Tambayoyin Masu Karatu
Shimfida:
A kasidar da ta gabata wancan mako, mun kawo bayanai kan yadda kwamfuta take, da karikitanta da kuma ruhin, ko ran da ke gudanar da rayuwarta gaba data. Har daga karshe muka sanar da mai karatu cewa asalin masu kera gangar-jikin kwamfuta, watau Hardware, sune kwararru kan kimiyyar lantarki (Electrical Engineers). A yayin da Computer Programmers, a nasu bangaren, ke da hakkin ginawa da kuma dora mata ruhin da ke taimaka mata gudanar da ayyukanta gaba daya, watau Software. Bamu karkare kasidar ba sai da muka kawo rabe-rabe da kuma dukkan nau’ukan kowannensu. A yau kuma ga mu dauke da amsoshi kan wasu daga cikin tambayoyin da masu karatu suka aiko.
Tambaya ta farko:
Mai tambayar farko, wanda ya bugo ta wayar salula, yana cewa:
Ina yawan samun sakonnin Imel (e-mail) daga wasu mutane da ban sansu ba, kuma sun cika mani wuri. Yaya zan yi dasu?
Amsa:
To, a takaice dai ire-iren wadannan sakonni ana kiransu “Spam”, a turance, ma’ana, sakonnin da mai karbansu bai bukace su ba. Ko don baya tsammanin samunsu daga wadanda suka aiko masa ko kuma bai ce a aiko masa su ba, gaba daya. Idan mai karatu bai mance ba, a kasidarmu ta Wasikar Hanyar Sadarwa mun yi bayani kansu. Ire-iren wadannan sakonni sun kasu kashi uku:
Kashi na farko sune sakonnin tallace tallace. Zaka iya gane su ne daga irin taken (Subject) da suke dauke dashi. Wasu da sunayen hajar da ake tallata maka suke zuwa. Misali, ba abin mamaki bane ka ga an aiko maka da sako mai take: “That Nokia N93 Series You Requested”. Af, kaji shirme! Yaushe nace ku aiko mani da wata wayar Nokia N93? To haka zaka yi ta ganin su, da take iri-iri. Idan baka saba karban ire-iren wadannan sakonni ba, sai ka yi ta damun kanka wajen sanin wanda ya aiko maka su, kuma baza ka sani ba. Domin ba sunan mutum zaka gani ba. Idan ma da sunan mutum aka rubuto maka, sai ka ga wani irin suna ne, wanda bai dace a ce sunan mutum bane. Intanet kenan! Wadannan sakonnin tallace-tallace kenan, masu gayyatarka don dubawa ko gwadawa ko kuma karanta wani sako, wanda ke da alaka da wasu hajoji da ake tallata maka. Abinda ya rage mai karatu ya tambaya shine: shin ta yaya wadannan mutane suka samu adireshin Imel dina? Wa ya basu, a takaice?
Da farko dai, kafin su samu adireshin Imel dinka, dole ne ya zama ko dai kai ka kai kanka gidan yanan sadarwansu, ka shigar da adireshin don bukatar wani abu gidan yanan sadarwa, ko kuma wani abokinka ya bayar da adireshin, don yana son aiko maka da wani sako. Ga misali mai saukin fahimta. Akwai katinan gaishe-gaishe, watau Greetings Card, wanda na Intanet ya sha banban da irin wanda muke dasu a bayyane. Idan kaje gidajen yanan sadarwansu don aika ma wata budurwanka ko abokananka sakonnin Barka da Sallah ko Ramadan ko Barka da Sabuwar Shekara, a misali, dole ne ka shigar da adireshin Imel dinka, kai mai aikawa. Sannan ka shigar da adireshin Imel din wadanda kake son aika musu, ko da su nawa ne kuwa. To a nan, kaga da kanka ka shigar da adireshin, amma baka san mai zai je ya dawo ba. Su kuma a gidan yanan sadarwansu, suna da manhaja ko masarrafan da ke tara musu ire-iren adireshin Imel din da masu ziyara suka shigar. Wadannan adireshin suke amfani dasu wajen tallata hajarsu.
