimi ko fasahan yin dukkan wadannan aikace-aikace, shi ake kira Computer Programming, a jumlace. Akwai ilmummuka daban-daban, watau Programming Languages; shahararru daga cikinsu su ne: C, da C++ da JAVA, da kuma Visual Basic. Akwai fasahohi kusan dari uku. Wadannan ilmummuka, kamar sauran ilmummukan kwamfuta, dole ne a gansu a aikace, mujarradin karatu kadai ba ya sa a fahimci yadda suke. Don haka, duk mai son sanin yadda kwamfuta ke samuwa, daga gangan-jiki zuwa ruhi ko manhajanta, to ya samu littafin David Eck, mai suna: The Most Complex Machine – A History of Computer and Computing.

Daga karshe, duk abinda mai karatu bai fahimta ba, zai iya rubuto mani don neman Karin bayani. A mako mai zuwa, zamu kawo amsoshi kan tambayoyi biyu da wasu daga cikin masu karatu suka aiko mani. A biyo mu!

Abdullahi Salihu Abubakar (Baban Sadiq)
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Tower 421, Constitution Avenue,
Central Business District,
P. M. B. 315, Garki – Abuja
080 23788040
absad143@yahoo.com, salihuabdu@yahoo.com

SHUGABANNI A DUNIYAR INTANET

Shugabanni a Duniyar Gizo

Hakika na san mai karatu zai yi mamakin ganin wannan take a kasidar wannan mako, bayan a kasida ta farko an sanar dashi cewa babu wata kasa ko kungiya a duniya da ke da ikon “mulkiya” da Intanet. To yanzu me ya kawo maganan “shugabanni” ko “shugabanci” kuma a duniyar Intanet? Wannan tambaya ce mai kyau. Kuma sanadiyyar tambayoyi makamantan wannan ne naga dacewan kawo wannan kasida, don mai karatu ya san hakikanin wadanda ke tafiyar da wannan fasahar sadarwa ta Intanet; ta yaya kowane gidan yanan sadarwa ya mallaki jerin adireshinsa? Wa ke lura da k’a’idojin da ke tafiyar da Intanet (Internet Protocols)? Duk wadannan, idan mai karatu bai sansu ba, suna samuwa ne ta dalilin wasu masu sha’awa da kishin yaduwan wannan fasaha a duniya. Wadannan mutane ba wasu bane face masu amfani da Intanet, wadanda sanadiyyar hadewarsu waje guda don tabbatar da wadannan tsare-tsare ne suka zama kamar “shugabanni na nadin kai” a wannan fage. Manya daga cikinsu sune:

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF):

Wannan kungiya ce da ke da rassa da dama, kuma an kirikiro ta ne tun shekaran 1984. Daga cikin rassanta akwai Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), da Internet Research Task Force (IRTF). Babban hadafin wannan kungiya shine ingantawa da kuma habbaka fasaha da ka’idojin da Intanet ke gudanuwa akansu, watau Protocols and Standard Specifications.

Wannan kungiya “hadaka” ce ta masu harkan kimiyyan kwamfuta da kayayyakin sadarwa. Ba ta da rajista da gwamnatin wata kasa, kuma tana gudanar da dukkan ayyukanta ne ta hanyar shawarwarin gungun masana ko kwamitoci da ta kafa, watau Working Groups. A halin yanzu akwai kwamitoci irin wannan sama da dari, wadanda babban aikinsu shine samar da sabbin hanyoyin fasaha na inganta magudanar Intanet a duniya. Kowa da kowa na iya zama mamba, kuma ba a biyan kudin rajista balle “Kudin Laraba.” A matsayinka na mai sha’awan fasahar sadarwa ta Intanet, kana iya zama mamba, ka ba da shawarwarinka na abinda ya shafi inganta shi (Recommendations). Shi wannan gungu na masana zai yi nazari kan shawarwarinka, daga nan ya tura ma sauran mambobi. Da zaran an samu amincewan mafi yawancinsu (Concensus), sai kawai a tabbatar da su.

Mambobin wannan kungiya na gudanar da mafi yawancin ayyukansu ne ta hanyar wasikar sadarwa, watau Imel, in ka debe ‘yan tarurrukan da suke yi a shekara, wanda a nan ake samun ‘yan kudaden da ake gudanar da gidan yanan sadarwan kungiyar da sauran aikace-aikace. Kuma duk da yake akwai wasu kungiyoyi dake da ra’ayi irin nata, wannan kungiya a yau ta wayi gari kamar uwa ne ga kashin bayan Intanet. Don neman karin bayani, zaka iya ziyartan zauren gidan yanan sadarwanta da ke http://www.ietf.org.

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C):
Farfesa Tim Bernes-Lee, “Baban Intanet”, shine ya kirkiro wannan kungiya cikin shekarar 1994, ta hadin guiwa da wasu cibiyoyin fasaha dake kasashen Siwizalan (Switzerland) da Faransa (France) da kuma Jafan (Japan). Kamar wacce ta gabace ta ne, wannan kungiya ta W3C ita ma tana gudanar da ayyukanta ne ta hanyar kwamitoci da take kira “Working Groups”, kuma kowa na iya zama mamba, tunda mafi yawancin ayyukan kungiyar ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar Imel. Banbancinta da wacce ta gabace ta kawai shine; dukkan mambobi na taimakawa da kudade wajen ciyar da kungiyar gaba. Hakan ya faru ne sanadiyyar yanayin ayyukan da take gudanarwa.

Wannan kungiya babban hadafinta shine inganta fasahan Gina Gidan Yanan Sadarwa (Web Designing Technology). Kuma daga shekaran da aka kafa ta zuwa yau, ta samar da ka’idojin tsara gidan yanan sadarwa sama da tamanin, wadanda a halin yanzu ake takama dasu ba wai wajen kayata gidajen yanan sadarwa kadai ba, har da wayar salula (handsets/cellular phones) irin na zamani, duk da ka’idojinta ake tsara su. Don haka da zaran ka shiga zauren wasu gidajen yanan sai ka ga kamar bayanan da ke ciki zasu su maka magana; ga hotuna rau rau, ga wasu irin haruffa na kai da komowa (Animations). Duk da ka’idojin wannan kungiya aka gina su.

