Kwamfuta da Manhajojinta
Shimfida:
Kafin in ce komai, zan fara neman gafara daga wadanda suka aiko mani da wasiku don neman bayanai, wanda kuma har ya zuwa wannan lokaci da nake wannan rubutu, ban basu amsa ba. Hakan ya faru ne saboda zirga-zirga da nayi ta yi cikin makonni biyu da suka gabata, sanadiyyar jarrabawa da kuma tafiya da nayi zuwa birnin Ikko (Lagos). Zan aiko da wadannan sakonni cikin yardan Ubangiji, sai dai maimakon in aika musu kai tsaye, zan rubuto amsoshin gaba daya don kowa ya karu dasu, don sun shafi kasidar wannan mako ne. Don haka a gafarce ni.
A yau kuma ga mu dauke da bayanai, a takaice, kan kwamfuta da manhajojinta. Duk da yake wannan shine abinda ya kamata a ce mun fara dashi, amma dokin sanin Intanet da karikitanta ne suka shagaltar da mu. Don haka tunda mun kawo wani matsayi ko mataki wajen sanin hakikanin Intanet da yadda ake tafiyar da rayuwa a kanta, dole mu koma tushe, ko mazaunin da wannan fasaha ke dogaro wajen aiwatar da dukkan abinda zamu ci gaba da kawo bayanai kansu. Wanann ya sa zamu yi bayani kan Kwamfuta, ita kanta, da kuma ruhin da ke gudanar da ita. Na tabbata daga lokacin da mai karatu ya karanta wadannan bayanai, insha’Allahu zai samu sauyin mataki, wajen fahimtar darussan da zasu biyo baya. Mu je zuwa, wai mahaukaci ya hau Kura.
Kwamfuta:
Kwamfuta na’ura ce mai aiki da kwakwalwa, wajen karba da sarrafawa da adanawa da kuma mika bayanai, a sigogi daban-daban. Wannan shine ta’arifin kwamfuta a takaice. Bayan haka, kwamfuta na tattare ne da manyan bangarori guda biyu; bangaren gangan jiki, wanda aka fi sani da Hardware, a turance. Sai kuma bangaren ruhi ko rai, wanda ake kira Software, shima a turance. Kafin mu yi nisa, mai karatu zai ji ana fassara kalmomin turancin nan, sabanin yadda zai gansu ko yake ganinsu a cikin kamus (Dictionary). Hakan ya faru ne saboda a yanzu muna cikin wani zamani ne mai suna “turban masana”, ko Information Highway, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a kasidar Matambayi Ba ya Bata. A wannan zamani, kalmomin harsunan duniya zasu yi ta sauyawa ne iya gwargwadon fannin ilimi ko rayuwar da ake amfani da su. Don haka sai a kiyaye.
To, duk da yake mun ce wannan kasida a kan Manhajan kwamfuta ne kawai, da yadda suke taimakawa wajen tafiyar da kwamfutar, zai yi wahala mu takaitu a hakan, ba tare da shigar da bayanai kan gangan-jikin kwamfutar ba. Tun da gangan-jikin ne ke rike da dukkan komai. Don haka, a yanzu ga takaitaccen bayani kan yadda gangan-jikin kwamfuta yake.
Gangan-jikin Kwamfuta (Hardware):
Wannan shine kwarangwal din da mai karatu ke gani, ma’ana karikitai ko komatsen da suka hadu suka zama kwamfuta, a bayyane. Sun hada da talabijin kwamfutar, watau Monitor, shine mai kama da TV da muke dasu a gidajenmu. Aikinsa shine nuna ma mai karatu sakamakon aiki ko nau’in mu’amalan da yake yi da asalin kwamfutar. Sai kuma allon shigar da rubutu, watau Keyboard, wanda ke taimakawa wajen shigar da bayanai. A samansa akwai dukkan haruffan da kake bukata wajen shigar da bayanan – daga bakake zuwa lambobi. Bayan wannan sai beran kwamfuta, watau Computer Mouse, wanda mai karatu zai yi saurin sabawa dashi; karami ne, dan kumbul, mai dadin mu’amala wajen haurawa ko gangarowa daga shafin da ake ciki; da kuma matsa rariyar likau ko mashigin da mai lilo da tsallake-tsallake ke son shiga, a gidan yanan sadarwa. Dukkan wadannan kayayyaki guda uku da aka ambata, dole a hada su da asalin kwamfutar, mai kama da akwati, wacce ake kira CPU. Ita ce tafi dukkan sauran nauyi, kuma tana hade ne da sauran ta hanyar wayoyi da ake jona ma CPU din ta baya; don kowanne daga cikinsu na da nashi ramin da aka tanada masa. Wannan abinda ya shafi kwamfuta kenan ta bangaren ganganjiki na waje. Amma da zaran ka bude kowanne daga cikinsu, babu abinda zaka gani sai wayoyi da karfuna da robobi da kuma ‘yan kananan gilasai masu haske. Wadannan ayayyaku duk ana kiransu Microchip. Har wa yau, akwai cibiya guda, wacce aikinta shine taimakawa wajen wadatar da wutar lantarkin da kwamfutar ke bukata. Wannan cibiya ita ake kira Transistor.