Kashi na biyu su ne sakonnin da ke tattare da jakunkunan bayanai, watau attachment. Zaka ga mutum ya aiko maka da sako, amma da zaran ka bude ba za ka ga komai ba, sai attachment. Idan ka bude shi, to zai rikita maka kwamfutarka. Domin ire-iren wadannan sakonni suna dauke ne da rikittatun bayanai, watau Virus, wadanda ke haukatar da kwamfuta. Don haka idan ka samu sako irin wannan, daga wajen wanda baka sani ba, da kuma take mai rikitarwa, kada ka bude, sam sam. Wadanda ke aiko da ire-iren wadannan sakonni su ne masana manhajar kwamfuta, watau Computer Programmers, wadanda bayaninsu ya gabata a kasidar wancan mako. Yadda suke samun adireshin mutane kuwa shine, suna kutsawa ne cikin ma’adanan kamfanonin da ke dauke da manhajar Imel, irinsu Yahoo! Gmail, Hotmail da sauransu, don tsamo adireshin mutane, ba tare da masu gidan yanan sun sani ba. Hakan na faruwa ne saboda irin kwarewan da wadannan masana suke dashi. Masu irin wannan aika-aika ana kiransa Hackers ko kuma Crackers, kamar yadda aka sansu a kasashen Turai. Idan an kama su suna wannan aiki, gidan yari ake kaisu, ko kuma a dora musu tara mai dimbin yawa su biya.
Kashi na uku su ne sakonnin da ke zuwa da tsararren wasika, inda mai sakon ke neman ka taimaka masa shigo da wasu kudade cikin gida Nijeriya, ko kuma ka aiko masa da nambar taskar bankinka (Account Number), don ya aiko maka da wasu kudade, a takaice. Wadannan ‘yan zamba-cikin-aminci ne, watau 419. Su kuma suna samun adireshin mutane ne ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Daya daga cikin ire-iren wadannan hanyoyi shine, ta hanyar Gidan Yanan Sadarwan Yahoo! Musamman Yahoo! Profiles, inda zaka samu adireshin mutane kyauta, cikakku. Zaka samu adireshin mutum, da kasar da ya fito, da jinsinsa da dai sauran bayanai. Masu wannan aika-aika dai mazambata ne, kuma idan ka sauraresu, har ka amince musu, zaka sha mamaki. Akwai ‘yan Nijeriya da dama a cikinsu, ana kiransu Yahoo Boys, kuma Hukumar EFCC ba ta saurara musu ko kadan idan ta kama su. Don haka da zaran ka samu ire-iren wadannan sakonni da bayaninsu ya gabata a sama, ka share (Delete) su kawai, kada ma ka bude su.
Hanya ta karshe ita ce, ka tsara akwatin wasikar sadarwanka na Imel, ta inda duk lokacin da wani sako makamancinsu ya shigo, za a kautar dashi zuwa wata jaka mai suna Bulk, cikin jerin jakunkunan da ke hannun hagu, a zauren wasikar sadarwanka. Don yin haka, da zaran ka shigo zauren wasikar sadarwanka (Mail Home), ka dubi can sama daga hannun damanka, zaka ga inda aka rubuta Options, sai ka matsa. Shafi zai budo mai dauke da tsare-tsare iri-irin don tsare jakar wasikar sadarwanka. Sai ka duba bangaren hagu daga sama, zaka ga an Spam Protection. Idan ka matsa, zai budo maka zaka tsare jakan wasikar sadarwanka daga sakonnin Spam, in Allah Ya yarda. Idan ma akwai wadanda ka rike adireshin Imel dinsu, kuma ba ka son su rinka aiko maka da sakonni, sai ka matsa inda aka rubuta Block Addresses, kasan Spam Protection kenan. Zaka samu inda zaka shigar da adireshinsu. Kai da ganin sakonninsu kuma, sai lokacin da ka cire sunayensu daga wannan wuri. Dankari!
Tambaya ta Biyu:
Mai tambaya ta biyu shine Malam Baffa Kofar Mata, da ke Kano, kuma ga abinda yake cewa:
As salaamu alaikum Baban Sadiq, muna matukar jin dadin bayananka, Allah Ya saka. Ina son bayani a Kan Voice over Internet Protocol, VOIP.