Kamar IETF da ta gabace ta, masu samar da wadannan ka’idoji mambobinta ne, wadanda mafi yawancinsu masana ne a harkan kwamfuta da manhajanta (Computer Programmers) – ba gama-gari ba - kafin sauran mambobin suyi nazari kansu, in da gyare-gyare a yi, in kuma babu sai a tabbatar da su. A yanzu W3C tana da rassa goma sha hudu (14) da suka watsu a sauran jihohin duniya. Tana kuma gabatar da taron ga-ni-ga-ka (Realtime Interaction) duk shekara. Bayan haka, kusan dukkan kamfanonin kwamfuta da manhajojinta dake duniya (irinsu Microsoft, Linux, IBM, Cisco, Oracle dsr) na da rajista da wannan kungiya. Babban Daraktanta, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata, shine “Baban Intanet” – Farfesa Tim Bernes-Lee. Don samun cikakken bayani kan wannan kungiya, a ziyarceta a http://www.w3c.org.

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names & Numbers (ICANN):
Wannan kungiya an kafa ta ne a shekarar 1995, kuma tsarinta kusan iri daya ne da sauran biyun da suka gabaceta: ta Imel ake gudanar da mafi yawancin ayyukanta; tana da manyan rassa na “dillalai” (Registrars) guda hudu a jihohi hudu na duniya, wadanda a karkashinsu akwai kananan dillalai dari da ashirin (120) masu gudanar da ayyukanta. Sai dai sabanin sauran kungiyoyin da suka gabaceta, ICANN kungiya ce mai rajista kamar sauran kungiyoyin duniya. Hakan ya faru ne saboda muhimmancin aikinta. To mene ne aikin nata?

Babban aikinta shine lura da kuma yin rajistan sunayen/adireshin gidajen yanan sadarwa, watau Domain Name Registration. Har wa yau, daga cikin ayyukanta akwai tabbatar da cewa duk wani gidan yanan sadarwa dake duniya, ko a wace kasa yake, adireshinsa daya ne tak, babu mai irin nashi – kamar dai lambar tarho. Yanda abin yake shine, kowace kwamfuta tana da adireshinta, wanda gungu ne na lambobi, ba haruffa ba. Don haka, abu ne mai wahala a ce sai ka haddace lambobin nan kafin ka ziyarci gidajen yanan nan da ke dauke cikin kwamfutocin. Don sawwake wannan, da zaran ka tashi gina gidan yanan sadarwarka, sai kaje ICANN ta mayar maka da wadannan lambobi na kwamfutarka zuwa haruffan sunan da kake so. Misali, lambar uwar garken da ke dauke da gidan yanan sadarwan mujallar “The Economist” dake Landan, shine: 207.87.8.50, amma sai ICANN ta mayar da su zuwa: economist.com. Idan kana son ziyartan gidan yanan, maimakon ka yi ta hakilon haddace wadancan lambobi, sai kawai ka rubuta www.economist.com.

Bayan mayar da lambobin zuwa sunaye da ICANN ke yi, ta bullo da tsarin killace adireshin gidanjen yanan sadarwa hawa hawa, dabaka-dabaka, don samun saukin mu’amala. Misali, kowane adireshin gidan yanan sadarwa ya kasu kashi biyu ne; da tozon adireshin (Top Level Domain – TLD), da kuma diddigensa (Lower Level Domain – LLD). Dubi nan kasa:

www.gamji.com

Bangaren karshe daga dama (.com), shine tozon adireshin, watau Top Level Domain. Bangaren (www.gamji) kuma shine diddigen. To, a wasu lokuta zaka ga “.org” ko “.co.uk” ko “.gov” ko kuma “.net”. wannan rabe-rabe ne da ICANN tayi don gane gidajen yanan gwamnati, da na ‘yan kasuwa da kuma na kungiyoyi da dai sauransu. Ga misali nan kasa don mai karatu ya fahimci abin sosai:

L.
Dabaka
Nau’in Adireshi
1.
Harkokin Kasuwanci (Kamfanoni dsr)
.com
2.
Harkokin Kwamfuta da Hade-Hadensa
.net
3.
Bangaren Ilimi (Jami’o’i dsr)
.edu
4.
Harkokin Gwamnati (Musamman Amurka)
.gov
5.
Hukumomin Tsaro (Sojoji dsr)
.mil
6.
Kungiyoyin Kasashen Duniya
.int
7.
Kamfanonin Safaran Jiragen Sama
.aero
8.
Kwararru Kan Harkokin Rayuwa
.pro
9.
Kamfanoni ‘Yan Kasuwa
.biz
10.
Hukumomin Adana Kayayyakin Tarihi
.museum
11.
Duk wani dabaka wanda baya cikin wadanda aka zayyana a sama – Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu dsr.
.org

Na Kasashe
L.
Kasashe
Nau’in Adireshi
1.
Nijeriya
.ng
2.
Afirka ta Kudu
.za
3.
Jamus
.de
4.
Ingila
.uk
5.
Faransa
.fr
6.
Jafan
.jp
7.
Sin (China)
.cn
8.
Amurka
.gov

Nau’ukan wasu daga cikin adireshin kasashen duniya da sauran hukumomi.

Asalin kamfanin da ke yin wannan aiki kafin kirkiro ICANN ita ce kamfanin Nework Solutions Inc da ke Amurka. To amma bayan wasu ‘yan lokuta (1995) sai aka lura cewa kamfanin ta fara karban abin goro a hannun jama’a. Don haka shugaba Bill Clinton (a wancan lokaci) ya rushe ta, ta hanyar mai bashi shawara kan harkan Intanet, watau Ira Magaziner. A halin yanzu ICANN na da manyan dillalai (Registrars) a nahiyoyin duniya hudu (Amurka, Turai, Asiya, da Karibiyan).
Akwai dillalai sama da dari da ashirin (120) da ke yin wannan aiki a karkashin manyan dillalan nan hudu. A yanzu hedikwatan wannan kungiya na Amurka ne, kuma shugabanta (Chairman) shine Vintan G. Cerf. Don neman karin bayani, ga adireshin Gidan Yanan Sadarwarsu nan: www.icann.org.

Kammalawa:

Daga karshe, yana da kyau mai karatu ya fahimci cewa, wadannan kungiyoyi, duk da yake ayyukansu ya shafi rayuwar Intanet ne gaba daya, ba su kenan ba. Akwai wasu da ke gudanar da ayyuka makamantan nasu. Sai dai sune iyaye wadanda duniya ta sani, shi yasa suka fi shahara, kuma sauran ma da su suke dogaro ko hada guiwa.