A daya bangaren kuma, dukkan wadannan karikitai da bayanansu suka gabata a sama, idan aka hada su a matsayin kwamfuta, suna da bangare uku. Bangaren farko shi ake kira Arithmetic and Logic Unit. Aikin wannan sashe shine sarrafa bayanai na abinda ya shafi lissafi da kuma tunanin kwamfuta. Akwai lokuta da zaka taba wani abu a jikin kwamfuta misali, sai ka ga ta aiwatar da wani aiki cikin gaggawa. Umarni ne maginin manhajarta ya bata, cewa, “duk lokacin da abu kaza ya zama kaza”, ko kuma “duk lokacin da aka bude abu kaza, ki rufe abu kaza ko bude kaza.” Wannan na bukatar tunani, wajen sanin me aka yi, kuma me ya kamata in yi, a misali. Duk kwamfuta na dauke da wannan fanni a Arithmetic and Logical Unit. Daga nan sai Control Unit, sashen da ke lura da hada kan bangarorin da ke karban umarni daga mai mu’amala da kwamfuta. Misali, idan na budo allon rubutu, watau Word, na kwafi abinda ke jiki bayan na rubuta. Sai kuma na budo allon lissafi watau Excel, na zuba abinda na kwafo daga allon rubutu, bangaren Control Unit ne ke da hakkin sadar da wadannan ayyuka tsakanin manhajojin biyu. Sai kuma sashe na karshe, watau Memory Unit, bangaren da ke adanawa da kuma mika dukkan bayanan da ke cikin kwamfuta. Idan mai karatu bai mance ba, a farko na bayar da ta’arifin kwamfuta da cewa: na’ura ce mai aiki da kwakwalwa wajen karba da sarrafawa da adanawa da kuma mika bayanai. . . To, bangaren da ke lura da adanawa da kuma mika bayanai shine ake kira Memory Unit. Ya kasu kashi biyu; akwai bangaren da ke dauke da tabbataccen ruhin kwamfuta, da kuma bangaren da ke lura da ruhin wucin-gadi na kwamfuta. Kada mai karatu ya damu, zai samu bayanai gamsassu a gaba. A yanzu wadannan sune bangarorin kwamfuta, a bayyane. Duk da muhimmancinsu, idan babu bangare na biyu, watau ruhi, karikitan banza kawai aka tara. Bayan su akwai abinda ake kira Peripherals ko kuma Auxiliaries. Wadannan su ne manne-mannen da ake ma kwamfuta don ba ta damar aiwatar da wasu ayyukan muhimmai, akwai irinsu na’urar buga bayanai, watau Printer da dai sauransu.