Amsa:
Babban Magana! Amsar wannan tambaya na iya cinye dukkan wannan shafi, a gaskiya. Don haka a yanzu sai dai mu dan tabo abinda ya sawwaka. To, kamar dai yadda mai karatu ya ga tambayar, yana son ai masa bayani ne kan Voice Over Internet Protocol, watau “ka’idar” da ke taimakawa wajen sadar da murya, maimakon bayanai ko haruffa, ta hanyar Intanet. Idan masu karatu basu mance ba, a kasidar farko mun tabbatar da cewa haruffa ne ke wucewa ta hanyar wayoyin kebul, zuwa kwamfuta, sannan su bayyana a matsayin rubutu ko hotuna da sauransu. Amma Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP), fasaha ne da ke taimakawa wajen aikawa da sakonnin sauti ta amfani da tsari mafi sauri na Intanet, watau Broadband, a turance, maimakon amfani da wayar tangaraho, watau Analog Phone. Maimakon kayi amfani da tarho, wajen kiran wani mai tarho irin naka, a tsarin VoIP kana iya amfani da kwamfuta mai jone da Intanet, don kiran abokinka mai dauke da wayar tarho (na kasa ne ko wayar tafi-da-gidanka, watau Salula). Sinadarai biyu dake kulla wannan alaka sune fasahar Intanet da kuma ka’idar Internet Protocol (IP), watau ka’idar da ke karban sakonni daga wata kwamfuta zuwa wacce ke dauke dasu.
A tsarin aikawa da sakonni na sauti daga tarho zuwa tarho, idan ka danna lambobin wayar wanda kake son Magana da shi, sai nau’uran adapter ta sadar da kai da wanda kake son Magana. Da zaran ka fara Magana, wannan na’ura ta Adapter zata sarrafa muryarka zuwa siginar wuta, wacce wayar abokin maganarka zata karba, don jiyar da shi abinda kake fadi, kai tsaye. Wannan wayar tarho kenan, wacce muka saba amfani da ita. Amma idan ta fasahar VoIP ce, kana bukatar a kalla abubuwa uku; na farko hanyar saduwa da Intanet ta tauraron dan Adam, watau Broadband. Wannan aikinsa shine aikawa da sakon sauti cikin gaggawa. Idan babu wannan hanya, to babu yadda za a yi ka iya kiran wani ta kwamfutarka. Abu na biyu ita ce kwamfuta, matsakaiciya wacce zaka jona mata layin Intanet. Idan babu kwamfuta, ana iya amfani da na’urar adapter. Sai kuma layin tarho, wanda akwai kamfanoni na musamman da ke bayar da su. Daga taswiran da mai karatu ke gani, zai iya fahimtar alakar da ke tsakanin kwamfuta da makalutun sadarwa (Modem ko Adapter), dangane da abinda ya shafi hadawa da yin amfani da fasahar VoIP. Da zaran ka kira wayar abokin maganarka, sai adapter ta isar da sakon, ta hanyar sarrafa sautinka, ta cilla ta ga wayar tarho ko kuma kwamfutarsa, ta hanyar Intanet, wanda tauraron dan Adam ke daukawa don isarwa.
Idan kana da layin tarho na fasahar VoIP, a duk inda mutum yake, zaka iya buga masa waya ku yi Magana, kuma kowace irin tarho yake rike da ita. Idan kuma yana da layin tarho irin naka ne, tazo cikin sauki; zaka iya kiransa ta kwamfutarsa, ku zanta. Hakan ya danganta ne da irin nau’in yarjejenin da ke tsakaninka da kamfanin da ke bayar da wannan layi. Fasahar VoIP na daya daga cikin sabbin hanyoyin da suka dada sawwake saduwa a tsakanin mutane ko hukumomi ta hanyar saduwa ta tarho. Sai dai wani hanzari ba gudu ba, wannan fasaha ta takaitu ne matuka ga kasashen Turai da Amurka. Kuma daga cikin matsalolin da ke tattare da wannan fasaha shine; idan babu wutan lantarki, ba a iya amfani dashi. Sannan idan babu Intanet, ko kuma kamfanin sadarwanka (ISPs) sun samu matsala, to kai da buga waya sai an samu wuta, ko kuma yanayi ya kyautata.
A nan zamu dakata zuwa wani mako. Ayi hutun sallah lafiya. BARKA DA SALLAH!
Abdullahi Salihu Abubakar
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Tower 421, Constitution Avenue,
Central Business District,
Garki – Abuja.