A mako mai zuwa zamu kawo bayanai kan Manhaja da Masarrafan kwamfuta, wadanda sune ruhin kwamfuta gaba daya, kuma a kansu Fasahar Intanet ke rayuwa ko ya so ko ya ki. Wannan zai zama shimfida ne ga cikakkun bayanan da zasu biyo bayansu kan hakikanin duniyar Intanet da harkokin da ake gudanarwa a ciki. Kasidun da suka gabata (har da na wannan mako), dunkulallun bayanai ne kan Fasahar Intanet, nan gaba ne zamu shiga warwaro bayanai kan daya-dayan abubuwan da ke gudanuwa a wannan duniya. Abinda mai karatu ke bukata kawai shine, yayi kokari ya kware wajen iya lilo da tsallake-tsallake a giza-gizan sadarwa ta duniya. Don samun cikakken fahimta dangane da abubuwan da bayanai zasu zo kansu.

Abdullahi Salihu Abubakar (Baban Sadiq)
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Tower 421, Constitution Avenue,
Central Area, Garki – Abuja.
080 23788040
nasadiq@gmail.com, salihuabdu@gmail.com

MATAMBAYI BA YA BATA!

Matambayi Ba Ya Bata (Search Engine)

A cikin littafinsa mai suna “The Road Ahead”, Bill Gates, shugaban kamfanin Microsoft, wanda ake ma take da mai kudin duniya, ya gabatar da wata doguwar hasashe kan irin ci gaban da yake ganin za a iya samu dangane da yaduwar ilimi ta hanyar nau’uka da hanyoyin fasahar sadarwa a duniya gaba daya. Wannan mataki ko matsayi na rayuwa wanda a cewarsa duniya zata iya takawa nan bad a dadewa ba, Bill ya kira shi “The Information Highway”, ma’ana “Turban Masana”. Wani mataki ne wanda dunkulewar duniya wajen sadarwa ta hanyar ilimi, zai shanye wanda ake ciki a wancan lokacin da yake rubuta littafin (1995). A wannan duniya ta “turban masana” har wa yau, wani yanayi ne ko zamani wanda kusan kowa zai iya mallaka ya kuma sarrafa, cikin sauki, bayanai ko ilimummukan da suka shafi harkokin rayuwa da al’ummomin da ke wata duniyar, cikin sauki kuma a takaitaccen lokaci. Daga cikin dirkokin da Bill ya lissafa wajen samuwar wannan turba, akwai fasahar Intanet, wanda duk wanda ya yi mu’amala da wanann fasaha a yanzu ya san cewa idan bamu cin ma wannan Turba ta masana da Bill ya hararo mana ba, to a kalla mun kusa. Domin fasahar Intanet ta tattaro kusan dukkan siffofin wannan turba; wajen samuwar bayanai cikin sauki, masu amfani, masu nasaba da halin da ake ciki; da kuma uwa uba yawaitan ilimi cikin hanyoyin fasahar sadarwa na zamani, wadanda kuma suke kan yaduwa a kasashen duniya daban-daban. Wannan yasa ake ma duniyarmu ta yau lakabi da “The Global Village”. A yau duk irin bayani ko ilimin da kake nema, ina tabbatar maka cewa zaka sameshi a dore a giza-gizan sadarwa ta duniya. Masarrafan da ke taimakawa wajen zamulo maka su kuwa shine Matambayi Ba Ya Bata, ko kace “Search Engine” a turance.

Ma’anar Matambayi Ba Ya Bata:

Matambayi Ba Ya Bata wata manhaja ce da ke zakulo nau’ukan bayanan da ke makare a gidajen yanan sadarwa ta duniya, ta hanyar shigar da kalma ko kalmomin da suka shafi nau’in bayanin da ake so. Ita wannan manhaja a gidan yanan sadarwa take, kuma tana da “dan aike” wanda ke bi rariya-rariya na gidajen yanan sadarwa na duniya don debo bayanai ta amfani da rariyar likau (web links), yana Tarawa a gimgimarayen kwamfutocin gidan yanansa (Mainframe Computers); ya kuma shirya su ta inda duk ka shigar da kalmar tambaya, zai debo maka su don ka zabi wanda yayi maka. Bayanan sun hada da kasidu da hotuna masu motsi da marasa motsi da kuma taswirori. Wannan fasaha ya fara yaduwa ne bayan kirkiro yanar sadarwa ta duniya, watau World Wide Web (www), wanda ya bayar da daman shiga wani dakin gidan yanan daga wani, wanda har wa yau ya canza nau’ukan bayanan da ake zubawa cikin Intanet daga haruffa ko zane kadai, zuwa sauti da hotuna da taswirori da shafuka masu launi iri iri. Amma kafin nan, ana neman bayanai ne ta hanyar masarrafar “Gopher”.

Bunkasarsa:

Kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a sama, kafin bayyanan wannan sassaukar fasaha na neman bayanai, ana amfani ne da fasahar “Gopher”, wacce a lokacin take ayyuka iri biyu; ta shigar da kai duniyar Intanet a matsayin rariyar tsallake-tsallake (web browser), ta kuma taimaka maka wajen neman bayanai. Wannan ya faru ne saboda saukin mu’amalanta ita ma. To amma daidai lokacin da Farfesa Tim Bernes-Lee ya kirkiro fasahar www, ya samar da wata fasaha tare da ita. Wannan fasaha, mai suna Hypertext Transfer Protocol (http), aikinta shine taimaka ma mai lilo a duniyar Intanet shiga wani shafi daga wani, wanda shima a hade yake da wani.

Samun wannan fasaha na daga cikin dalilan da suka kara habbaka harkan kasuwanci da bincike ta Intanet. Gidajen yanan sadarwa (web sites) suka yadu, musamman na saye da sayarwa. Tambayar da ta biyo baya itace: tun da ga gidajen yanan sadarwa musamman na saye da sayarwa sun yadu, ta yaya masu sayan kayayyaki da masu bincike kan harkokin yau da kullum zasu rinka samun bayanai cikin sauki, na abinda ke tafiya cikin wannan sabuwar kasuwa na gizo? Wannan ta haifar da yaduwar gidajen yanan sadarwa na neman bayanai zalla, watau Search Engine Sites. Daga cikin wadanda suka fara bayyana kafin shekarar 1994, akwai irinsu world wide web warm (wwww) na Mc Bryan, wacce a dukkan rana a kalla masarrafan zakulo bayananta na yawo cikin gidajen yanan sadarwa dubu dari da goma (110,000) don tanada ma masu neman bayanai abin dogaro.