Ruhin Kmwafuta
Ruhin kwamfuta, a takaice, shine manhaja ko masarrafan da ke sarrafa gangan-jikin da bayanansu ya gabata, Software. Kamar dai dan Adam ne; yana da kai, da kafa da baki da hanci da hannaye, amma idan babu rai a jikinsa, bai da banbanci da sharan da ke kan bola, wajen rashin motsi da tasiri. Manhajan kwamfuta ya kasu kashi biyu, muhimmai, shima. Akwai tabbataccen ruhi, wanda ya kasu kashi biyu shima; na farko shine wanda dashi ake kera ganganjikin; tun ran gini ran zane. Duk kwamfuta sabuwa, da shi take zuwa. Tun wajen kera ta ake tsofa shi a ciki. Sai dai wannan rai, sumammen rai ne, maras tasiri. Idan yana ciki za a iya kunna kwamfuta, amma babu abinda za a gani. Ba za ta iya yin komai ba, sai an sanya mata kashi na biyun, watau Operating System, ko OS, a takaice. Shi Operating System shi ake sanya ma kwamfuta, da zaran an sayo ta, ko harhada ta. Akwai su iri-iri; wanda muka yawaita amfani dashi a nan shine na Microsoft, watau Microsoft Windows. Akwai kuma UNIX da kuma MAC ko Macintosh. Wannan bangaren rai shi ake kira System Software, watau Babban Manhajar Kwamfuta, a takaice.
Aikinsu shine tafiyar da kwamfutar gaba daya, wajen karba da sarrafawa da adanawa da bayar da bayanai a sigogi daban-daban. Idan babu wannan bangare na rai, to babu abinda kwamfuta zata iya yi, gaba daya. Don haka, dukkan bangarorin kwamfuta na dogaro ne da juna, kamar jiki. Shi yasa a turance ake kiran kwamfuta kacokan da suna Computer System. Cikin wannan babban manhaja ake da dukkan manhajojin da ke taimaka ma kwamfuta yin mu’amala da mai mu’amala da ita wajen shigar da bayanai, ko nemo inda suke, da kuma tsarin sarrafa su, cikin hanyoyin mu’amala masu sauki. Wannan tsarin ake kira Graphical User Interface (GUI). Wannan na daga cikin abinda ya kara ma kwamfuta shahara wajen masu koyo da koyar da ita, kuma wacce ta fara bullo da wannan tsari ita ce kamfanin Microsoft na Bill Gates. Daga cikin ababen da ke dauke cikin babban manhaja har wa yau, akwai Device Drivers, watau “jami’an” da ke taimaka ma wasu makalen-makalen da ake ma kwamfuta don gabatar da wasu ayyukan, irinsu Diskett, CD Player, Speaker da Video. Daga karshe har wa yau, a babban manhaja ne ake samun manhajojin da ke taimaka ma kwamfuta mu’amala ko Magana da wata kwamfuta ‘yar uwanta – abinda ya shafi Intanet da karikitansa kenan - watau Networking Devices, ta hanyar wayoyin kebul da sauransu. Wannan shine takaitaccen bayani kan babban manhajan kwamfuta, watau System Software, wanda kwamfuta ke matukar bukatarsa, kafin tafiyar da kowane irin aiki a cikinta.
Sai kuma karamin manhajan kwamfuta, watau Application Software. Wadannan su ne masarrafan da ake sanya ma kwamfuta don gabatar da wasu ayyuka, irin su rubuta kasidu da yin lissafi da shirya mujallu ko jarida da dai sauransu. Su musamman ake sayo su, duk lokacin da aka tashi bukata, a sanya su cikin kwamfuta don yin aikin da ake so. Akwai irin su tunjin cikin Windows. Tana da masarrafan allon rubutu, watau Word, sai allon lissafi watau Excel. Har wa yau, akwai agogo da abin lissafi (Raskwana – Calculator), da abin wasan kwamfuta (Computer Games). Duk wadannan masarrafa ne masu zaman kansu da ke zuwa cikin babban manhajan kwamfuta na Windows Operating System. Da masarrafan Microsoft Word ne nake rubuta wadannan kasidu kafin aika ma Jaridar AMINIYA. Har wa yau, idan kaje banki, da zaran ka mika cakinka (cheque leaf), zaka ga kashiya ya karba, ya fara wasa da kwamfuta don tabbatar da cewa kana da kudi a taskanka. Masarrafan da ke taimaka masa wajen yin wannan aiki duk Application Software ne. Don haka, akwai su iri-iri; akwai na harkan kasuwanci, na koyon harsuna, da na gina gidan yanan sadarwa da koyon ilimin kwamfuta, da abin wasan kwamfuta, da likitanci da harkan lissafi da na runbun adana bayanai (Database), duk akwai su. Har wa yau, ana samun na koyon karatun Kur’ani, da na koyon Hadisi da duk wani ilimi da kake tunani. Wadannan masarrafa ko manhajoji, su ake kira Appalication Softwares, a turance. Kuma, tare da babban manhaja, su ne ruhi kuma abin dogaron kwamfuta, wajen tafiyar da rayuwa da kuma gudanar da aikinsa. Kuma dukkansu, da zaran an shigar dasu cikin kwamfuta, suna zarcewa ne zuwa ma’adanarta, watau Memory Unit, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a sama. Idan ka tashi aiki da su, kwamfuta zata kirawo maka su, da zaran ka matsa alamar (icon) da ke dauke dasu a fuskar talabijin kwamfutar (Desktop).