080 23788040
absad143@yahoo.com, salihuabdu@yahoo.com
Shimfida:
A kasidar da ta gabata wancan mako, mun kawo bayanai kan yadda kwamfuta take, da karikitanta da kuma ruhin, ko ran da ke gudanar da rayuwarta gaba data. Har daga karshe muka sanar da mai karatu cewa asalin masu kera gangar-jikin kwamfuta, watau Hardware, sune kwararru kan kimiyyar lantarki (Electrical Engineers). A yayin da Computer Programmers, a nasu bangaren, ke da hakkin ginawa da kuma dora mata ruhin da ke taimaka mata gudanar da ayyukanta gaba daya, watau Software. Bamu karkare kasidar ba sai da muka kawo rabe-rabe da kuma dukkan nau’ukan kowannensu. A yau kuma ga mu dauke da amsoshi kan wasu daga cikin tambayoyin da masu karatu suka aiko.
Tambaya ta farko:
Mai tambayar farko, wanda ya bugo ta wayar salula, yana cewa:
Ina yawan samun sakonnin Imel (e-mail) daga wasu mutane da ban sansu ba, kuma sun cika mani wuri. Yaya zan yi dasu?
Amsa:
To, a takaice dai ire-iren wadannan sakonni ana kiransu “Spam”, a turance, ma’ana, sakonnin da mai karbansu bai bukace su ba. Ko don baya tsammanin samunsu daga wadanda suka aiko masa ko kuma bai ce a aiko masa su ba, gaba daya. Idan mai karatu bai mance ba, a kasidarmu ta Wasikar Hanyar Sadarwa mun yi bayani kansu. Ire-iren wadannan sakonni sun kasu kashi uku:
Kashi na farko sune sakonnin tallace tallace. Zaka iya gane su ne daga irin taken (Subject) da suke dauke dashi. Wasu da sunayen hajar da ake tallata maka suke zuwa. Misali, ba abin mamaki bane ka ga an aiko maka da sako mai take: “That Nokia N93 Series You Requested”. Af, kaji shirme! Yaushe nace ku aiko mani da wata wayar Nokia N93? To haka zaka yi ta ganin su, da take iri-iri. Idan baka saba karban ire-iren wadannan sakonni ba, sai ka yi ta damun kanka wajen sanin wanda ya aiko maka su, kuma baza ka sani ba. Domin ba sunan mutum zaka gani ba. Idan ma da sunan mutum aka rubuto maka, sai ka ga wani irin suna ne, wanda bai dace a ce sunan mutum bane. Intanet kenan! Wadannan sakonnin tallace-tallace kenan, masu gayyatarka don dubawa ko gwadawa ko kuma karanta wani sako, wanda ke da alaka da wasu hajoji da ake tallata maka. Abinda ya rage mai karatu ya tambaya shine: shin ta yaya wadannan mutane suka samu adireshin Imel dina? Wa ya basu, a takaice?
Da farko dai, kafin su samu adireshin Imel dinka, dole ne ya zama ko dai kai ka kai kanka gidan yanan sadarwansu, ka shigar da adireshin don bukatar wani abu gidan yanan sadarwa, ko kuma wani abokinka ya bayar da adireshin, don yana son aiko maka da wani sako. Ga misali mai saukin fahimta. Akwai katinan gaishe-gaishe, watau Greetings Card, wanda na Intanet ya sha banban da irin wanda muke dasu a bayyane. Idan kaje gidajen yanan sadarwansu don aika ma wata budurwanka ko abokananka sakonnin Barka da Sallah ko Ramadan ko Barka da Sabuwar Shekara, a misali, dole ne ka shigar da adireshin Imel dinka, kai mai aikawa. Sannan ka shigar da adireshin Imel din wadanda kake son aika musu, ko da su nawa ne kuwa. To a nan, kaga da kanka ka shigar da adireshin, amma baka san mai zai je ya dawo ba. Su kuma a gidan yanan sadarwansu, suna da manhaja ko masarrafan da ke tara musu ire-iren adireshin Imel din da masu ziyara suka shigar. Wadannan adireshin suke amfani dasu wajen tallata hajarsu.