Daga wancan lokaci kuma, wanda yayi daidai da lokacin da kamfanin Yahoo! ta bude nata gidan yanan, zuwa yanzu, an samu yaduwar irin wadannan gidajen yanan sadarwa na neman bayanai. Manya daga cikinsu sune Google, MSN, da Yahoo! Samuwar wannan hanya ko masarrafan neman bayanai a Intanet na daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka kara habbaka shaharar Intanet da amfani dashi, bayan Imel da Zaurorin Hira da Tattaunawa da bayanansu suka gabata. Don bayanai sun nuna cewa a 1994, gidan yanan sadarwa na neman bayanai na world wide web worm na samun masu ziyara a dubu dari da hamsin ne (150,000) a rana. Zuwa shekarar 1997 kuma gidan yanan sadarwa ta Alta Vista na samun maziyarta sama da miliyan ashirin a rana. Amma daga 1997 zuwa wannan shekara ta 2006, alkaluman baya bayan nan sun nuna cewa shahararriyar gidajen yanan sadarwa Matambayi Ba Ya Bata na Google na samun miliyoyin daruruwan maziyarta ne a rana.

Babban abinda ke kara yawan maziyarta cikin wadannan gidajen yanan sadarwa shine hikimar zakulo “ingantattun” bayanai da a kullum ake samu ba wai yawan amsar (search results) da ake samu ba kadai.

Shahararrun Gidajen Yanansa:

Ga takaitattun bayanai kan uku daga cikinsu nan:

Google (www.google.com):

Gidan yanan sadarwa ta Google, kamfanin Google Inc. da ke Amurka ne ke da ita, kuma an kirkirota ne cikin shekarar 1998. Asalin masu kamfanin wasu ‘yan samari ne guda biyu – Larry Page da kuma Sargey Brian. Sun kuma fara kirkiran Manhajan ne a shekarar 1995, kafin gama digirinsu na uku (Phd) kan fasahar kwamfuta da lissafi (Computer Engineering and Mathematics) a Jami’ar Standford dake Amurka. Daidai wannan lokaci (1995), shekarun kowannensu bai wuce ashirin da hudu ba (Page na da 24, shi kuma Brian na da 23). Daga nan suka ci gaba da inganta wannan fasaha wanda a yau ya wayi gari na daya a fagen zakulo bayanai cikin gaugawa da inganci da tsari. A kowace rana wannan gidan yanan sadarwa na Google na samun daruruwan miliyoyin maziyarta a duniya gaba daya, kuma suna da kwamfutocin adana bayanai (Gigabite Servers) a kalla dubu dari biyu da hamsin (250,000).

MSN (www.msn.com, ko http://search.live.com):
Gidan yanan sadarwan Matambayi Ba Ya Bata na MSN, wanda cikakkiyar ma’anarsa ke nufin: “Microsoft Network”, na kamfanin Microsoft ne dake Amurka, wanda Bill Gates ya kirkira kuma yake shugabanta, tun kirkiran kamfanin a shekarar 1975. Wannan gidan yanan sadarwa na daga cikin dadaddun gidajen yana da aka fara dorawa a duniyar gizo. Bayan masarrafan neman bayanai na matambayi baya bata da yake dashi, wani abinda ya kara masa shahara shine samuwar manhajar Imel da ke tattare dashi, watau hotmail (www.hotmail.com), sai kuma harkokin kasuwanci da tallace tallace. Har wa yau, saboda ingancin da fasahar neman bayanansa ke dashi, an wayi gari bayan Google, babu irinsa. A sabon tsarin da kamfanin ta tsara yanzu, tana sa ran kara yawan kwamfutocin adana bayananta (Gigabite Servers) zuwa dubu dari shida (600,000), nan da shekaru biyu masu zuwa.

Yahoo! (www.yahoo.com, ko http://search.yahoo.com):

Gidan yanan sadarwa na Yahoo!, shine na daya a duniyan kyautata tsararrun bayanai (directory). Wadanda suka kirkiro wannan kamfani na Yahoo Inc., kamar Google, wasu samari ne guda biyu - David Filo da Jerry Yang – masu karatun kimiyya a Jami’ar Standford dake Amurka, cikin shekarar 1994. Wannan gidan yana ya shahara a duniya gaba daya, musamman shima saboda manhajar Imel da yake dauke da ita, bayan masarrafan neman bayanai na matambayi baya bata, da kuma harkokin kasuwanci da tallace-tallace. A halin yanzu kamfanin Yahoo! Inc. na da rassa a kusan dukkan jihohin duniya, kuma gidan yanan sadarwansa na samuwa cikin harshe daban daban na kabilun duniya.

Yadda Ake Neman Bayanai:

A kowane gidan yanan sadarwa na matambayi baya bata, akwai hanyoyin neman bayanai iri biyu; ko dai kaje kai tsaye zuwa masarrafan zakulo bayanai, inda zaka shigar da kalma ko kalmomin nau’in bayanin da kake so, ka matsa “search” ko “go”, ko “enter”, amsoshin bayanan da kake so su bayyana, har ka zabi wadanda suka yi daidai da irin bayanin da kake so, ko kuma kaje hanyar tsararrun bayanai (directory), inda aka shirya bayanai dabaka-dabaka, daga wannan zuwa wannan, har ka kai inda zaka samu bayanin da ya dace da bukatarka.

Hanya ta farko ita ake kira “Index”, don masarrafan neman bayanan na shirya bayanan da ya debo daga yawace-yawancensa ne tsibi-tsibi, a tsarin haruffan a b c d (alphabetically). Da zaran ka mika kalma ko tambayarka, sai ya zakulo maka dukkan shafukan da ya debo wajen yawonsa, masu kamaiceceniya da abinda ka bukata, ya tara maka su: zabi wanda yayi maka! Hanya ta biyu kuma ita ake ce ma “Directory”. Kai zaka je da kanka ka dauko. Ga kalma a gabanka, a misali harkan ilimi, watau “education”. Kana matsawa zai kaika inda zaka sake samun wani dabakan na nau’ukan ilimi, da ka zabi wanda kake so, zai sake kaika wani shafin, har ka tike ga bayanin da kake so. Sai dai duk da haka, dukkanin hanyoyin nan biyu, waje daya zasu kai ka; watau wani gidan yana ko shafi mai dauke da bayanin da kake so.