Masu Kerawa da Likitancin Kwamfuta:
Kafin mu karkare, yana da kyau mu san su waye ke da hakkin kera kwamfuta, a tsarin da take kai yanzu? Da farko dai, duk abinda ya shafi karikitan gangan-jikin kwamfuta, watau Hardware Devices, Injiniyoyi masana harkan lantarki da fasaha (Electrical Engineers) ne ke tsarawa da kerawa. Su suka san mazaunin kowace waya mai wuta, da kuma alakar kowanne da kowanne, wajen sadarwa. Sai kuma dangantakan da ke tsakanin Microchips, yan kananan na’urorin da ke cikin kwamfutar, da hanyoyin lantarki, watau Circuit. Har wa yau, daga cikin aikinsu, shine hada alaka tsakanin wadannan hanyoyi na wutar lantarki, da kuma sinadarin Silicon, wanda shine asalin kwakwalwan kwamfuta, wajen iya tunani da bin umarni da kuma adana bayanai. Allah Buwayi Gagara-Misali! Wadannan Injiniyoyin lantarki (Electrical Engineers), su ne da hakkin kerawa da kuma gyaran kwamfuta. duk da yake wasu na iya gyarawa, amma dole ne mutum ya koya, don kwamfuta ba kamar Talabijin ko Rediyo bane. Yadda ka san jikin dan Adam, haka kwamfuta take. Don haka take da ka’idoji wajen ajiyewa da kuma adana ta. Daga nan, sai Injiniyoyin manhajan kwamfuta, watau Computer Programmers. Su ma dai galibi zaka ga Injiniyoyin Lantarki ne, amma Masana Kimiyyar Kwamfuta sun fara yawaita a wannan fage yanzu, watau Computer Scientists. Sun kasu kashi biyu; akwai Masana Babban Manhajar Kwamfuta, watau System Programmers, wadanda ke gina babban manhaja kenan. Sai kuma Masana Masarrafan Kwamfuta, watau Application Programmers. Duk kusan ayyukansu iri daya ne, kwarewa ne kadai ya banbanta su. System Programmers na iya zama Application Programmers kai tsaye, amma ba dukkan Application Programmer bane zai amsa suna ko lakabin System Programmer. Babban aikinsu shine gina manhajojin kwamfuta da kuma lura dasu, wajen daidaita su da kuma gyatta su ta yadda za su yi daidai da zamanin da ake ciki. Ilimi ko fasahan yin dukkan wadannan aikace-aikace, shi ake kira Computer Programming, a jumlace. Akwai ilmummuka daban-daban, watau Programming Languages; shahararru daga cikinsu su ne: C, da C++ da JAVA, da kuma Visual Basic. Akwai fasahohi kusan dari uku. Wadannan ilmummuka, kamar sauran ilmummukan kwamfuta, dole ne a gansu a aikace, mujarradin karatu kadai ba ya sa a fahimci yadda suke. Don haka, duk mai son sanin yadda kwamfuta ke samuwa, daga gangan-jiki zuwa ruhi ko manhajanta, to ya samu littafin David Eck, mai suna: The Most Complex Machine – A History of Computer and Computing.
Daga karshe, duk abinda mai karatu bai fahimta ba, zai iya rubuto mani don neman Karin bayani. A mako mai zuwa, zamu kawo amsoshi kan tambayoyi biyu da wasu daga cikin masu karatu suka aiko mani. A biyo mu!