Kashi na biyu su ne sakonnin da ke tattare da jakunkunan bayanai, watau attachment. Zaka ga mutum ya aiko maka da sako, amma da zaran ka bude ba za ka ga komai ba, sai attachment. Idan ka bude shi, to zai rikita maka kwamfutarka. Domin ire-iren wadannan sakonni suna dauke ne da rikittatun bayanai, watau Virus, wadanda ke haukatar da kwamfuta. Don haka idan ka samu sako irin wannan, daga wajen wanda baka sani ba, da kuma take mai rikitarwa, kada ka bude, sam sam. Wadanda ke aiko da ire-iren wadannan sakonni su ne masana manhajar kwamfuta, watau Computer Programmers, wadanda bayaninsu ya gabata a kasidar wancan mako. Yadda suke samun adireshin mutane kuwa shine, suna kutsawa ne cikin ma’adanan kamfanonin da ke dauke da manhajar Imel, irinsu Yahoo! Gmail, Hotmail da sauransu, don tsamo adireshin mutane, ba tare da masu gidan yanan sun sani ba. Hakan na faruwa ne saboda irin kwarewan da wadannan masana suke dashi. Masu irin wannan aika-aika ana kiransa Hackers ko kuma Crackers, kamar yadda aka sansu a kasashen Turai. Idan an kama su suna wannan aiki, gidan yari ake kaisu, ko kuma a dora musu tara mai dimbin yawa su biya.
Kashi na uku su ne sakonnin da ke zuwa da tsararren wasika, inda mai sakon ke neman ka taimaka masa shigo da wasu kudade cikin gida Nijeriya, ko kuma ka aiko masa da nambar taskar bankinka (Account Number), don ya aiko maka da wasu kudade, a takaice. Wadannan ‘yan zamba-cikin-aminci ne, watau 419. Su kuma suna samun adireshin mutane ne ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Daya daga cikin ire-iren wadannan hanyoyi shine, ta hanyar Gidan Yanan Sadarwan Yahoo! Musamman Yahoo! Profiles, inda zaka samu adireshin mutane kyauta, cikakku. Zaka samu adireshin mutum, da kasar da ya fito, da jinsinsa da dai sauran bayanai. Masu wannan aika-aika dai mazambata ne, kuma idan ka sauraresu, har ka amince musu, zaka sha mamaki. Akwai ‘yan Nijeriya da dama a cikinsu, ana kiransu Yahoo Boys, kuma Hukumar EFCC ba ta saurara musu ko kadan idan ta kama su. Don haka da zaran ka samu ire-iren wadannan sakonni da bayaninsu ya gabata a sama, ka share (Delete) su kawai, kada ma ka bude su.
Hanya ta karshe ita ce, ka tsara akwatin wasikar sadarwanka na Imel, ta inda duk lokacin da wani sako makamancinsu ya shigo, za a kautar dashi zuwa wata jaka mai suna Bulk, cikin jerin jakunkunan da ke hannun hagu, a zauren wasikar sadarwanka. Don yin haka, da zaran ka shigo zauren wasikar sadarwanka (Mail Home), ka dubi can sama daga hannun damanka, zaka ga inda aka rubuta Options, sai ka matsa. Shafi zai budo mai dauke da tsare-tsare iri-irin don tsare jakar wasikar sadarwanka. Sai ka duba bangaren hagu daga sama, zaka ga an Spam Protection. Idan ka matsa, zai budo maka zaka tsare jakan wasikar sadarwanka daga sakonnin Spam, in Allah Ya yarda. Idan ma akwai wadanda ka rike adireshin Imel dinsu, kuma ba ka son su rinka aiko maka da sakonni, sai ka matsa inda aka rubuta Block Addresses, kasan Spam Protection kenan. Zaka samu inda zaka shigar da adireshinsu. Kai da ganin sakonninsu kuma, sai lokacin da ka cire sunayensu daga wannan wuri. Dankari!
Tambaya ta Biyu:
Mai tambaya ta biyu shine Malam Baffa Kofar Mata, da ke Kano, kuma ga abinda yake cewa:
As salaamu alaikum Baban Sadiq, muna matukar jin dadin bayananka, Allah Ya saka. Ina son bayani a Kan Voice over Internet Protocol, VOIP.