Amfani:

Lissafa amfanin da ke tattare da Matambayi Ba Ya Baya abu ne mai wahala. Abinda kawai zan ce ma mai karatu shine; duk ilimin da kake bukata a duniyan nan, zaka iya samunsa, in Allah Ya yarda. Daga likitanci, dibbu, lawyanci, tarihi, lissafi, duk zaka samu. Duk wata kasa a duniya zaka iya karanta tarihinta da irin halin da take ciki. Duk wata jarida a duniya, muddin ta amsa sunanta, zaka samu shafukana a wurin. Idan kana son halin da duniya take ciki ta hanyar kere-kere, kimiyya da fasaha, duk zaka samu. idan kana son sanin halin da duniya ke ciki kan harkan siyasa, duk zaka samu. idan kana son sanin halin da duniya ke ciki kan harkan addini da dabi’u da al’adu, duk akwai. Galibin abubuwan da na karu dasu ta hanyar ilimin Intanet da kwamfuta, duk ta wannan hanya na samesu. Duk lokacin da nake neman bayani kan wani abu, bana bukatar gaggawa wajen neman littafai; nan da nan sai in buga tambaya a Google ko Yahoo ko MSN, sai ka ga bayanai kamar daga sama. Duk da yake da turanci (ko Faransanci) bayanan suke, nan da wasu ‘yan shekaru Malam Bahaushe zai iya cilla tambaya da harshen Hausa, ya samu amsoshinsu cikin harshensa. Alhamdu lillah!

Kammalawa:

Daga karshe, zai kyautu mai karatu yayi kokarin kwatanta neman bayanai ta daya daga cikin wadannan gidajen yanan sadarwa na Matambayi Ba Ya Baya, don ganin yadda abin yake. Abin zai kayatar da kai. Abinda yake da muhimmanci shine ka iya tsara tambayarka, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a wancan mako. Allah Yasa mu dace, amin.

Abdullahi Salihu Abubakar (Baban Sadiq)
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Tower 421, Constitution Avenue,
Central Area, Garki – Abuja.
080 23788040
absad143@yahoo.com, salihuabdu@yahoo.com

WAIWAYE ADON TAFIYA!

Waiwaye Adon Tafiya

Sakonnin Masu Karatu:

Masu karatu ku gafarce ni wannan mako. Ba mancewa nayi kan alkawarin da nayi ba, cewa zan kawo bayanai kan ”Yadda Ake Neman Bayanai a Yanar Gizo.” Ina sane. Babban abinda yasa na taka mana burki shine don muyi waiwaye, abinda Malam Bahaushe ya kira “adon tafiya.” Kada gabanku ya fadi, ku dauka ko karshen wannan shafi kenan. A a, zamu ci gaba da kwararo bayanai insha’Allah, sai inda karfi ko iliminmu ya kare.

Da farko dai ina so in mika godiyata ga masu rubuto sakonni ko bugo waya, ko aiko da gajeren sako ta wayar salula, watau text message. Hakika na kan ji dadi kuma kamar yadda a kullum nake cewa shine; babu wadanda suka cancanci wannan yabo irin Hukumar Media Trust, masu buga wannan jarida mai alabarka ta AMINIYA, musamman ma Edita, Hajiya Aishah, da kuma Malam Abubakar AbdurRahmaan, wanda aikinsa ne karbowa da kuma shirya wannan shafi da nake gabatarwa a duk mako. Hakika ta wadannan sakonni na fahimci abubuwa da dama. Wannan yasa na yanke shawaran kawo wadannan gajerun shawarwari, wadanda na tabbata zasu taimaka ma mai karatu a hanyarsa ta mu’amala da wannan bakuwar hanyar sadarwa. Da haka nima na fara, kuma duk da yake ba wani cikakkiyar kwarewa nake da ita ba kan wannan fasaha, a kalla zan iya bayar da shawarwari iya gwargwadon fahimta da sani na.

Kasidun da Suka Gabata:

Idan mai karatu bai mance ba, wanann shine mako na bakwai da muka fara aiko da wadannan makaloli. A kasidar farko mun yi gabatarwa kan ma’ana da tarihin Intanet, da nau’ukan Intanet. A makon da ke biye da shi kuma muka kwararo bayanai kan amfanin Intanet, da kebantattun siffofin wannan fasaha mai ban al’ajabi. A mako na uku mai karatu ya karanta bayanai kan yadda ake gina gidan yanan sadarwa, watau Web Designing. Daga nan muka turo bayani kan yadda ake lilo da tsallake-tsallake a wadannan shafuka ko gidajen yanan sadarwa. A mako na baiyar mai karatu ya karanta yadda ake budewa da kuma mu’amala da akwatin wasikar hanyar sadarwa, watau Imel. A mako na shida kuma sai kasidar Hira da Tattaunawa ta biyo baya. Ina da yakinin cewa masu karatu sun karu da wani abu, duk kankantansa. Domin a tabbace yake cewa mafi yawancin wadanda suka yi ta aiko da sakonni basu jima da fara amfani da wannan fasaha ba; wasu kuma ma sai ta wadannan kasidu suka san yadda ake mu’amala da ita. Tabbas akwai da dama da suka jima suna ta’ammali da fasahar Intanet, amma duk da haka, samun bayanai cikin harshen Hausa kan yadda ake sarrafa wannan fasaha shi kanshi wani ci gaba ne, ko da mutum ya jima yana lilo a giza-gizan sadarwa. A gaba zamu ci gaba da aiko kasidu, kuma zan yi iya kokari na wajen ganin na dada sassauka bayani cikin kasidun, don mai karatu ya samu fa’ida mai yawa, insha’Allah. Kafin nan, zan so mai karatu ya lura da wasu abubuwa masu mihimmanci dangane da mu’amala da Kwamfuta da kuma Fasahar Intanet, kamar haka:

Sha’awa:

Wannan shine babban garkuwa da mai karatu yake bukata. Sha’awar da nake nufi a nan ita ce abinda ake kira “Interest”, a turance. Ya zama kana son yin abin, kuma kana kulawa da irin ci gaban da kake samu lokaci lokaci. Domin idan baka da sha’awa, to babu yadda za a yi ka rinka kulawa da shiga Yanar Gizon, balle har ka samu fa’idojin da ke tattare da wannan fasaha. Kada ka damu cewa “ai ban taba mu’amala da kwamfuta ba”, duk wannan ba hujja bane. Idan kana da cikakkiyar sha’awa, nan da nan zaka koya. Shekaru shida da suka gabata, ko kusa da kwamfuta bana yi, saboda tsaban tsoro. Domin a kullum gani nake kamar idan na taba jikin kwamfutar, lalatata zan yi. Amma na fara gina sha’awa na ne lokacin da nake ta mu’amala da gidajen rediyon BBC da Deuschewelle dake Jamus, da irin su Voice of America. Nakan ji suna ambaton adireshin Imel dinsu, ni kuma ba a abinda na fi bukata a rayuwa illa in aika da sako, ya isa cikin gaggawa. Don haka wata rana sai na rubuta sako zuwa ga BBC Sashen Turanci (The Learning Zone), na samu wata baiwar Allah da ke sashin kwamfuta a ofishinmu ta aika musu. Sai ta dinga min yanga. Har sai da na harzuka. Daga lokacin na yanke shawaran koyan kwamfuta da shiga Intanet. Ba a dauki lokaci mai tsawo ba Allah Yai mani muwafaka. A yanzu bana iya kwana ba tare da nayi shaukin taba kwamfuta ko shiga Intanet ba. Ya zama kamar jinin jiki na. duk wannan ba komai ya kawo haka ba, sai tsaban sha’awa da nake dashi kan hakan. Ban taba zuwa makaranta don koyon ilimi da aiki da kwamfuta ba, balle yadda ake mu’amala da Intanet. Don haka, idan mai karatu ya gina sha’awarsa kan wannan fasaha, ina tabbatar masa cewa nan ba da jimawa ba zai samu bakin zaren.