Abdullahi Salihu Abubakar (Baban Sadiq)
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Tower 421, Constitution Avenue,
Central Business District,
P. M. B. 315, Garki – Abuja
080 23788040
absad143@yahoo.com, salihuabdu@yahoo.com
Shimfida:
Kafin in ce komai, zan fara neman gafara daga wadanda suka aiko mani da wasiku don neman bayanai, wanda kuma har ya zuwa wannan lokaci da nake wannan rubutu, ban basu amsa ba. Hakan ya faru ne saboda zirga-zirga da nayi ta yi cikin makonni biyu da suka gabata, sanadiyyar jarrabawa da kuma tafiya da nayi zuwa birnin Ikko (Lagos). Zan aiko da wadannan sakonni cikin yardan Ubangiji, sai dai maimakon in aika musu kai tsaye, zan rubuto amsoshin gaba daya don kowa ya karu dasu, don sun shafi kasidar wannan mako ne. Don haka a gafarce ni.
A yau kuma ga mu dauke da bayanai, a takaice, kan kwamfuta da manhajojinta. Duk da yake wannan shine abinda ya kamata a ce mun fara dashi, amma dokin sanin Intanet da karikitanta ne suka shagaltar da mu. Don haka tunda mun kawo wani matsayi ko mataki wajen sanin hakikanin Intanet da yadda ake tafiyar da rayuwa a kanta, dole mu koma tushe, ko mazaunin da wannan fasaha ke dogaro wajen aiwatar da dukkan abinda zamu ci gaba da kawo bayanai kansu. Wanann ya sa zamu yi bayani kan Kwamfuta, ita kanta, da kuma ruhin da ke gudanar da ita. Na tabbata daga lokacin da mai karatu ya karanta wadannan bayanai, insha’Allahu zai samu sauyin mataki, wajen fahimtar darussan da zasu biyo baya. Mu je zuwa, wai mahaukaci ya hau Kura.
Kwamfuta:
Kwamfuta na’ura ce mai aiki da kwakwalwa, wajen karba da sarrafawa da adanawa da kuma mika bayanai, a sigogi daban-daban. Wannan shine ta’arifin kwamfuta a takaice. Bayan haka, kwamfuta na tattare ne da manyan bangarori guda biyu; bangaren gangan jiki, wanda aka fi sani da Hardware, a turance. Sai kuma bangaren ruhi ko rai, wanda ake kira Software, shima a turance. Kafin mu yi nisa, mai karatu zai ji ana fassara kalmomin turancin nan, sabanin yadda zai gansu ko yake ganinsu a cikin kamus (Dictionary). Hakan ya faru ne saboda a yanzu muna cikin wani zamani ne mai suna “turban masana”, ko Information Highway, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a kasidar Matambayi Ba ya Bata. A wannan zamani, kalmomin harsunan duniya zasu yi ta sauyawa ne iya gwargwadon fannin ilimi ko rayuwar da ake amfani da su. Don haka sai a kiyaye.
To, duk da yake mun ce wannan kasida a kan Manhajan kwamfuta ne kawai, da yadda suke taimakawa wajen tafiyar da kwamfutar, zai yi wahala mu takaitu a hakan, ba tare da shigar da bayanai kan gangan-jikin kwamfutar ba. Tun da gangan-jikin ne ke rike da dukkan komai. Don haka, a yanzu ga takaitaccen bayani kan yadda gangan-jikin kwamfuta yake.
Gangan-jikin Kwamfuta (Hardware):
Wannan shine kwarangwal din da mai karatu ke gani, ma’ana karikitai ko komatsen da suka hadu suka zama kwamfuta, a bayyane. Sun hada da talabijin kwamfutar, watau Monitor, shine mai kama da TV da muke dasu a gidajenmu. Aikinsa shine nuna ma mai karatu sakamakon aiki ko nau’in mu’amalan da yake yi da asalin kwamfutar. Sai kuma allon shigar da rubutu, watau Keyboard, wanda ke taimakawa wajen shigar da bayanai. A samansa akwai dukkan haruffan da kake bukata wajen shigar da bayanan – daga bakake zuwa lambobi. Bayan wannan sai beran kwamfuta, watau Computer Mouse, wanda mai karatu zai yi saurin sabawa dashi; karami ne, dan kumbul, mai dadin mu’amala wajen haurawa ko gangarowa daga shafin da ake ciki; da kuma matsa rariyar likau ko mashigin da mai lilo da tsallake-tsallake ke son shiga, a gidan yanan sadarwa. Dukkan wadannan kayayyaki guda uku da aka ambata, dole a hada su da asalin kwamfutar, mai kama da akwati, wacce ake kira CPU. Ita ce tafi dukkan sauran nauyi, kuma tana hade ne da sauran ta hanyar wayoyi da ake jona ma CPU din ta baya; don kowanne daga cikinsu na da nashi ramin da aka tanada masa. Wannan abinda ya shafi kwamfuta kenan ta bangaren ganganjiki na waje. Amma da zaran ka bude kowanne daga cikinsu, babu abinda zaka gani sai wayoyi da karfuna da robobi da kuma ‘yan kananan gilasai masu haske. Wadannan ayayyaku duk ana kiransu Microchip. Har wa yau, akwai cibiya guda, wacce aikinta shine taimakawa wajen wadatar da wutar lantarkin da kwamfutar ke bukata. Wannan cibiya ita ake kira Transistor.
