Thursday, January 11, 2007

MATAMBAYI BA YA BATA!

Matambayi Ba Ya Bata (Search Engine)

A cikin littafinsa mai suna “The Road Ahead”, Bill Gates, shugaban kamfanin Microsoft, wanda ake ma take da mai kudin duniya, ya gabatar da wata doguwar hasashe kan irin ci gaban da yake ganin za a iya samu dangane da yaduwar ilimi ta hanyar nau’uka da hanyoyin fasahar sadarwa a duniya gaba daya. Wannan mataki ko matsayi na rayuwa wanda a cewarsa duniya zata iya takawa nan bad a dadewa ba, Bill ya kira shi “The Information Highway”, ma’ana “Turban Masana”. Wani mataki ne wanda dunkulewar duniya wajen sadarwa ta hanyar ilimi, zai shanye wanda ake ciki a wancan lokacin da yake rubuta littafin (1995). A wannan duniya ta “turban masana” har wa yau, wani yanayi ne ko zamani wanda kusan kowa zai iya mallaka ya kuma sarrafa, cikin sauki, bayanai ko ilimummukan da suka shafi harkokin rayuwa da al’ummomin da ke wata duniyar, cikin sauki kuma a takaitaccen lokaci. Daga cikin dirkokin da Bill ya lissafa wajen samuwar wannan turba, akwai fasahar Intanet, wanda duk wanda ya yi mu’amala da wanann fasaha a yanzu ya san cewa idan bamu cin ma wannan Turba ta masana da Bill ya hararo mana ba, to a kalla mun kusa. Domin fasahar Intanet ta tattaro kusan dukkan siffofin wannan turba; wajen samuwar bayanai cikin sauki, masu amfani, masu nasaba da halin da ake ciki; da kuma uwa uba yawaitan ilimi cikin hanyoyin fasahar sadarwa na zamani, wadanda kuma suke kan yaduwa a kasashen duniya daban-daban. Wannan yasa ake ma duniyarmu ta yau lakabi da “The Global Village”. A yau duk irin bayani ko ilimin da kake nema, ina tabbatar maka cewa zaka sameshi a dore a giza-gizan sadarwa ta duniya. Masarrafan da ke taimakawa wajen zamulo maka su kuwa shine Matambayi Ba Ya Bata, ko kace “Search Engine” a turance.

Ma’anar Matambayi Ba Ya Bata:

Matambayi Ba Ya Bata wata manhaja ce da ke zakulo nau’ukan bayanan da ke makare a gidajen yanan sadarwa ta duniya, ta hanyar shigar da kalma ko kalmomin da suka shafi nau’in bayanin da ake so. Ita wannan manhaja a gidan yanan sadarwa take, kuma tana da “dan aike” wanda ke bi rariya-rariya na gidajen yanan sadarwa na duniya don debo bayanai ta amfani da rariyar likau (web links), yana Tarawa a gimgimarayen kwamfutocin gidan yanansa (Mainframe Computers); ya kuma shirya su ta inda duk ka shigar da kalmar tambaya, zai debo maka su don ka zabi wanda yayi maka. Bayanan sun hada da kasidu da hotuna masu motsi da marasa motsi da kuma taswirori. Wannan fasaha ya fara yaduwa ne bayan kirkiro yanar sadarwa ta duniya, watau World Wide Web (www), wanda ya bayar da daman shiga wani dakin gidan yanan daga wani, wanda har wa yau ya canza nau’ukan bayanan da ake zubawa cikin Intanet daga haruffa ko zane kadai, zuwa sauti da hotuna da taswirori da shafuka masu launi iri iri. Amma kafin nan, ana neman bayanai ne ta hanyar masarrafar “Gopher”.

Bunkasarsa:

Kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a sama, kafin bayyanan wannan sassaukar fasaha na neman bayanai, ana amfani ne da fasahar “Gopher”, wacce a lokacin take ayyuka iri biyu; ta shigar da kai duniyar Intanet a matsayin rariyar tsallake-tsallake (web browser), ta kuma taimaka maka wajen neman bayanai. Wannan ya faru ne saboda saukin mu’amalanta ita ma. To amma daidai lokacin da Farfesa Tim Bernes-Lee ya kirkiro fasahar www, ya samar da wata fasaha tare da ita. Wannan fasaha, mai suna Hypertext Transfer Protocol (http), aikinta shine taimaka ma mai lilo a duniyar Intanet shiga wani shafi daga wani, wanda shima a hade yake da wani.