Karatu da Aiki Da Shi:

Abinda ilimin kwamfuta da Fasahar Intanet ke bukata bayan sha’awa, shi ne aiki da abinda ka karanta. Domin idan baka aikata abubuwan da kake karantawa, to zai yi wahala ka iya komai a harkan. Domin shi wani fanni ne wanda karantunsa ke rataye da aiki. A wasu lokuta ma zaka samu aikin ya fi karatun yawa. Duk lokacin da ka karanta yadda ake mu’amala da gidan yanan sadarwa, dole ne ka samu Intanet, ka aikata wannan ilimi a aikace. Babu abinda zaka koya a harkan Kwamfuta da Intanet ba tare da kayi karatu ba; kuma baka iya komai, idan baka kwatanta abinda ka karanta ba. Don dole ne mai karatu ya rinka kwatanta ilmummukan da yake dauka cikin kasidun da muke aikawa mako-mako. Wannan ne zai bashi daman auna ilminsa kan abinda yake karantawa. Duk inda ya cije, sai yayi tambaya. Wannan tasa nake zaburar damu kan abinda ya shafi neman bayani cikin dukkan abinda mai karatu ya karanta amma bai fahimta ba. Ko ya koya, amma da yaje aikawa sai ya gab a haka abin yake ba. Yin tambaya ne kadai zai wayar maka da kai cikin abinda kake nema. Galibin abubuwan da na tara na ilimi da aiki kan wannan fasaha, ya ta’allaka da tambayoyin da nake kusan a kullum. Idan abubuwa suka cakude mani, na kan rubuta ma Farfesa Abdallah Uba Adamu dake Jami’ar Bayero sakon Imel, don neman Karin bayani. Wasu lokuta kuma sai in nemi bayani (Search) ta hanyar matambayi baya bata, watau Search Engine, wanda zamu kawo bayaninsa mako mai zuwa, in Allah Ya yarda. Don haka, mai karatu ya sa a cikin zuciyarsa cewa dole ne ya aikata abinda ya koya, kuma duk inda ya samu matsala, to yayi tambaya. Domin matambayi, inji Hausawa, baya bata – sai dai in bai yi tambayar daidai ba, ko kuma yadda ta dace.

Manufa:

Wannan ya kawo mu kan mataki na gaba, watau manufa. Kafin nan, yana da kyau mai karatu ya san cewa “kamar yadda ya san cewa zuwansa duniya na da manufa mai karfi,” to dole ne ya san cewa a duniyar gizo ma sai ya riki manufa kwakkwara, idan kuwa ba haka ba, sai ya bace. Wannan ya faru ne saboda duniyar Intanet wata irin duniya ce mara badala; babu kyaure, muddin a ciki kake. Kuma yadda kasashen duniya suka kasu kashi-kashi, to haka manufofi da ra’ayoyin mutane suke birjik. A duniya irin wannan, idan baka da manufa, sai ka narke cikin rubibi. Samun manufa ya kasu kashi-kashi; manufa wajen lilo da tsallake-tsallake. Wani irin gidan yanan sadarwa zaka ziyarta? Me kake bukata a ciki? Dole ne ka samu manufa a nan, idan ba haka ba, sai ka ci karo da miyagu. Manufa wajen hira da tattaunawa; su waye abokan huldanka a Intanet? Wani irin mu’amala kake dasu? Duk sai ka tantance. Har way au, yana da kyau ka san irin majalisar da zaka rinka shiga. Wannan na rataye ne da irin manufarka da kuma abokan da ka shaku dasu. Domin a duniyar Intanet, akwai wuraren da zaka iya ziyarta gaba gadi. Akwai wadanda zaka iya shiga da kyar. Akwai kuma wadanda duk tsiyarka baza ka iya shiga ba said a izni. Ya dai danganta da irin abinda ya kaika wajen. Kafin in karkare wannan bangare, yana da kyau mai karatu ya san cewa yadda dabi’un mutane suka karkasu a rayuwar yau da kullum, to haka ire-iren wadannan dabi’u suke a duniyar Intanet. Idan addini kake so akwai. Idan holewa kake so, akwai mazauninta. Idan neman kudi kake son yi, ta hanyar da ta dace da wacce bata dace ba, duk akwai su. Duk irin abinda kake bukata na dabi’u, baza ka rasa mazauni ba. Don haka nake karfafa Magana kan manufa. Me kaje yi?

Hakuri da Juriya:

Komai dan hakuri ne, musamman idan aka ce ya shafi neman ilmi da aiki da shi. Mu kwatanta rayuwarmu na addini mu gani mana; sau nawa muka ji wa’azi kan hani daga aikata zunubi, kuma sai nawa muka yi amfani da wannan hani? To balle Intanet, wacce a ciki babu wanda zai kwabe ka kan irin Gidan Yanan da zaka shiga, sai tsaban tarbiyyan da kake da ita. Hakuri ya kasu kashi biyu a Intnet; juriya wajen kamewa daga aikata alfasha. Da kuma juriya wajen dagewa da ganin ka koyi abinda zai amfaneka. Ba za ka san dimbin ilimin da ke makare a giza-gizan sadarwa ta Intanet ba sai ka fara mu’amala da ita. Kowane irin ilimi kake son koyo, zaka iya samunsa in Allah Ya yarda. Abinda kake bukata kawai shine sanin abinda kake nema, da kuma inda zaka je ka sameshi. Hakurin da ya fi kowanne shine wanda zaka yi wajen koyon ilimi; ilimin kwamfuta da Fasahar Intanet nake nufi. Domin wani fanni ne dake tsarinsa ke sauyawa kusan a dukkan dakika ko bugun agogo. Yana bukatar a kullum ka rinka mu’amala da shi don sanin irin sauye-sauyen da ke samuwa a kullu. Idan ba haka ba sai ka zama bakauye cikin kankanin lokaci. Domin ana kirkiro sabbin hanyoyin mu’amala da Intanet kusan a kullum. Wannan tasa dole mai karatu ya zama mai juriya da hakuri wajen lazimta da mu’amala da kowane irin bangare ne na wannan fasaha. Idan hakan ya zama maka jiki, ba zai rinka damunka ba, in Allah Ya yarda.