A daya bangaren kuma, dukkan wadannan karikitai da bayanansu suka gabata a sama, idan aka hada su a matsayin kwamfuta, suna da bangare uku. Bangaren farko shi ake kira Arithmetic and Logic Unit. Aikin wannan sashe shine sarrafa bayanai na abinda ya shafi lissafi da kuma tunanin kwamfuta. Akwai lokuta da zaka taba wani abu a jikin kwamfuta misali, sai ka ga ta aiwatar da wani aiki cikin gaggawa. Umarni ne maginin manhajarta ya bata, cewa, “duk lokacin da abu kaza ya zama kaza”, ko kuma “duk lokacin da aka bude abu kaza, ki rufe abu kaza ko bude kaza.” Wannan na bukatar tunani, wajen sanin me aka yi, kuma me ya kamata in yi, a misali. Duk kwamfuta na dauke da wannan fanni a Arithmetic and Logical Unit. Daga nan sai Control Unit, sashen da ke lura da hada kan bangarorin da ke karban umarni daga mai mu’amala da kwamfuta. Misali, idan na budo allon rubutu, watau Word, na kwafi abinda ke jiki bayan na rubuta. Sai kuma na budo allon lissafi watau Excel, na zuba abinda na kwafo daga allon rubutu, bangaren Control Unit ne ke da hakkin sadar da wadannan ayyuka tsakanin manhajojin biyu. Sai kuma sashe na karshe, watau Memory Unit, bangaren da ke adanawa da kuma mika dukkan bayanan da ke cikin kwamfuta. Idan mai karatu bai mance ba, a farko na bayar da ta’arifin kwamfuta da cewa: na’ura ce mai aiki da kwakwalwa wajen karba da sarrafawa da adanawa da kuma mika bayanai. . . To, bangaren da ke lura da adanawa da kuma mika bayanai shine ake kira Memory Unit. Ya kasu kashi biyu; akwai bangaren da ke dauke da tabbataccen ruhin kwamfuta, da kuma bangaren da ke lura da ruhin wucin-gadi na kwamfuta. Kada mai karatu ya damu, zai samu bayanai gamsassu a gaba. A yanzu wadannan sune bangarorin kwamfuta, a bayyane. Duk da muhimmancinsu, idan babu bangare na biyu, watau ruhi, karikitan banza kawai aka tara. Bayan su akwai abinda ake kira Peripherals ko kuma Auxiliaries. Wadannan su ne manne-mannen da ake ma kwamfuta don ba ta damar aiwatar da wasu ayyukan muhimmai, akwai irinsu na’urar buga bayanai, watau Printer da dai sauransu.