Samun wannan fasaha na daga cikin dalilan da suka kara habbaka harkan kasuwanci da bincike ta Intanet. Gidajen yanan sadarwa (web sites) suka yadu, musamman na saye da sayarwa. Tambayar da ta biyo baya itace: tun da ga gidajen yanan sadarwa musamman na saye da sayarwa sun yadu, ta yaya masu sayan kayayyaki da masu bincike kan harkokin yau da kullum zasu rinka samun bayanai cikin sauki, na abinda ke tafiya cikin wannan sabuwar kasuwa na gizo? Wannan ta haifar da yaduwar gidajen yanan sadarwa na neman bayanai zalla, watau Search Engine Sites. Daga cikin wadanda suka fara bayyana kafin shekarar 1994, akwai irinsu world wide web warm (wwww) na Mc Bryan, wacce a dukkan rana a kalla masarrafan zakulo bayananta na yawo cikin gidajen yanan sadarwa dubu dari da goma (110,000) don tanada ma masu neman bayanai abin dogaro.

Daga wancan lokaci kuma, wanda yayi daidai da lokacin da kamfanin Yahoo! ta bude nata gidan yanan, zuwa yanzu, an samu yaduwar irin wadannan gidajen yanan sadarwa na neman bayanai. Manya daga cikinsu sune Google, MSN, da Yahoo! Samuwar wannan hanya ko masarrafan neman bayanai a Intanet na daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka kara habbaka shaharar Intanet da amfani dashi, bayan Imel da Zaurorin Hira da Tattaunawa da bayanansu suka gabata. Don bayanai sun nuna cewa a 1994, gidan yanan sadarwa na neman bayanai na world wide web worm na samun masu ziyara a dubu dari da hamsin ne (150,000) a rana. Zuwa shekarar 1997 kuma gidan yanan sadarwa ta Alta Vista na samun maziyarta sama da miliyan ashirin a rana. Amma daga 1997 zuwa wannan shekara ta 2006, alkaluman baya bayan nan sun nuna cewa shahararriyar gidajen yanan sadarwa Matambayi Ba Ya Bata na Google na samun miliyoyin daruruwan maziyarta ne a rana.

Babban abinda ke kara yawan maziyarta cikin wadannan gidajen yanan sadarwa shine hikimar zakulo “ingantattun” bayanai da a kullum ake samu ba wai yawan amsar (search results) da ake samu ba kadai.

Shahararrun Gidajen Yanansa:

Ga takaitattun bayanai kan uku daga cikinsu nan:

Google (
www.google.com):

Gidan yanan sadarwa ta Google, kamfanin Google Inc. da ke Amurka ne ke da ita, kuma an kirkirota ne cikin shekarar 1998. Asalin masu kamfanin wasu ‘yan samari ne guda biyu – Larry Page da kuma Sargey Brian. Sun kuma fara kirkiran Manhajan ne a shekarar 1995, kafin gama digirinsu na uku (Phd) kan fasahar kwamfuta da lissafi (Computer Engineering and Mathematics) a Jami’ar Standford dake Amurka. Daidai wannan lokaci (1995), shekarun kowannensu bai wuce ashirin da hudu ba (Page na da 24, shi kuma Brian na da 23). Daga nan suka ci gaba da inganta wannan fasaha wanda a yau ya wayi gari na daya a fagen zakulo bayanai cikin gaugawa da inganci da tsari. A kowace rana wannan gidan yanan sadarwa na Google na samun daruruwan miliyoyin maziyarta a duniya gaba daya, kuma suna da kwamfutocin adana bayanai (Gigabite Servers) a kalla dubu dari biyu da hamsin (250,000).

MSN (
www.msn.com, ko http://search.live.com):
Gidan yanan sadarwan Matambayi Ba Ya Bata na MSN, wanda cikakkiyar ma’anarsa ke nufin: “Microsoft Network”, na kamfanin Microsoft ne dake Amurka, wanda Bill Gates ya kirkira kuma yake shugabanta, tun kirkiran kamfanin a shekarar 1975. Wannan gidan yanan sadarwa na daga cikin dadaddun gidajen yana da aka fara dorawa a duniyar gizo. Bayan masarrafan neman bayanai na matambayi baya bata da yake dashi, wani abinda ya kara masa shahara shine samuwar manhajar Imel da ke tattare dashi, watau hotmail (
www.hotmail.com), sai kuma harkokin kasuwanci da tallace tallace. Har wa yau, saboda ingancin da fasahar neman bayanansa ke dashi, an wayi gari bayan Google, babu irinsa. A sabon tsarin da kamfanin ta tsara yanzu, tana sa ran kara yawan kwamfutocin adana bayananta (Gigabite Servers) zuwa dubu dari shida (600,000), nan da shekaru biyu masu zuwa.