Kammalawa:

Dangane da bayanan da suka gabata, na tabbata mai karatu ya dauki mataki kan tsarin da zai bi wajen mu’amala da wannan fasaha. Kuma kamar yadda masu karatu suke yawaita bayar da shawara cewa mai zai hana in mayar da wadannan kasidu zuwa littafi mai zaman kansa. To ina son sanar dasu cewa a halin yanzu akwai wanann littafi a rubuce, amma saboda ayyuka da suka addabe ni a ofis, ban riga na dabba’a shi ko ba. Amma nan da wasu watanni masu zuwa insha’Allah zan sanar da ku halin da ake cika. Akwai gyare-gyare da kuma kare-kare da zan yi saboda tsawon lokacin da na dauka ban buga ba. Domin kusan dukkan kasidun da nake aikowa, da ka nake hararo su, ba da littafin nake amfani ba gaba daya yanzu. Daga karshe, ina kara sanar da masu karatu cewa samun lokaci, hajuri da juriya, manufa da kuma amfani da ilimi, sune manyan dirkokin da ake bukata wajen ci gaba da hulda da wannan fasaha. Duk abinda mai karatu bai gane ba, sai ya rubuto. Insha’Allah zan yi iya kokari na wajen ganin na taimaka.

Sai mun sadu mako mai zuwa!


Abdullahi Salihu Abubakar (Baban Sadiq)
Securities and Exhange Commission (SEC)
Tower 421, Constitution Avenue
Central Area, Garki – Abuja.
080 23788040
absad143@yahoo.com, salihuabdu@yahoo.com

HIRA DA TATTAUNAWA (Chatting and Mailing Lists)

Hira da Tattaunawa a Duniyar Gizo

D

aga lokacin da mai karatu yazo karshen wannan makala, zai fahimci cewa lallai tsarin da mutane ke kai wajen gudanar da hakikanin rayuwa ta zahiri, bai da banbanci da wanda suke gudanarwa ta Intanet. Idan ma akwai, to banbancin kadan ne. Domin a yanzu kusan dukkan harkokin rayuwa na zahiri ana kokarin ganin cewa an samu kwatankwacinsu a duniyar gizo. Shi yasa a kasashen Turai da America, inda ake da ci gaba ta fannin tattalin arzikin kasa, mutane kan kashe kusan kashi sittin cikin dari na lokutansu suna yawo a Intanet; ko dai sayayya suke yi, ko hira da abokan arziki, ko neman bayanai don bincike, ko koyon karatu ko buga wasan kwamfuta, watau Computer Game, da sauran harkokin rayuwa. Daga cikin wadannan wurare akwai Zaurorin Hira da Majalisun Tattaunawa, watau Chat Rooms and Mailing Lists, a turance.

A kasidar da ta gabata wancan mako, mun karanta cewa Wasikar Hanyar Sadarwa watau Imel, na daya daga cikin gimshikan da suka dada habbaka sanayya kan Fasahar Intanet a duniya gaba. To bayan Imel, masu biye mata sune Zaurorin Hira da Majalisun Tattaunawa. Dunkulallen sunan da suka fi shahara dashi shine Cyber Communities, ko kace Kauyukan Yanar Gizo, a Hausance. Wurare ne ko hanyoyi saduwa da juna don hira ko tattaunawa kan harkokin rayuwa gaba daya; daga siyasa zuwa addini; daga likitanci zuwa lauyanci. Duk wani abin da ka san ya shafi rayuwar dan Adam, to akwai inda ake tattaunawa kan yadda abin yake, ko asalinsa ko tasirinsa wajen amfani da rashinsa. A wadannan wurare zaka amfana da ilmummuka da dama; wasu lokuta ayi nishadi, a wasu lokutan kuma kowa ya zare tokobinsa ana daga jijiyoyin wuya. Ga takaitaccen bayani kan kowanne daga cikinsu, da kuma yadda ake shiga da gudanar da mu’amala a cikinsu:

Zauren Hira (Chat Room/Messenger):

Zaurorin Hira wurare ne da ake hira irin na ga-ni-ga-ka, watau yanzu-yanzu. Zaka iya aikawa da rubutacciyar sako a kuma baka amsa yanzu-yanzu, kamar ga ka ga abokin hiranka. Hakan na yiwuwa net a hanyar Manhajar Hirar Ga-ni-ga-ka, watau Instant Chat Program a turance. Wadannan manhajoji na dauke ne a gidajen yanan sadarwa daban-daban. Shahararru daga cikinsu sune: Yahoo! Messenger (http://messenger.yahoo.com). Sai Network Messenger (http://www.msn.com). Akwai kuma ICQ – I Seek You, a lafazance - (http://www.icq.com). Sannan ga AOL Instant Messenger (http://www.aol.com). Sai kuma kanana irinsu: TalkCity (http://www.talkcity.com) da Snap Chap (http://chat.snap.com) sai kuma PalTalk (http://www.paltalk.com). Don samun cikakkiyar fahimtar yadda ake gudanar da ire-iren wadannan hirarraki, zamu yi misali cikin bayani da Yahoo Messenger, wanda yafi shahara.

Da farko dai dole ne ya zama kana da adireshin Imel, wanda da shi ne zaka iya shiga Zauren Hiran. Kuma dashi ne sauran abokan hiranka zasu iya shaidaka. Haka idan ka tashi neman abokan hira, dole sai da adireshin Imel. Daga nan sai ka diro (download) da Manhajar Zauren Hiran, watau Instant Chat Program, daga gidan yanan sadarwan Yahoo!, zaka sameshi a http://messenger.yahoo.com. Idan babu a kwamfutar da ka hau kenan, amma idan a Mashakatar Tsallake-tsallake kake (cyber café), sai ka duba fuskar talabijin kwamfutar da ka hau (desktop), zaka ga tambarin hoton kan mutum karami, an rubuta Yahoo! Messenger a kasansa. Da zaran ka matsa shi sau biyu cikin lokaci guda (double-click), zai budo. Sai ka shigar da suna (username) da kalmar iznin shiganka (password), wadanda ka bude Akwatin Imel dinka dasu. Idan allon hiranka ya budo, sai ka haura sama daga dama, ka matsa “contacts”, ka zarce “add contacts”. A nan ne zaka ga inda zaka shigar da adireshin Imel din abokanan hiranka. Da zaran ka gama shigarwa sai ka matsa inda aka rubuta “finish”. Idan ka ga alamar dake dauke da adireshi ko sunayen abokan hiranka ta canza zuwa kalan rawaya (yellow), wannan ke nuna cewa lallai suna kan kwamfutarsu. Don haka sai ka matsa alamar sau biyu lokaci daya, zauren hiranka zai bude, dauke da sunan abokin hiranka a gurun dake sama, watau Title Bar.