Ruhin Kmwafuta
Ruhin kwamfuta, a takaice, shine manhaja ko masarrafan da ke sarrafa gangan-jikin da bayanansu ya gabata, Software. Kamar dai dan Adam ne; yana da kai, da kafa da baki da hanci da hannaye, amma idan babu rai a jikinsa, bai da banbanci da sharan da ke kan bola, wajen rashin motsi da tasiri. Manhajan kwamfuta ya kasu kashi biyu, muhimmai, shima. Akwai tabbataccen ruhi, wanda ya kasu kashi biyu shima; na farko shine wanda dashi ake kera ganganjikin; tun ran gini ran zane. Duk kwamfuta sabuwa, da shi take zuwa. Tun wajen kera ta ake tsofa shi a ciki. Sai dai wannan rai, sumammen rai ne, maras tasiri. Idan yana ciki za a iya kunna kwamfuta, amma babu abinda za a gani. Ba za ta iya yin komai ba, sai an sanya mata kashi na biyun, watau Operating System, ko OS, a takaice. Shi Operating System shi ake sanya ma kwamfuta, da zaran an sayo ta, ko harhada ta. Akwai su iri-iri; wanda muka yawaita amfani dashi a nan shine na Microsoft, watau Microsoft Windows. Akwai kuma UNIX da kuma MAC ko Macintosh. Wannan bangaren rai shi ake kira System Software, watau Babban Manhajar Kwamfuta, a takaice.
Aikinsu shine tafiyar da kwamfutar gaba daya, wajen karba da sarrafawa da adanawa da bayar da bayanai a sigogi daban-daban. Idan babu wannan bangare na rai, to babu abinda kwamfuta zata iya yi, gaba daya. Don haka, dukkan bangarorin kwamfuta na dogaro ne da juna, kamar jiki. Shi yasa a turance ake kiran kwamfuta kacokan da suna Computer System. Cikin wannan babban manhaja ake da dukkan manhajojin da ke taimaka ma kwamfuta yin mu’amala da mai mu’amala da ita wajen shigar da bayanai, ko nemo inda suke, da kuma tsarin sarrafa su, cikin hanyoyin mu’amala masu sauki. Wannan tsarin ake kira Graphical User Interface (GUI). Wannan na daga cikin abinda ya kara ma kwamfuta shahara wajen masu koyo da koyar da ita, kuma wacce ta fara bullo da wannan tsari ita ce kamfanin Microsoft na Bill Gates. Daga cikin ababen da ke dauke cikin babban manhaja har wa yau, akwai Device Drivers, watau “jami’an” da ke taimaka ma wasu makalen-makalen da ake ma kwamfuta don gabatar da wasu ayyukan, irinsu Diskett, CD Player, Speaker da Video. Daga karshe har wa yau, a babban manhaja ne ake samun manhajojin da ke taimaka ma kwamfuta mu’amala ko Magana da wata kwamfuta ‘yar uwanta – abinda ya shafi Intanet da karikitansa kenan - watau Networking Devices, ta hanyar wayoyin kebul da sauransu. Wannan shine takaitaccen bayani kan babban manhajan kwamfuta, watau System Software, wanda kwamfuta ke matukar bukatarsa, kafin tafiyar da kowane irin aiki a cikinta.
Sai kuma karamin manhajan kwamfuta, watau Application Software. Wadannan su ne masarrafan da ake sanya ma kwamfuta don gabatar da wasu ayyuka, irin su rubuta kasidu da yin lissafi da shirya mujallu ko jarida da dai sauransu. Su musamman ake sayo su, duk lokacin da aka tashi bukata, a sanya su cikin kwamfuta don yin aikin da ake so. Akwai irin su tunjin cikin Windows. Tana da masarrafan allon rubutu, watau Word, sai allon lissafi watau Excel. Har wa yau, akwai agogo da abin lissafi (Raskwana – Calculator), da abin wasan kwamfuta (Computer Games). Duk wadannan masarrafa ne masu zaman kansu da ke zuwa cikin babban manhajan kwamfuta na Windows Operating System. Da masarrafan Microsoft Word ne nake rubuta wadannan kasidu kafin aika ma Jaridar AMINIYA. Har wa yau, idan kaje banki, da zaran ka mika cakinka (cheque leaf), zaka ga kashiya ya karba, ya fara wasa da kwamfuta don tabbatar da cewa kana da kudi a taskanka. Masarrafan da ke taimaka masa wajen yin wannan aiki duk Application Software ne. Don haka, akwai su iri-iri; akwai na harkan kasuwanci, na koyon harsuna, da na gina gidan yanan sadarwa da koyon ilimin kwamfuta, da abin wasan kwamfuta, da likitanci da harkan lissafi da na runbun adana bayanai (Database), duk akwai su. Har wa yau, ana samun na koyon karatun Kur’ani, da na koyon Hadisi da duk wani ilimi da kake tunani. Wadannan masarrafa ko manhajoji, su ake kira Appalication Softwares, a turance. Kuma, tare da babban manhaja, su ne ruhi kuma abin dogaron kwamfuta, wajen tafiyar da rayuwa da kuma gudanar da aikinsa. Kuma dukkansu, da zaran an shigar dasu cikin kwamfuta, suna zarcewa ne zuwa ma’adanarta, watau Memory Unit, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a sama. Idan ka tashi aiki da su, kwamfuta zata kirawo maka su, da zaran ka matsa alamar (icon) da ke dauke dasu a fuskar talabijin kwamfutar (Desktop).