Amsa:
Babban Magana! Amsar wannan tambaya na iya cinye dukkan wannan shafi, a gaskiya. Don haka a yanzu sai dai mu dan tabo abinda ya sawwaka. To, kamar dai yadda mai karatu ya ga tambayar, yana son ai masa bayani ne kan Voice Over Internet Protocol, watau “ka’idar” da ke taimakawa wajen sadar da murya, maimakon bayanai ko haruffa, ta hanyar Intanet. Idan masu karatu basu mance ba, a kasidar farko mun tabbatar da cewa haruffa ne ke wucewa ta hanyar wayoyin kebul, zuwa kwamfuta, sannan su bayyana a matsayin rubutu ko hotuna da sauransu. Amma Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP), fasaha ne da ke taimakawa wajen aikawa da sakonnin sauti ta amfani da tsari mafi sauri na Intanet, watau Broadband, a turance, maimakon amfani da wayar tangaraho, watau Analog Phone. Maimakon kayi amfani da tarho, wajen kiran wani mai tarho irin naka, a tsarin VoIP kana iya amfani da kwamfuta mai jone da Intanet, don kiran abokinka mai dauke da wayar tarho (na kasa ne ko wayar tafi-da-gidanka, watau Salula). Sinadarai biyu dake kulla wannan alaka sune fasahar Intanet da kuma ka’idar Internet Protocol (IP), watau ka’idar da ke karban sakonni daga wata kwamfuta zuwa wacce ke dauke dasu.
A tsarin aikawa da sakonni na sauti daga tarho zuwa tarho, idan ka danna lambobin wayar wanda kake son Magana da shi, sai nau’uran adapter ta sadar da kai da wanda kake son Magana. Da zaran ka fara Magana, wannan na’ura ta Adapter zata sarrafa muryarka zuwa siginar wuta, wacce wayar abokin maganarka zata karba, don jiyar da shi abinda kake fadi, kai tsaye. Wannan wayar tarho kenan, wacce muka saba amfani da ita. Amma idan ta fasahar VoIP ce, kana bukatar a kalla abubuwa uku; na farko hanyar saduwa da Intanet ta tauraron dan Adam, watau Broadband. Wannan aikinsa shine aikawa da sakon sauti cikin gaggawa. Idan babu wannan hanya, to babu yadda za a yi ka iya kiran wani ta kwamfutarka. Abu na biyu ita ce kwamfuta, matsakaiciya wacce zaka jona mata layin Intanet. Idan babu kwamfuta, ana iya amfani da na’urar adapter. Sai kuma layin tarho, wanda akwai kamfanoni na musamman da ke bayar da su. Daga taswiran da mai karatu ke gani, zai iya fahimtar alakar da ke tsakanin kwamfuta da makalutun sadarwa (Modem ko Adapter), dangane da abinda ya shafi hadawa da yin amfani da fasahar VoIP. Da zaran ka kira wayar abokin maganarka, sai adapter ta isar da sakon, ta hanyar sarrafa sautinka, ta cilla ta ga wayar tarho ko kuma kwamfutarsa, ta hanyar Intanet, wanda tauraron dan Adam ke daukawa don isarwa.
Idan kana da layin tarho na fasahar VoIP, a duk inda mutum yake, zaka iya buga masa waya ku yi Magana, kuma kowace irin tarho yake rike da ita. Idan kuma yana da layin tarho irin naka ne, tazo cikin sauki; zaka iya kiransa ta kwamfutarsa, ku zanta. Hakan ya danganta ne da irin nau’in yarjejenin da ke tsakaninka da kamfanin da ke bayar da wannan layi. Fasahar VoIP na daya daga cikin sabbin hanyoyin da suka dada sawwake saduwa a tsakanin mutane ko hukumomi ta hanyar saduwa ta tarho. Sai dai wani hanzari ba gudu ba, wannan fasaha ta takaitu ne matuka ga kasashen Turai da Amurka. Kuma daga cikin matsalolin da ke tattare da wannan fasaha shine; idan babu wutan lantarki, ba a iya amfani dashi. Sannan idan babu Intanet, ko kuma kamfanin sadarwanka (ISPs) sun samu matsala, to kai da buga waya sai an samu wuta, ko kuma yanayi ya kyautata.
A nan zamu dakata zuwa wani mako. Ayi hutun sallah lafiya. BARKA DA SALLAH!
Abdullahi Salihu Abubakar
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Tower 421, Constitution Avenue,
Central Business District,
Garki – Abuja.
080 23788040
absad143@yahoo.com, salihuabdu@yahoo.com
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