Yahoo! (
www.yahoo.com, ko http://search.yahoo.com):

Gidan yanan sadarwa na Yahoo!, shine na daya a duniyan kyautata tsararrun bayanai (directory). Wadanda suka kirkiro wannan kamfani na Yahoo Inc., kamar Google, wasu samari ne guda biyu - David Filo da Jerry Yang – masu karatun kimiyya a Jami’ar Standford dake Amurka, cikin shekarar 1994. Wannan gidan yana ya shahara a duniya gaba daya, musamman shima saboda manhajar Imel da yake dauke da ita, bayan masarrafan neman bayanai na matambayi baya bata, da kuma harkokin kasuwanci da tallace-tallace. A halin yanzu kamfanin Yahoo! Inc. na da rassa a kusan dukkan jihohin duniya, kuma gidan yanan sadarwansa na samuwa cikin harshe daban daban na kabilun duniya.

Yadda Ake Neman Bayanai:

A kowane gidan yanan sadarwa na matambayi baya bata, akwai hanyoyin neman bayanai iri biyu; ko dai kaje kai tsaye zuwa masarrafan zakulo bayanai, inda zaka shigar da kalma ko kalmomin nau’in bayanin da kake so, ka matsa “search” ko “go”, ko “enter”, amsoshin bayanan da kake so su bayyana, har ka zabi wadanda suka yi daidai da irin bayanin da kake so, ko kuma kaje hanyar tsararrun bayanai (directory), inda aka shirya bayanai dabaka-dabaka, daga wannan zuwa wannan, har ka kai inda zaka samu bayanin da ya dace da bukatarka.

Hanya ta farko ita ake kira “Index”, don masarrafan neman bayanan na shirya bayanan da ya debo daga yawace-yawancensa ne tsibi-tsibi, a tsarin haruffan a b c d (alphabetically). Da zaran ka mika kalma ko tambayarka, sai ya zakulo maka dukkan shafukan da ya debo wajen yawonsa, masu kamaiceceniya da abinda ka bukata, ya tara maka su: zabi wanda yayi maka! Hanya ta biyu kuma ita ake ce ma “Directory”. Kai zaka je da kanka ka dauko. Ga kalma a gabanka, a misali harkan ilimi, watau “education”. Kana matsawa zai kaika inda zaka sake samun wani dabakan na nau’ukan ilimi, da ka zabi wanda kake so, zai sake kaika wani shafin, har ka tike ga bayanin da kake so. Sai dai duk da haka, dukkanin hanyoyin nan biyu, waje daya zasu kai ka; watau wani gidan yana ko shafi mai dauke da bayanin da kake so.

Amfani:

Lissafa amfanin da ke tattare da Matambayi Ba Ya Baya abu ne mai wahala. Abinda kawai zan ce ma mai karatu shine; duk ilimin da kake bukata a duniyan nan, zaka iya samunsa, in Allah Ya yarda. Daga likitanci, dibbu, lawyanci, tarihi, lissafi, duk zaka samu. Duk wata kasa a duniya zaka iya karanta tarihinta da irin halin da take ciki. Duk wata jarida a duniya, muddin ta amsa sunanta, zaka samu shafukana a wurin. Idan kana son halin da duniya take ciki ta hanyar kere-kere, kimiyya da fasaha, duk zaka samu. idan kana son sanin halin da duniya ke ciki kan harkan siyasa, duk zaka samu. idan kana son sanin halin da duniya ke ciki kan harkan addini da dabi’u da al’adu, duk akwai. Galibin abubuwan da na karu dasu ta hanyar ilimin Intanet da kwamfuta, duk ta wannan hanya na samesu. Duk lokacin da nake neman bayani kan wani abu, bana bukatar gaggawa wajen neman littafai; nan da nan sai in buga tambaya a Google ko Yahoo ko MSN, sai ka ga bayanai kamar daga sama. Duk da yake da turanci (ko Faransanci) bayanan suke, nan da wasu ‘yan shekaru Malam Bahaushe zai iya cilla tambaya da harshen Hausa, ya samu amsoshinsu cikin harshensa. Alhamdu lillah!

Kammalawa:

Daga karshe, zai kyautu mai karatu yayi kokarin kwatanta neman bayanai ta daya daga cikin wadannan gidajen yanan sadarwa na Matambayi Ba Ya Baya, don ganin yadda abin yake. Abin zai kayatar da kai. Abinda yake da muhimmanci shine ka iya tsara tambayarka, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a wancan mako. Allah Yasa mu dace, amin.

Abdullahi Salihu Abubakar (Baban Sadiq)
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Tower 421, Constitution Avenue,
Central Area, Garki – Abuja.
080 23788040
absad143@yahoo.com, salihuabdu@yahoo.com


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