Masu Kerawa da Likitancin Kwamfuta:
Kafin mu karkare, yana da kyau mu san su waye ke da hakkin kera kwamfuta, a tsarin da take kai yanzu? Da farko dai, duk abinda ya shafi karikitan gangan-jikin kwamfuta, watau Hardware Devices, Injiniyoyi masana harkan lantarki da fasaha (Electrical Engineers) ne ke tsarawa da kerawa. Su suka san mazaunin kowace waya mai wuta, da kuma alakar kowanne da kowanne, wajen sadarwa. Sai kuma dangantakan da ke tsakanin Microchips, yan kananan na’urorin da ke cikin kwamfutar, da hanyoyin lantarki, watau Circuit. Har wa yau, daga cikin aikinsu, shine hada alaka tsakanin wadannan hanyoyi na wutar lantarki, da kuma sinadarin Silicon, wanda shine asalin kwakwalwan kwamfuta, wajen iya tunani da bin umarni da kuma adana bayanai. Allah Buwayi Gagara-Misali! Wadannan Injiniyoyin lantarki (Electrical Engineers), su ne da hakkin kerawa da kuma gyaran kwamfuta. duk da yake wasu na iya gyarawa, amma dole ne mutum ya koya, don kwamfuta ba kamar Talabijin ko Rediyo bane. Yadda ka san jikin dan Adam, haka kwamfuta take. Don haka take da ka’idoji wajen ajiyewa da kuma adana ta. Daga nan, sai Injiniyoyin manhajan kwamfuta, watau Computer Programmers. Su ma dai galibi zaka ga Injiniyoyin Lantarki ne, amma Masana Kimiyyar Kwamfuta sun fara yawaita a wannan fage yanzu, watau Computer Scientists. Sun kasu kashi biyu; akwai Masana Babban Manhajar Kwamfuta, watau System Programmers, wadanda ke gina babban manhaja kenan. Sai kuma Masana Masarrafan Kwamfuta, watau Application Programmers. Duk kusan ayyukansu iri daya ne, kwarewa ne kadai ya banbanta su. System Programmers na iya zama Application Programmers kai tsaye, amma ba dukkan Application Programmer bane zai amsa suna ko lakabin System Programmer. Babban aikinsu shine gina manhajojin kwamfuta da kuma lura dasu, wajen daidaita su da kuma gyatta su ta yadda za su yi daidai da zamanin da ake ciki. Ilimi ko fasahan yin dukkan wadannan aikace-aikace, shi ake kira Computer Programming, a jumlace. Akwai ilmummuka daban-daban, watau Programming Languages; shahararru daga cikinsu su ne: C, da C++ da JAVA, da kuma Visual Basic. Akwai fasahohi kusan dari uku. Wadannan ilmummuka, kamar sauran ilmummukan kwamfuta, dole ne a gansu a aikace, mujarradin karatu kadai ba ya sa a fahimci yadda suke. Don haka, duk mai son sanin yadda kwamfuta ke samuwa, daga gangan-jiki zuwa ruhi ko manhajanta, to ya samu littafin David Eck, mai suna: The Most Complex Machine – A History of Computer and Computing.
Daga karshe, duk abinda mai karatu bai fahimta ba, zai iya rubuto mani don neman Karin bayani. A mako mai zuwa, zamu kawo amsoshi kan tambayoyi biyu da wasu daga cikin masu karatu suka aiko mani. A biyo mu!
Abdullahi Salihu Abubakar (Baban Sadiq)
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Tower 421, Constitution Avenue,
Central Business District,
P. M. B. 315, Garki – Abuja
080 23788040
absad143@yahoo.com, salihuabdu@yahoo.com
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