Zauren hawa biyu ne; sama da kasa. A kasa zaka rinka rubuta sakonka, sai ka matsa “enter” dake dama, sakonnin zasu haura sama, yayin da abokin hiranka zai gansu. Idan ya rubuto nasa, a sama zaka gansu. Kowane sako na dauke da adireshi ko sunan wanda ya rubuto tsakanin kai ko shi. A jikin wannan zauren hira, akwai inda zaka iya aika masa jakunkunan bayanai (files) ko hotuna da dai sauransu. Da zaran kuma abokin hiranka ya fice daga nasa zauren, zaka samu sako cewa: “wane has signed out” a misali. Daga nan sai ka matsa inda aka rubuta “conversation” dake jikin zaurenka, daga can sama, ka gangaro “close”, sai ka matsa. Ka fice kenan daga naka zauren kaima.

Majalisun Tattaunawa (Mailing Lists ko Discussion Forum):

Majalisun Tattaunawa wurare ne da ake tattauna al’marun rayuwa ta hanyar sakonnin Imel. Asalin Manhajar da ke aika wadannan sakonni ga mambobin da ke ire-iren wadannan majalisu na cikin gidajen yanan sadarwa ne. Ana kiransu Listervers, a turance. Idan ka aika da sako zuwa ga Uwar Garken manhajan, sai ta karba, ta cilla ma dukkan mambobin majalisar. Da zaran sun gani, duk wanda ya aika da jawabi kan abinda ka rubuta, zata karba, ta cilla ma kowa. Haka ake gabatar da tattaunawa a wadannan majalisu. Wani abin sha’awa shine, ko a ina kake zaka iya shiga irin wadannan majalisu, muddin kana shiga Intanet. Kuma sun zama hanyoyi mafiya sauki wajen hada abota tsakanin mutanen dake nahiyoyin duniya daban daban. Kuma suna nan kala-kala, kuma cikin harshe daban-daban. Hausawa na da nasu majalisun, inda ake tattaunawa kan al’adun Hausawa. Akwai majalisar Finafinan Hausa, da na Marubuta Littafin Hausa, da na Al’adun Hausawa, wadanda Farfesa Abdallah Uba Adamu dake Jami’ir Bayero dake Kano ya bude. Sai majalisun da ake tattauna harkokin Musulunci irinsu Nurul Islam, wanda Malam Magaji Galadima ya bude, kuma nake lura da ita. Da kuma Majalisar Dandalin Matasa, nan ma Musuluci ake tattaunawa, wata baiwar Allah ne mai suna Aishah Adamu ta bude. Kai da dai sauran Majalisu da dama, sai wanda ka shigo ka gani.

Idan kana bukatar shiga ire-iren wadanan majalisu, na farko ya zama kana da adireshin Imel, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata. Sai ka zabi irin Majalisar da kake son shiga. Akwai gidajen Yanan Sadarwa dake dauke da manhajar majalisun tattaunawa irin su: Yahoo! Groups (http://groups.yahoo.com), da MSN (http://communities.msn.com) sai kuma Google Groups (http://groups-beta.google.com). Mu kaddara Yahoo! Groups kake son shiga, kuma Majalisar Finafinan Hausa. Sai ke je zauren Majalisar, a http://groups.yahoo.com/group/finafinan_hausa . Sai ka matsa inda aka rubuta “Join This Group”, za a kai ka inda zaka shigar da suna (username) da kalmar iznin shiganka (password) na Yahoo. In ka shigar, sai ka matsa “Sign In”, shafi zai budo. To, kasancewan Majalisar Finafinan Hausa kullalliya ce, ma’ana sai ka nemi iznin Madugu, watau Uban Majalisa kenan. A shafin zaka ga inda aka tana maka don rubuta dalilin shiganka. Da ka gama, sai ka matsa “send” da ke can kasa. Ya danganta da lokacin da ka aika, amma galibi, baya wuce kwana daya, za a shigar da kai. Daga nan zaka fara samun sakonnin da wasu ke aikowa majalisar. Idan ka karanta, sai ka aika da naka.

Abinda ake so a dukkan majalisu shine, duk lokacin da ka shigo a matsayinka na sabon dan majalisa, sai ka natsu don karanta dokokin da ke majalisar, don dukkan majalisu suna da dokokinsu. Bayan nan, kada ka cutar da kowa da zagi ko da baker Magana; ka zama mai dattako; ka rinka karanta dukkan sakon da aka aiko maka daga farko zuwa karshe, wannan zai baka dama sani inda aka kwana, kada ka sari bayani da sama, ka kasa fahintar abinda ake Magana akai. Bayan nan, sakonninka su zama takaitattu, gwargwadon bukata, kuma masu ma’ana. Idan kuma baka da abin cewa, to a gaskiya yin shiru shi yafi alkhairi. Dukkan wadannan dokoki su ake kira Nettiquette a turance.

Daga karshe, ga adireshin wasu daga cikin majalisun Hausawa dake Intanet:

• Finafinan Hausa http://groups.yahoo.com/group/finafinan_hausa
• Marubuta http://groups.yahoo.com/group/marubuta
• Hausa da Hausawa http://groups.yahoo.com/group/hausadahausawa
• Nurul-Islam http://groups.yahoo.com/group/nurul-islam
• Dandalin Matasa http://groups.yahoo.com/group/dandalinmatasa

Inda ka samu matsala wajen shiga, ka iya rubuto mani a adireshin Imel dina dake kasa, don in agaza maka, in Allah Ya yarda.

A mako mai zuwa zamu yi bayani kan yadda ake neman bayanai a Intanet. A biyo mu.

Abdullahi Salihu Abubakar (Baban Sadiq)

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Tower 421, Constitution Avenue,

Central Area, Garki – Abuja.

080 23788040

absad143@yahoo.com, salihuabdu@yahoo.com